Tips And Tricks For Bioinformatics Software Engineering

Tips & Tricks for Software Engineering in Bioinformatics Presented by: Joel Dudley

Who is this guy?

Avg. time spent programming (hours) 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.5 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Age (years)

http://www.megasoftware.net

Kumar S. and Dudley J. “Bioinformatics software for biologists in the genomics era.” Bioinformatics (2007) vol. 23 (14) pp. 1713-7

Bioinformatics Philosophy

Build Your Toolbox

Learn UNIX!

Be a jack of all trades, but master of one. http://oreilly.com/news/graphics/prog_lang_poster.pdf

R C/C++ PHP VB PERL Python Ruby Java LISP

Java is not just for Java http://jruby.codehaus.org http://www.jython.org

Simpliﬁed Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) Greasy-fast C library Doughy-soft scripting language http://www.swig.org/

Frameworks are Friends BioBike

Stand on the slumped, dandruff-covered shoulders of millions of computer nerds.

Don’t trust yourself (or your hard disk).

Don’t be afraid to use more than three letters to deﬁne a variable! #!/usr/bin/perl # 472-byte qrpff, Keith Winstein and Marc Horowitz <sipb-iap-dvd@mit.edu> # MPEG 2 PS VOB file -> descrambled output on stdout. # usage: perl -I <k1>:<k2>:<k3>:<k4>:<k5> qrpff # where k1..k5 are the title key bytes in least to most-significant order s''$/=2048;while(<>){G=29;R=142;if((@a=unqT=quot;C*quot;,_)[20]&48){D=89;_=unqb24,qT,@ b=map{ord qB8,unqb8,qT,_^$a[--D]}@INC;s/...$/1$&/;Q=unqV,qb25,_;H=73;O=$b[4]<<9 |256|$b[3];Q=Q>>8^(P=(E=255)&(Q>>12^Q>>4^Q/8^Q))<<17,O=O>>8^(E&(F=(S=O>>14&7^O) ^S*8^S<<6))<<9,_=(map{U=_%16orE^=R^=110&(S=(unqT,quot;xbntdxbzx14dquot;)[_/16%8]);E ^=(72,@z=(64,72,G^=12*(U-2?0:S&17)),H^=_%64?12:0,@z)[_%8]}(16..271))[_]^((D>>=8 )+=P+(~F&E))for@a[128..$#a]}print+qT,@a}';s/[D-HO-U_]/$$&/g;s/q/pack+/g;eval

Object-Oriented Software Design Decisions shment compli Ac tecture Archi

module GraphBuilder LINE_TYPES = [:solid,:dashed,:dotted] module Nodes SHAPE_TYPES = [:rectangle,:roundrectangle,:ellipse,:parallelogram,:hexagon,:octagon,:diamond,:triangle,:trapezoid,:trapezoid2,:rectangle3d] class BaseNode attr_accessor :label,:geometry,:fill_colors,:outline,:degree,:data def initialize(opts={}) @opts = { :form=>:ellipse, :height=>50.0, :width=>50.0, :label=>quot;GraphNode#{self.object_id}quot;, :line_type=>:solid, :fill_color => {:R=>255,:G=>204,:B=>0,:A=>255}, :fill_color2 => nil, :data => {}, :outline_color=>{:R=>0,:G=>0,:B=>0,:A=>255}, # Set to nil or {:R=>0,:G=>0,:B=>0,:A=>0} for no outline }.merge(opts) @data = @opts[:data] # for storing application-specific data @label = Labels::NodeLabel.new(@opts[:label]) @geometry = {:pos_x=>0.0,:pos_y=>0.0,:width=>1.0,:height=>1.0} @fill_colors = [@opts[:fill_color],nil] @outline = {:line_type=>@opts[:line_type],:color=>@opts[:outline_color]} @degree = {:in=>0,:out=>0} end def clone_params { :label=>text, :fill_color=>@fill_colors.first, :form=>@form, :height=>@geometry[:height], :width=>@geometry[:width] } end end class ShapeNode < BaseNode attr_accessor :form def initialize(opts={}) super @form = @opts[:form] @geometry[:height] = @opts[:height] @geometry[:width] = @opts[:width] end

To Subclass or not to subclass? Use mixins! class Array def arithmetic_mean self.inject(0.0) { |sum,x| x = x.real if x.is_a?(Complex); sum + x.to_f } / self.length.to_f end def geometric_mean begin Math.exp(self.select { |x| x > 0.0 }.collect { |x| Math.log(x) }.arithmetic_mean) rescue Errno::ERANGE Math.exp(self.select { |x| x > 0.0 }.collect { |x| BigMath.log(x,50) }.arithmetic_mean) end end def median if self.length.odd? self[self.length / 2] else upper_median = self[self.length / 2] lower_median = self[(self.length / 2) - 1] [upper_median,lower_median].arithmetic_mean end end def standard_deviation mean = self.arithmetic_mean deviations = self.map { |x| x - mean } sqr_deviations = deviations.map { |x| x**2 } sum_sqr_deviations = sqr_deviations.inject(0.0) { |sum,x| sum + x } Math.sqrt(sum_sqr_deviations/(self.length - 1).to_f) end alias_method :sd, :standard_deviation def shuffle sort_by { rand } end def shuffle! self.replace shuffle end end

Documenting code sucks! Automate it. • Come up with a convention for your “headers” • Use automated documentation generation tools • JavaDoc • Rdoc • Pydoc / Epydoc • Save code snippets in a searchable repository

A little performance optimization goes a long way • General tools • DTrace • strace • gdb • Language speciﬁc • Ruby-prof • Psyco/Pyrex • JBoss Proﬁler/JIT

Working with data

# Copyright © 1996-2007 SRI International, Marine Biological Laboratory, DoubleTwist Inc., # The Institute for Genomic Research, J. Craig Venter Institute, University of California at San Diego, and UNAM. All Rights Reserved. # # # Please see the license agreement regarding the use of and distribution of this file. # The format of this file is defined at http://bioinformatics.ai.sri.com/ptools/flatfile- format.html . # # Species: E. coli K-12 # Database: EcoCyc # Version: 11.5 # File Name: dnabindsites.dat # Date and time generated: August 6, 2007, 17:32:33 # # Attributes: # UNIQUE-ID # TYPES # COMMON-NAME # ABS-CENTER-POS # APPEARS-IN-BINDING-REACTIONS # CITATIONS # COMMENT # COMPONENT-OF # COMPONENTS # CREDITS # DATA-SOURCE # DBLINKS # INSTANCE-NAME-TEMPLATE # INVOLVED-IN-REGULATION # LEFT-END-POSITION # REGULATED-PROMOTER # RELATIVE-CENTER-DISTANCE # RIGHT-END-POSITION # SYNONYMS # UNIQUE-ID - BS86 TYPES - DNA-Binding-Sites ABS-CENTER-POS - 4098761 CITATIONS - 94018613 CITATIONS - 94018613:EV-EXP-IDA-BINDING-OF-CELLULAR-EXTRACTS:3310246267:martin CITATIONS - 14711822:EV-COMP-AINF-SIMILAR-TO-CONSENSUS:3310246267:martin COMPONENT-OF - TU00064 INVOLVED-IN-REGULATION - REG0-5521 TYPE-OF-EVIDENCE - :BINDING-OF-CELLULAR-EXTRACTS //

If you can represent most of your data as key/value pairs, then at the very least use a BerkeleyDB http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/berkeley-db/index.html

In most cases a relational database is an appropriate choice for bioinformatics data • Clean and consolidated (vs. a rats nest of ﬁles and folders) • Improved performance (memory usage and File I/O) • Data consistency through constraints and transactions • Easily portable (SQL92 standard) • Querying (asking questions about data) vs. Parsing (reading and loading data) • Commonly used data processing functions can be implemented as stored procedures

“But I’m a scientist, not a DBA! Harrumph!” http://www.sqlite.org “...SQLite is a software library that implements a self-contained, serverless, zero-conﬁguration, transactional SQL database engine...”

But seriously, don’t write any SQL (What?) Relational Database (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, etc) Object Relational Mapper (ORM) Model Instance

Beyond the RDBMS http://strokedb.com/ http://incubator.apache.org/couchdb http://www.hypertable.org

Thinking in Parallel

Loosely Coupled Tightly Coupled • • Each task is independent Tasks are interdependent • • No synchronous inter- Synchronous inter-task task communication communication via messaging interface • Example: Computing a • Maximum Likelihood Example: Monte Carlo Phylogeny for every gene simulation of 3D protein family in the Panther interactions in cytoplasm Database • Software: OpenMPI, • Software: OpenPBS, MPICH, PVM SGE, Xgrid, PlatformLSF

Use your idle CPU cores!

Start thinking in terms of MapReduce (old hat for Lisp programmers!) Image source: http://code.google.com/edu/parallel/mapreduce-tutorial.html

map(String key, String value): // key: document name // value: document contents for each word w in value: EmitIntermediate(w, quot;1quot;); reduce(String key, Iterator values): // key: a word // values: a list of counts int result = 0; for each v in values: result += ParseInt(v); Emit(AsString(result)); [1]

map(String key, String value): // key: Sequence alignment file name // value: multiple alignment for each exon w in value: EmitIntermediate(w, CpGIndex); reduce(String key, Iterator values): // key: an exon // values: a list of CpG Index Values int result = 0; for each i in values: result += ParseInt(v); Emit(AsString(result/length(values)); [1]

http://sourceforge.net/projects/cloudburst-bio/

MapReduce Implementations http://hadoop.apache.org/core/ http://skynet.rubyforge.org/ http://discoproject.org/ http://labs.trolltech.com/page/Projects/Threads/QtConcurrent

Embracing Hardware

Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD)

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Not just fun and games

GPU Programming is Getting Easier Compute Uniﬁed OpenCL Device Architecture http://www.nvidia.com/cuda http://s08.idav.ucdavis.edu/munshi-opencl.pdf

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA)

Playing nice with others

Data Interchange Formats • JSON • YAML • XML • Microformats • RDF

person = { quot;namequot;: quot;Joel Dudleyquot;, quot;agequot;: 32, quot;heightquot;: 1.83, quot;urlsquot;: [ quot;http://www.joeldudley.com/quot;, quot;http://www.linkedin.com/in/joeldudleyquot; ] } VS. <person> <name>Joel Dudley</name> <age>32</age> <height>1.83</height> <urls> <url>http://www.joeldudley.com/</url> <url> http://www.linkedin.com/in/joeldudley </url> </urls> </person>

Web Services • Remote Procedure Call (RPC) • Representational State Transfer (ReST) • SOAP • ActiveResource Pattern

class Video < ActiveYouTube self.site = quot;http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/apiquot; ## To search by categories and tags def self.search_by_tags (*options) from_urls = [] if options.last.is_a? Hash excludes = options.slice!(options.length-1) if excludes[:exclude].kind_of? Array from_urls << excludes[:exclude].map{|keyword| quot;-quot;+keyword}.join(quot;/quot;) else from_urls << quot;-quot;+excludes[:exclude] end end from_urls << options.find_all{|keyword| keyword =~ /^[a-z]/}.join(quot;/quot;) from_urls << options.find_all{|category| category =~ /^[A-Z]/}.join(quot;%7Cquot;) from_urls.delete_if {|x| x.empty?} self.find(:all,:from=>quot;/feeds/api/videos/-/quot;+from_urls.reverse.join(quot;/quot;)) end end class User < ActiveYouTube self.site = quot;http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/apiquot; end class Standardfeed < ActiveYouTube self.site = quot;http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/apiquot; end class Playlist < ActiveYouTube self.site = quot;http://gdata.youtube.com/feeds/apiquot; end

search = Video.find(:first, :params => {:vq => 'ruby', :quot;max-resultsquot; => '5'}) puts search.entry.length ## video information of id = ZTUVgYoeN_o vid = Video.find(quot;ZTUVgYoeN_oquot;) puts vid.group.content[0].url ## video comments comments = Video.find_custom(quot;ZTUVgYoeN_oquot;).get(:comments) puts comments.entry[0].link[2].href ## searching with category/tags results = Video.search_by_tags(quot;Comedyquot;) puts results[0].entry[0].title # more examples: # Video.search_by_tags(quot;Comedyquot;, quot;dogquot;) # Video.search_by_tags(quot;Newsquot;,quot;Sportsquot;,quot;footballquot;, :exclude=>quot;soccerquot;)

Teamwork

Be Agile Manifesto for Agile Software Development We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value: • Individuals and interactions over processes and tools • Working software over comprehensive documentation • Customer collaboration over contract negotiation • Responding to change over following a plan That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more. http://agilemanifesto.org/

Be Agile As a [role], I want to [goal], so I can [reason]. Storyboard Iterate! Feedback Acceptance Unit Testing Testing

Automate Development http://nant.sourceforge.net/ http://www.scons.org/ http://www.capify.org/ http://nant.sourceforge.net/

Lightweight Tools for Project Management

Closing Remarks • Focus on the goal (Biology/Medicine) • Don’t be clever (you’ll trick yourself) • Value your time • Outsource everything but genius • Use the tools available to you • Have fun!

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Tips And Tricks For Bioinformatics Software Engineering

by jtdudley on Feb 10, 2009

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