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Oral Historyandthe
Art of Dialogue
Universityof Wisconsin Press.
1997

Itcontains 376 Pages
First Edition
Alessandro Portelli
“History, we are often taught, is
driven by vast social, political,
and economic forces. But each
political event, each war, each
clash in the streets or at the
picket lines, is experienced by
individuals. It is this profound
bond between public history and
personal struggle”
Alessandro Portelli
Professor of American literature at the
University of Rome–La Sapienza, is the
author of many books, including most
recently The Death of Luigi Trastulli
and Other Stories and The Text and the
Voice: Speaking, Writing, and
Democracy in American Literature.
Factsabouthim…
He wasbornon July 8th, 1942 andwasraised in
Terni, an industrial town 65 miles to the north.
His father was a civil servant, and his mother
was a teacher of English. He spent his senior
year of high school as an American Field Service
exchange student in the Los Angeles area.

He studied at the University of Rome La
Sapienza, receiving degrees in law in 1966 and
in English in 1972. He began working for the
Italian National Research Council in 1962.
Academic career
Portellibeganhisacademiccareer at
theUniversityof Siena, where he taught American
literaturefrom 1974 to 1981. He moved
tothefacultyof human sciences at
theUniversityofRome La Sapienzatoteach
American literature in 1981 and has
remainedtheretothepresent.
Portelli'swriting has shiftedthefocusof oral
historyfromwhetherthesubject'saccountishistorica
llyaccuratetothemeaningofthestoryandthenatureo
fmemory.
Publicintellectual
In 1972 PortellifoundedtheCircolo Gianni
Bosio,
anactivistcollectivededicatedtostudying
folklore, oral history, andpeople's culture.
He chairedthegroup,
whichcontinuedfortwentyyears, through
1992. Based in Rome,
thecollectivepublished a journal, I
GiorniCantati, for 23 years, ending in
1995. TheCircoloresumedactivity in 1999
andcontinuesto date.
Alessandro Portelli
Portelli has been a
contributortotheindependentleftwingItaliandailypaperilmanifestosinc
eitsfounding in 1971.
Hiscommentaryoftenincludesobserva
tionsontheUnitedStates.
MARX
ORGANIZATION
PART I.
ON THE PRACTICE OF ORAL HISTORY
PART II.
WARS
PART III.
MOVEMENTS
I. ON THE PRACTICE OF ORAL HISTORY

Chapter 1. Oral History as
Genre

Chapter 4. Trying to Gather a
little Knowledge: Some
Thought in Ethics

Chapter 2. There is Gonna Be a Line
History-Telling as a Multivocal Art

Chapter 5. Deep Exchange: Roles
and Gazes in Multivocal and
Multilateral Interviewing

Chapter 3. Memory and Resistance:
For a History and Celebration of the
Circolo Gianni Bosio

Chapter 6. Philosophy and the Facts:
Subjectivity and Narrative Form in
Autobiography and Oral History
II. WARS
Chapter 7. Form
and Meaning of
Historical
Representation:
The Battle of
Evarts and the
Battle of
Crummies.
Kentucky: 1931 1941

Chapter 8.
Absolutely
Nothing:
Wartime
refuges

Chapter 10. The Massacre at
Civitella Val Di Chiana. Tuscani,
June 29, 1944. Myth and Politics,
Mourning and Common sense.

Chapter 9. The
Battle of Poggio
Bustone: Violence,
Memory and
Imagination in the
Partisan War.

Chapter 11. As
Though it Were a
Story: Versions of
Vietnam
III. MOVEMENTS
Chapter 12. I am
Going to Say it
Now: Interviewing
the Movement.

Chapter 13. It
was Supposed
to Be
Happening in
Berkeley: The
1960s Meet
Eastern
Kentucky

Chapter 16. The Apple and
the Olive Tree: Exiles,
Sojourners, and Tourists in
the University.

Chapter 14.
Luigi’s Socks
and Rita’s
Makeup: Youth
Culture. Of the
Working
Classes.

Chapter 15. Conversations
with the Panther: The Italian
Student Movement of 1990.
Chapter 1. Oral History
as Genre
GENERO
DISCURSO
ANALISIS DE LA FUENTE

DISCURSO VERSUS DIALOGO
PROCESO VERBAL
LA HISTORIA ORAL ES UN GENERO
NARRATIVO Y UN DISCURSO ORAL A LA VEZ.
EL HISTORIADOR DEFINE LOS ROLES CON
LAS PREGUNTAS INICIALES.
TERMINOS
EPISTEMOLOGICOS
LA ENTREVISTA TIENDE A SER LA HISTORIA NO
CONTADA
QUIEN DIJO QUE? CON QUE EFECTO? EN QUE
CANAL? A QUIENES?
EL ENFOQUE TEMATICO QUE LA DISTINGUE DE
LA ANTROPOLOGIA, LA SOCIOLOGIA, Y EL
FOLKLORE, ES LA CONECCION ENTRE
BIOGRAFIA E HISTORIA. LA EXPERIENCIA
INDIVIDUAL Y TRANSFORMACIONES DE LA
SOCIEDAD. QUE MOTIVOS HAY DETRÁS DE LA
NARRACION? CADA PARTICIPANTE TIENE SU
PROPIA “AGENDA”
EL INTERCAMBIO PERSONAL SE CONVIERTE
EN UN ANUNCIO PUBLICO

CUAL ES EL MITO DE LA NO
INTERFERENCIA?
STEREOTYPES? THE “DUMB” INDIAN

CUALES SON LAS DIFERENCIAS ENTRE
ENTREVISTA DE CAMPO Y CONVERSACION?
“LA GRABADORA NO MAS…” EL IMPACTO.
RECOLECCION EN COLECTIVO (MARK
BAKER)

RECOLECCION EN INDIVIDUAL (BLOODS)
BEAUTY…ORNAMENTAL AND TRUTH
QUE PERDIDA DE TIEMPO LA RECOLECCION
FACTUAL…
QUE VAMOS HACER CON ESTA
INFORMACION?
Chapter 2. There is Gonna
Be a Line History-Telling
as a Multivocal Art
TRES MODELOS
•INSTITUCIONAL
•REFERNETE SOCIAL,
GOBIERNO,
PARTIDOS POLITICOS
•UNIONES,
SINDICATOS.
•REFERENTE
ESPACIAL DE NACION
Y ESTADO. EN
TERCERA PERSONA

•COMUNAL
•REFERENTE SOCIAL,
LA COMUNIDAD, EL
VECINDARIO, EL
TRABAJO, LAS
HUELGAS, LAS
CATASTROFES
NATURALES,
RITUALES.
REFERENTE
ESPACIAL, EL
PUEBLO, EL
VECINDARIO, EL
LUGAR DE TRABAJO.
EN PRIMERA
PERSONA PLURAL

•INDIVIDUAL
•REFERENTE SOCIAL,
LA VIDA PRIVADA, LA
FAMILIA, EL CIRCULO
DE LA VIDA, EL
TRABAJO, LOS
HIJOS, LA MUERTE.
•REFERENTE
ESPACIAL, EL HOGAR
•PUNTO DE VISTA,
PRIMERA PERSONA
SINGULAR
LA MEMORIA SE CONVIERTE EN UN LUGAR.
LAS GENERALIZACIONES Y LOS
STEREOTIPOS DE AHORA Y DEL ANTES.
NARRATIVA BIVOCAL. LA LINEA POR SI
MISMA SE CONVIERTE DE LO ARTIFICIAL A
LO REAL.
Chapter 3. Memory and
Resistance: For a History
and Celebration of the
Circolo Gianni Bosio
LAS HISTORIAS SON DE AIRE PERO DEJAN
UNA MARCA EN LA REALIDAD.
LAS HISTORIAS PERSONALES COMUNICAN
LO QUE LA HISTORIA ES PARA CADA
INDIVIDUO.
LA VERDAD SE PUEDE ENCONTRAR EN EL
LENGUAJE.
EL CONGELADOR DE LA MEMORIA QUE
PRESERVA LOS DATOS Y EL SIGNIFICADO
DE ESTOS. NO ES UN ARCHIVO
LA CULTURA: A TRAVES DE LA
FRAGMENTACION Y LA DESTRUCCION.
TECNICAS NUEVAS COMO LA SALSA, EL
ROCK.
DIALOGO DE BALANCE ENTRE MI “YO” Y LA
OTRA PARTE
Chapter 4. Trying to Gather
a little Knowledge: Some
Thought in Ethics
HISTORIA ORAL
COMO CIENCIA Y COMO EL ARTE DE LO
INDIVIDUAL.

LOS TESTIMONIOS SON COMO HUELLAS
DIGITALES.
LA MEMORIA COLECTIVA …MEJOR NO USAR
ESTA EXPRESION.
BAJAR DE TONO Y DE NIVEL
ETICA DE LA INTERPRETACION
OBJETIVIDAD
CIENTIFICA?
NO A LA NEUTRALIDAD SINO A LA PRACTICA
INTELECTUAL DE LA INTERPRETACION.

MENTE ABIERTA.
QUE HACER CON ESTE CONOCIMIENTO?
NOS AYUDA A GANAR DIFERENTES
PERCEPCIONES DE NOSOTROS MISMOS.
EL SERVICIO
VERDADERO
A LA COMUNIDAD
A LOS MOVIMIENTOS
A LOS INDIVIDUOS
A TRAVES DE LA MEMORIA DE LA
DIFERENCIA PUESTA AL SERVICIO.
Chapter 5. Deep
Exchange: Roles and
Gazes in Multivocal and
Multilateral Interviewing
NO MAN’SLAND
LOS HECHOS DENTRO DE LA TIERRA DE
NADIE. LA SUBJETIVIDAD.

DE QUE DEPENDE LA OBJETIVIDAD?
MATERIALIDAD DE LA FUENTE VERSUS
INTELECTUALIDAD DEL INTERPRETE
Chapter 6. Philosophy and
the Facts: Subjectivity and
Narrative Form in
Autobiography and Oral
History
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
EL EMPEZO COMO UNA FUENTE ORAL PERO
NO PODIA VERSE SOLAMENTE COMO LA
PRUEBA VIVIENTE DE DE LOS
ARGUMENTOS DE OTROS.
COMO ORADOR Y ESCRITOR, EL INSISTIO
EN JUZGARSE “POR SI MISMO” Y “ASI
MISMO”.
SE GUARDO EL DERECHO DE CREAR SUS
PROPIAS DEFINICIONES.
DESDOBLAMIENTO.
SUBJETIVIDAD
FOGEL
1. LA SUBJETIVIDAD ES INMATERIAL Y
FUERA DE NUESTRO CONTROL.
2. SUBJETIVIDAD INDIVIDUAL E
IDIOSINCRATICA.

3.SUBJETIVIDAD EN AUTOBIOGRAFIAS.
4. LA SUBJETIVIDAD COMO INGREDIENTE
DE NUESTRA HUMANIDAD
LOS TEXTOS SON
HECHOS
COMO RECONOCER EN LAS HISTORIAS EN
QUE TRABAJAMOS, SU RELEVANCIA MAS
SIGNIFICATIVA MAS ALLA DE LA ESFERA
INDIVIDUAL DE INFLUENCIA?
LA RAZON DE LA HISTORIA ORAL.
UN PORCENTAJE? LOS POCOS LATIGAZOS?
Chapter 7. Form and
Meaning of Historical
Representation: The
Battle of Evarts and the
Battle of Crummies.
Kentucky: 1931 - 1941
DIFERENTES
INTERPRETACIONES
COMO SE VE?
COMO SE INTERPRETA?
LAS VERSIONES NO SON IGUALES
LA GRAMATICA DEL
TIEMPO
1. GRAMATICA DEL TIEMPO
2. REFERENTES ESPACIALES
3. EL PARADIGMA SOCIAL
4. EL PUNTO DE VISTA
LA GRAMATICA DEL
TIEMPO
EL TIEMPO ES CONTINUO, LOS HECHOS Y
EVENTOS SON PUNTUALES Y DISCRETOS.
ESTOS SE UBICAN LINEALMENTE EN EL
ESPACIO CON LA AYUDA DE LA
CRONOLOGIA.
TIENEN PARADIGMAS, UNA SIMULTANEIDAD
TEMPORAL, LA SIMILARIDAD FORMAL.
EL RESULTADO ES LA COMBINACION QUE
GENERA EL DISCURSO HISTORICO.
NIVELES
DE ACUERDO A LOS REFERENTES
ESPACIALES.
1. EL INSTITUCIONAL
2. EL COMUNAL
3. EL PERSONAL
REFERENTE PERSONAL
1. CICATRICES YA SEAN FISICAS O
MENTALES.
Chapter 8. Absolutely
Nothing: Wartime refuges
EXODOS
1. DESDE TARA
2. EL ROBO?
3. LOS DESPOJADOS?
Chapter 9. The Battle of
PoggioBustone: Violence,
Memory and Imagination
in the Partisan War.
TRES GUERRAS
1. SIGNIFICADO DE LA MEMORIA Y LA
RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA EN ITALIA.

2. LA CANCION DE DANTE BARTOLINI.
LA NARRATIVA COMO INTERPRETACION DE
LA BATALLA Y A LA VEZ APOYADA POR LA
IMAGINACION.
CONTRADICCIONES.
3. JUSTICIA Y VIOLENCIA
Chapter 10. The
Massacre at Civitella Val
Di Chiana. Tuscani, June
29, 1944. Myth and
Politics, Mourning and
Common sense.
MITOS Y POLITICAS
1. EL DUELO
2. EL SENTIDO COMUN
3. LA INOCENCIA
LAS MEMORIAS MULTIPLES E INDIVIDUALES.
Chapter 11. As Though it
Were a Story: Versions of
Vietnam
Chapter 12. I am Going to
Say it Now: Interviewing
the Movement.
Chapter 13. It was
Supposed to Be
Happening in Berkeley:
The 1960s Meet Eastern
Kentucky
Chapter 14. Luigi’s Socks
and Rita’s Makeup: Youth
Culture. Of the Working
Classes.
Chapter 15.
Conversations with the
Panther: The Italian
Student Movement of
1990.
Chapter 16. The Apple
and the Olive Tree: Exiles,
Sojourners, and Tourists
in the University.
CONCLUSIONES
Mediante la investigación a través de la tradición
oral, el estudiante podrá hacerse participe de su
experiencia de aprendizaje mediante un modelo
constructivo. “cómo aprende el que aprende y
qué sentido tiene lo que aprende”. Damos
prioridad al cómo aprende y el para qué
aprende, sobre el qué aprende, tratando de
integrar al estudiante (actor principal del
proceso) con el escenario del aprendizaje. Este
modelo pretende incorporar al sujeto como
protagonista de su aprendizaje, tratando de dar
sentido a lo que aprende y también el escenario
donde aprende
MODELO
1. ABIERTO
2. FLEXIBLE
3. EQUILIBRADO
4. SIGNIFICANTE

5. MOTIVANTE
6. CONSTRUCTIVO

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Portelli

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. Oral Historyandthe Art of Dialogue Universityof Wisconsin Press. 1997 Itcontains 376 Pages First Edition
  • 4. Alessandro Portelli “History, we are often taught, is driven by vast social, political, and economic forces. But each political event, each war, each clash in the streets or at the picket lines, is experienced by individuals. It is this profound bond between public history and personal struggle”
  • 5.
  • 6. Alessandro Portelli Professor of American literature at the University of Rome–La Sapienza, is the author of many books, including most recently The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories and The Text and the Voice: Speaking, Writing, and Democracy in American Literature.
  • 7. Factsabouthim… He wasbornon July 8th, 1942 andwasraised in Terni, an industrial town 65 miles to the north. His father was a civil servant, and his mother was a teacher of English. He spent his senior year of high school as an American Field Service exchange student in the Los Angeles area. He studied at the University of Rome La Sapienza, receiving degrees in law in 1966 and in English in 1972. He began working for the Italian National Research Council in 1962.
  • 8. Academic career Portellibeganhisacademiccareer at theUniversityof Siena, where he taught American literaturefrom 1974 to 1981. He moved tothefacultyof human sciences at theUniversityofRome La Sapienzatoteach American literature in 1981 and has remainedtheretothepresent. Portelli'swriting has shiftedthefocusof oral historyfromwhetherthesubject'saccountishistorica llyaccuratetothemeaningofthestoryandthenatureo fmemory.
  • 9. Publicintellectual In 1972 PortellifoundedtheCircolo Gianni Bosio, anactivistcollectivededicatedtostudying folklore, oral history, andpeople's culture. He chairedthegroup, whichcontinuedfortwentyyears, through 1992. Based in Rome, thecollectivepublished a journal, I GiorniCantati, for 23 years, ending in 1995. TheCircoloresumedactivity in 1999 andcontinuesto date.
  • 10. Alessandro Portelli Portelli has been a contributortotheindependentleftwingItaliandailypaperilmanifestosinc eitsfounding in 1971. Hiscommentaryoftenincludesobserva tionsontheUnitedStates. MARX
  • 11. ORGANIZATION PART I. ON THE PRACTICE OF ORAL HISTORY PART II. WARS PART III. MOVEMENTS
  • 12. I. ON THE PRACTICE OF ORAL HISTORY Chapter 1. Oral History as Genre Chapter 4. Trying to Gather a little Knowledge: Some Thought in Ethics Chapter 2. There is Gonna Be a Line History-Telling as a Multivocal Art Chapter 5. Deep Exchange: Roles and Gazes in Multivocal and Multilateral Interviewing Chapter 3. Memory and Resistance: For a History and Celebration of the Circolo Gianni Bosio Chapter 6. Philosophy and the Facts: Subjectivity and Narrative Form in Autobiography and Oral History
  • 13.
  • 14. II. WARS Chapter 7. Form and Meaning of Historical Representation: The Battle of Evarts and the Battle of Crummies. Kentucky: 1931 1941 Chapter 8. Absolutely Nothing: Wartime refuges Chapter 10. The Massacre at Civitella Val Di Chiana. Tuscani, June 29, 1944. Myth and Politics, Mourning and Common sense. Chapter 9. The Battle of Poggio Bustone: Violence, Memory and Imagination in the Partisan War. Chapter 11. As Though it Were a Story: Versions of Vietnam
  • 15.
  • 16. III. MOVEMENTS Chapter 12. I am Going to Say it Now: Interviewing the Movement. Chapter 13. It was Supposed to Be Happening in Berkeley: The 1960s Meet Eastern Kentucky Chapter 16. The Apple and the Olive Tree: Exiles, Sojourners, and Tourists in the University. Chapter 14. Luigi’s Socks and Rita’s Makeup: Youth Culture. Of the Working Classes. Chapter 15. Conversations with the Panther: The Italian Student Movement of 1990.
  • 17.
  • 18. Chapter 1. Oral History as Genre
  • 19. GENERO DISCURSO ANALISIS DE LA FUENTE DISCURSO VERSUS DIALOGO PROCESO VERBAL LA HISTORIA ORAL ES UN GENERO NARRATIVO Y UN DISCURSO ORAL A LA VEZ. EL HISTORIADOR DEFINE LOS ROLES CON LAS PREGUNTAS INICIALES.
  • 20. TERMINOS EPISTEMOLOGICOS LA ENTREVISTA TIENDE A SER LA HISTORIA NO CONTADA QUIEN DIJO QUE? CON QUE EFECTO? EN QUE CANAL? A QUIENES? EL ENFOQUE TEMATICO QUE LA DISTINGUE DE LA ANTROPOLOGIA, LA SOCIOLOGIA, Y EL FOLKLORE, ES LA CONECCION ENTRE BIOGRAFIA E HISTORIA. LA EXPERIENCIA INDIVIDUAL Y TRANSFORMACIONES DE LA SOCIEDAD. QUE MOTIVOS HAY DETRÁS DE LA NARRACION? CADA PARTICIPANTE TIENE SU PROPIA “AGENDA”
  • 21. EL INTERCAMBIO PERSONAL SE CONVIERTE EN UN ANUNCIO PUBLICO CUAL ES EL MITO DE LA NO INTERFERENCIA? STEREOTYPES? THE “DUMB” INDIAN CUALES SON LAS DIFERENCIAS ENTRE ENTREVISTA DE CAMPO Y CONVERSACION? “LA GRABADORA NO MAS…” EL IMPACTO.
  • 22. RECOLECCION EN COLECTIVO (MARK BAKER) RECOLECCION EN INDIVIDUAL (BLOODS) BEAUTY…ORNAMENTAL AND TRUTH QUE PERDIDA DE TIEMPO LA RECOLECCION FACTUAL… QUE VAMOS HACER CON ESTA INFORMACION?
  • 23. Chapter 2. There is Gonna Be a Line History-Telling as a Multivocal Art
  • 24. TRES MODELOS •INSTITUCIONAL •REFERNETE SOCIAL, GOBIERNO, PARTIDOS POLITICOS •UNIONES, SINDICATOS. •REFERENTE ESPACIAL DE NACION Y ESTADO. EN TERCERA PERSONA •COMUNAL •REFERENTE SOCIAL, LA COMUNIDAD, EL VECINDARIO, EL TRABAJO, LAS HUELGAS, LAS CATASTROFES NATURALES, RITUALES. REFERENTE ESPACIAL, EL PUEBLO, EL VECINDARIO, EL LUGAR DE TRABAJO. EN PRIMERA PERSONA PLURAL •INDIVIDUAL •REFERENTE SOCIAL, LA VIDA PRIVADA, LA FAMILIA, EL CIRCULO DE LA VIDA, EL TRABAJO, LOS HIJOS, LA MUERTE. •REFERENTE ESPACIAL, EL HOGAR •PUNTO DE VISTA, PRIMERA PERSONA SINGULAR
  • 25. LA MEMORIA SE CONVIERTE EN UN LUGAR. LAS GENERALIZACIONES Y LOS STEREOTIPOS DE AHORA Y DEL ANTES. NARRATIVA BIVOCAL. LA LINEA POR SI MISMA SE CONVIERTE DE LO ARTIFICIAL A LO REAL.
  • 26. Chapter 3. Memory and Resistance: For a History and Celebration of the Circolo Gianni Bosio
  • 27. LAS HISTORIAS SON DE AIRE PERO DEJAN UNA MARCA EN LA REALIDAD. LAS HISTORIAS PERSONALES COMUNICAN LO QUE LA HISTORIA ES PARA CADA INDIVIDUO. LA VERDAD SE PUEDE ENCONTRAR EN EL LENGUAJE. EL CONGELADOR DE LA MEMORIA QUE PRESERVA LOS DATOS Y EL SIGNIFICADO DE ESTOS. NO ES UN ARCHIVO
  • 28. LA CULTURA: A TRAVES DE LA FRAGMENTACION Y LA DESTRUCCION. TECNICAS NUEVAS COMO LA SALSA, EL ROCK. DIALOGO DE BALANCE ENTRE MI “YO” Y LA OTRA PARTE
  • 29. Chapter 4. Trying to Gather a little Knowledge: Some Thought in Ethics
  • 30. HISTORIA ORAL COMO CIENCIA Y COMO EL ARTE DE LO INDIVIDUAL. LOS TESTIMONIOS SON COMO HUELLAS DIGITALES. LA MEMORIA COLECTIVA …MEJOR NO USAR ESTA EXPRESION. BAJAR DE TONO Y DE NIVEL ETICA DE LA INTERPRETACION
  • 31. OBJETIVIDAD CIENTIFICA? NO A LA NEUTRALIDAD SINO A LA PRACTICA INTELECTUAL DE LA INTERPRETACION. MENTE ABIERTA. QUE HACER CON ESTE CONOCIMIENTO? NOS AYUDA A GANAR DIFERENTES PERCEPCIONES DE NOSOTROS MISMOS.
  • 32. EL SERVICIO VERDADERO A LA COMUNIDAD A LOS MOVIMIENTOS A LOS INDIVIDUOS A TRAVES DE LA MEMORIA DE LA DIFERENCIA PUESTA AL SERVICIO.
  • 33. Chapter 5. Deep Exchange: Roles and Gazes in Multivocal and Multilateral Interviewing
  • 34. NO MAN’SLAND LOS HECHOS DENTRO DE LA TIERRA DE NADIE. LA SUBJETIVIDAD. DE QUE DEPENDE LA OBJETIVIDAD? MATERIALIDAD DE LA FUENTE VERSUS INTELECTUALIDAD DEL INTERPRETE
  • 35. Chapter 6. Philosophy and the Facts: Subjectivity and Narrative Form in Autobiography and Oral History
  • 36. FREDERICK DOUGLASS EL EMPEZO COMO UNA FUENTE ORAL PERO NO PODIA VERSE SOLAMENTE COMO LA PRUEBA VIVIENTE DE DE LOS ARGUMENTOS DE OTROS. COMO ORADOR Y ESCRITOR, EL INSISTIO EN JUZGARSE “POR SI MISMO” Y “ASI MISMO”. SE GUARDO EL DERECHO DE CREAR SUS PROPIAS DEFINICIONES. DESDOBLAMIENTO.
  • 37. SUBJETIVIDAD FOGEL 1. LA SUBJETIVIDAD ES INMATERIAL Y FUERA DE NUESTRO CONTROL. 2. SUBJETIVIDAD INDIVIDUAL E IDIOSINCRATICA. 3.SUBJETIVIDAD EN AUTOBIOGRAFIAS. 4. LA SUBJETIVIDAD COMO INGREDIENTE DE NUESTRA HUMANIDAD
  • 38. LOS TEXTOS SON HECHOS COMO RECONOCER EN LAS HISTORIAS EN QUE TRABAJAMOS, SU RELEVANCIA MAS SIGNIFICATIVA MAS ALLA DE LA ESFERA INDIVIDUAL DE INFLUENCIA? LA RAZON DE LA HISTORIA ORAL. UN PORCENTAJE? LOS POCOS LATIGAZOS?
  • 39. Chapter 7. Form and Meaning of Historical Representation: The Battle of Evarts and the Battle of Crummies. Kentucky: 1931 - 1941
  • 40. DIFERENTES INTERPRETACIONES COMO SE VE? COMO SE INTERPRETA? LAS VERSIONES NO SON IGUALES
  • 41. LA GRAMATICA DEL TIEMPO 1. GRAMATICA DEL TIEMPO 2. REFERENTES ESPACIALES 3. EL PARADIGMA SOCIAL 4. EL PUNTO DE VISTA
  • 42. LA GRAMATICA DEL TIEMPO EL TIEMPO ES CONTINUO, LOS HECHOS Y EVENTOS SON PUNTUALES Y DISCRETOS. ESTOS SE UBICAN LINEALMENTE EN EL ESPACIO CON LA AYUDA DE LA CRONOLOGIA. TIENEN PARADIGMAS, UNA SIMULTANEIDAD TEMPORAL, LA SIMILARIDAD FORMAL. EL RESULTADO ES LA COMBINACION QUE GENERA EL DISCURSO HISTORICO.
  • 43. NIVELES DE ACUERDO A LOS REFERENTES ESPACIALES. 1. EL INSTITUCIONAL 2. EL COMUNAL 3. EL PERSONAL
  • 44. REFERENTE PERSONAL 1. CICATRICES YA SEAN FISICAS O MENTALES.
  • 46. EXODOS 1. DESDE TARA 2. EL ROBO? 3. LOS DESPOJADOS?
  • 47. Chapter 9. The Battle of PoggioBustone: Violence, Memory and Imagination in the Partisan War.
  • 48. TRES GUERRAS 1. SIGNIFICADO DE LA MEMORIA Y LA RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA EN ITALIA. 2. LA CANCION DE DANTE BARTOLINI. LA NARRATIVA COMO INTERPRETACION DE LA BATALLA Y A LA VEZ APOYADA POR LA IMAGINACION. CONTRADICCIONES. 3. JUSTICIA Y VIOLENCIA
  • 49. Chapter 10. The Massacre at Civitella Val Di Chiana. Tuscani, June 29, 1944. Myth and Politics, Mourning and Common sense.
  • 50. MITOS Y POLITICAS 1. EL DUELO 2. EL SENTIDO COMUN 3. LA INOCENCIA LAS MEMORIAS MULTIPLES E INDIVIDUALES.
  • 51. Chapter 11. As Though it Were a Story: Versions of Vietnam
  • 52. Chapter 12. I am Going to Say it Now: Interviewing the Movement.
  • 53. Chapter 13. It was Supposed to Be Happening in Berkeley: The 1960s Meet Eastern Kentucky
  • 54. Chapter 14. Luigi’s Socks and Rita’s Makeup: Youth Culture. Of the Working Classes.
  • 55. Chapter 15. Conversations with the Panther: The Italian Student Movement of 1990.
  • 56. Chapter 16. The Apple and the Olive Tree: Exiles, Sojourners, and Tourists in the University.
  • 57. CONCLUSIONES Mediante la investigación a través de la tradición oral, el estudiante podrá hacerse participe de su experiencia de aprendizaje mediante un modelo constructivo. “cómo aprende el que aprende y qué sentido tiene lo que aprende”. Damos prioridad al cómo aprende y el para qué aprende, sobre el qué aprende, tratando de integrar al estudiante (actor principal del proceso) con el escenario del aprendizaje. Este modelo pretende incorporar al sujeto como protagonista de su aprendizaje, tratando de dar sentido a lo que aprende y también el escenario donde aprende
  • 58. MODELO 1. ABIERTO 2. FLEXIBLE 3. EQUILIBRADO 4. SIGNIFICANTE 5. MOTIVANTE 6. CONSTRUCTIVO