The Industrialization of ITs: IaaS

The Industrialization of ITs: IaaS Jordi Torres UPC Barcelona Tech Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) "Virtualització un pas cap al núvol Virtualització, núvol" 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC. Desembre 2010Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 1

Resum/Abstract Com s’ho fan els grans proveïdors per poder ofertar un cloud públic tan competitiu en preus? Quin paper hi juga la virtualització o l’eficiència energètica? Quines són les actuals dificultats en l’adopció del Cloud? Quin model de Cloud ens espera en el futur p p p proper? Representa el p Cloud públic l’aparició per primera vegada d’un competidor real dels departaments TIC en les empreses? Aquestes i altres preguntes són les que centraran aquesta presentació presentació. How do the largest suppliers manage to offer their cloud products at such competitive prices? What roles do virtualization and energy- efficiency play? What are the current difficulties in adopting the Cloud? Which cloud awaits us in the near future? Does the Cloud represent the p first real public competitor for IT departments in companies? Does it question the continuation of their existence? These and other questions are the focus of this presentation presentation.Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 2

we records our life … and posts it S C t C P t Source: Courtesy Campus-Party (http://www.flickr.com/photos/campusparty)Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 3

Capturing every step g yImages courtesy by: Bicicorriols.catJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 4

Capturing every step g y Image courtesy of Sergi SalesJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 5

We are posting everyting … g y g … on the Internet Internet, Source: Powerpoint ClipArt GalleryJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 6

Internet facts: Internet users: There are an estimated 1.9 billion Activity? E.g: More than 20 hours of YouTube videos are uploaded every minute, minute Teraflops, Exabytes, Petaflops? Zettabytes? b ?Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 7

Homework:“La nova taula de multiplicar” La multiplicar Source: WikipediaJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 8

Where does all this informationlive? Microsoft+Amazon are Mi ft A estimated to operate over 50,000 servers 50 000 Google operates over 1,000,000 servers * Info updated: June 2010 approximately 2% of the world’s servers.Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 9

On a social level:Cloud Computing is here! Image courtesy of BSCJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 10

On a social level:Cloud Computing is here! what about the enterprises? Image courtesy of BSCJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 11

Important questions and answers: How do the largest suppliers manage to offer their cloud products at such competitive prices? What roles do virtualization and energy-efficiency play? What Wh t are the current diffi lti in adopting th Cloud? th t difficulties i d ti the Cl d? Which cloud awaits us in the near future? Does the Cloud represent the first real public competitor for IT departments in companies? …Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 12

OutlineProvides side: The industrialization of ITsClient side: The Demand for Cloud ServicesCloud Consequences: The inevitable change q g – What will we see in the future? Clouds Hybrid – Cloud represents the first real competitor for IT departmentsJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 13

OPEX Data Center 5 years (%) OTHERS MAINTENANCE 7 3 ENERGY 45 45 INFRASTRUCTURES Calculation for avg density 7kw/rack Data courtesy of Infrastructure amortization counted as Opex AST IT Infrastructures HW and SW excluded (www.AST-global.com) Data Center Infrastructure valued as OpexJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 14

PUE: Data Center efficiency Metrics y Data center supporting infrastructure has a major impact on the energy use A common measure of how efficiently a DC uses its power is called power usage effectiveness ratio (PUE). PUE CPD edifici V t = 1 69 (*) difi i Vertex 1.69 (*) Source: Javier Hidalgo/Jose L MonteroJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 15

What can we do for DC powerefficiency? Can we Minimize losses and thermal/cooling overheads in a Data Center? Example: Reducing cooling costs at Marenostrum Source: “El reto operacional de dirigir el tercer supercomputador más grande de Europa” Sergi Girona, Director Operaciones BSC-CNS, 2009. Source: BSCJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 16

Improving Air Flow Management g g Usual scenario: Isolate Hot and Cold Font: Luiz Andre Barroso, Urs Hoelzle, "The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines", 2009. (Image courtesy of DLB associates , ref [23] of the book )Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 17

Best practice at Marenostrum Problem measured: to much under-floor pressure Test: Move some floor tiles Benefits observed: – Improvement of AC equipment performance – Improved the rack- p Source: BSC bottom temperatureJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 18

Best practice at Marenostrum Substituting Floor Tiles – Composite • 20% opening – Metallic tile • 40% opening Benefits observed: B fit b d – Less working pressure for the Cooling components – All bladecenters reduced by 2º C – Cold barrier that prevents the reflux of hot air Source: BSCJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 19

Temperature map Problem measured: not all the Racks t ll th R k have the same temperature Test: Force the air flowJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 20

Best practice at Marenostrum Problem measured : not all the Racks have the same temperature Proposal: Methacrylate screens installed in front of each rack Benefits observed: – All BladeCenters Rack has an equal t l temperature +/- 1ºC t / – BladeCenter fan speed reduced Source: BSCJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 21

Best practice at Marenostrum Results (including other PUE improvements): reduction of 10% of power consumption (and CO2) Image courtesy of UPC Marenostrum power consumption: approx. 1.2 approx 1 2 Mwats aprox 1 100 000 €/year 1.100.000 PUE ~ 1,3Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 22

Time for Containers Provides excellent PUE ~ 1 3 1,3 energy efficiency by offering more precise control of airflow within the container PUE ~ 1,113 , Examples: Microsoft and Google Estimated ~14% PUE reduction E i d 14% d iJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 23

Decreasing DC power consumption g How can we decrease DC power consumption without a concomitant decrease in the IT load? Can we move the Marenostrum in a better location? e.g. more efficient cooling due to climate conditionsJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 24

Can we put a DC in a betterlocation? I containerized marenostrum and it has traveled with me Helsinki PUE = 1,073 Data courtesy of Barcelona AST IT Infrastructures PUE = 1,113 (www.AST-global.com) Estimated ~3,5% of energy could be savedJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 25

Differences in cost comparingCloud with CPD UPC PUE 1.69 1,3 1,113 1,073 Estimated ~36% of energy could be savedJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 26

What else are they doing? y g Maximize work done per wattJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 27

What else are they doing? y g Maximize work done per watt Energy consumption is not only determined by the efficiency of the physical resources but it is also dependent on the resource management Intelligent management of resources may lead to e ge a age e o esou ces ay ead o significant reduction of the energy consumption by meeting the performance requirementsJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 28

Workload Consolidation Rationalize and reduce operational costs: server consolidation – implies combining workloads from separate applications into a smaller number of systems if there are different peak times IMPORTANT: Heterogeneous workload! C1 ement ement C2 rce rceRequire RequireResour Resour Time Time C1 quirement C2 source Req Res Time Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 29

Workload Consolidation Consolidation uses virtualization to share the resources – Virtualization software divides a physical server into isolated virtual environments, enabling organizations to run multiple applications or OS on a single server server. App 1 App 2 App 3 Operating System Operating System Virtual Machine Virtual Machine App 1 App 2 App 3 ...... CPU Mem CPU Mem Operating SystemPhysical PhysicalMachine CPU CPU CPU CPU Mem Machine CPU CPU CPU CPU Mem The energy savings can be up to 20% - 70%Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 30

Power consumption afterconsolidating Source: Cloud Computing and Sustainability: The Environmental Benefits of Moving to the Cloud Accenture, 2010Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 31

Techniques that virtualizationallows In present times, can we go beyond virtualization? Virtualization allows many techniques: y – turning on/off policies, – new processors, – dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, – hybrid architectures on datacenters, – federating clouds – etc.Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 32

Using multi-core processors Middleware allow that applications benefit from new multi-core designs beyond the traditional parallelism Example: Exploitation of Accelerators in memory-bound memory bound Applications using memory compression techniques App 1 App 2 App 3 Operating System Operating System Virtual Machine Virtual Machine ...... CPU Mem CPU Mem Mem Physical Machine CPU CPU CPU CPU Mem For F memory-bound appl. the energy savings can be up to 25% b d l th i b tJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 33

Using multi-core processors g p Application placement – Fragmentation due to the memory limitations App 1 App 4 App 3 Application CP Demand PU Fixed Memory Operating System HardwareJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 34

Using multi-core processors g p By reducing the amount of CPU we can expand the amount of memory available We are converting the form of the resourcesJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 35

Use low-power processors Low-power processors vs high-performance processors Good approach for transactional workloads (webs) – Experiments at BSC: Reduction of 70%Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 36

Turn on/off policies However the numerical applications do not behave like this Experiments at BSC with 4 HPC tasks: • 1 Xeon * 1 hour 317 Watts • 2 Atom * 5 hours 398 Watts – The most energy-efficient approach in this environment is to run jobs very fast and then turn off the power of the system. systemJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 37

Hybrid hardware y But in general the workload in data centers is heterogeneous – F HPC, Xeons work more efficiently th At For HPC X k ffi i tl than Atoms – For Transactional, Atoms work more efficiently than Xeons Transactional Therefore, why , y not build the two toget e together? Courtesy of Giovanni Leonardi (Mataró-Sicilia)Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 38

Hybrid hardware y Better tradeoff in terms of energy and revenue – Experiments at BSC with heterogeneous workload: Reduction of 25%Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 39

Cloud Federation Resource Management in a Cloud Federation g – Distribution of workload across geographically distributed DC – Consolidation at DC level (and turn off a whole DC) – Possibility to reallocate the workload to a place where energy or cooling is cheaper e.g. solar energy during daytime across different time zones, efficient cooling due to climate conditions, etc. conditions etc – Etc. The energy savings can be up to 10%? 30? 50%?Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 40

Conclusions The energy savings can be up to 20% - 70% Reduction of 25% Reduction of 70% For memory-bound appl the energy savings can be up to 25% appl. The energy savings can be up to 10%? 30? 50%?Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 41

Energy cost depends on location gy Examples: – Quincy (Washington, USA) ~ 0,015€ (0.019$) kW/h – Barcelona ~ 0,12 € kW/h It i 8 ti is times l lessJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 42

What is the size of a DC? Big Data Centers (CPDs) “… with more than 43 600 square meters of space, … consumes 48 megawatts …“ p , g Source: Tech Titans Building Boom By Randy H. Katz. IEEE Spectrum, February 2009Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 43

Does anyone know what thismeans? foto: GoogleJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 44

Does anyone know what thismeans? Districts of Barcelona, Les Corts coloured yellow. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Corts,_Barcelona Source:http://www.bcn.es/bcnbarris/ca/barrixbarri_districte4.htmlJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 45

Summary: what are providers doing to provide cheaper services? unprecedented economies of scale reduce overall cost and increase efficiencies – Commodity hardware (servers, networks, storage) All servers virtualized with many concurrent loads – Achieves high average utilization Standardization and automation (self-managed) ( g ) – Minimize labor-policy, not human decide on workload placements Good location for cooling and energy Etc. EtJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 46

OutlineProvides side: The industrialization of ITsClient side: The Demand for Cloud ServicesCloud Consequences: The inevitable change q g – What will we see in the future? Clouds Hybrid – Cloud represents the first real competitor for IT departmentsJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 47

Reasons for adoption The business community has begun to embrace cloud computing as a viable option – to reduce costs (opex & capex) – S l bilit Scalability – business agility Target Exemple: (website weekendly workload)Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 48

Capacity versys Demand y y Source: Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing. M. Ambrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A.D. Joseph, R. Katz, , , , p , , A. Konwinski, G. Lee, D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stooica, B. M. Zaharia. UC Berkeley Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems C. Laboratory. 2009 Capacity urces Resou Demand TimeJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 49

Lost of resources Capacity Unused resources urces Resou Demand TimeJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 50

Lost of resources Capacity €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ Unused €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ resources €€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€ urces €€€€ €€€€€€€€€€ €€€€ €€€ €€€€€€€€ €€€ Resou €€ €€€€€€ €€€ € €€€€ €€ €€€ € Demand TimeJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 51

Can we make a careful approach? Underestimation is even worse, user dissatisfaction is difficult to measure. Capacity Resources s Demand 1 2 3 Time (days)Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 52

The demand self-adjusts to thesupply Clients are lost Capacity urces Resou Demand 1 2 3 Time (days)Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 53

The Cloud allows … urces Elasticity Capacity Resou Demand TimeJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 54

Reasons for adoption “Hours to provision versus weeks – While most organizations adopt cloud computing strategies for cost reasons, the biggest , gg reported benefits turn out to be agilityJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 55

Difficulties in adopting the Cloud g Lack of standards: com/group/clo urce: http://groups.google.c Sou g-use-cases oud-computingJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 56

Risks of Cloud Computing g Availability Privacy Legislation g Data theft and Loss … Vendors are addressing these by offering: – In continent / in country hosting – Private clouds – Secured IaaS (e.g. using VPN) – … Customers are addressing these risks by: – including cloud computing in backup, recovery and data protection (encryption).Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 57

OutlineProvides side: The industrialization of ITsClient side: The Demand for Cloud ServicesCloud Consequences: The inevitable change q gJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 58

Cloud Computing represents: g Reasons for adoption: – Cost (opex and capex) – Agility – … What does it means for end-user companies: – Won’t be any more worried about traditional IT Owning and maintaining own DC is an expensive investment cost and a distraction from the core business – CC will drive development of new products and services IaaS, IaaS PaaS and SaaS agility offers keep company products evolve as the needs and tastes of their customers changes. – …Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 59

Cloud Computing represents: g The first real competitor for IT departments and local IT companies work that will make IT department: – Help to apply IT to meet business objectives – IT required by a enterprise will be more complex because of all of the potential options and flexibility IT department will continue being the interface between the company and th Cl d providers d the Cloud id – …Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 60

Case study “Xarxa de Televisions Locals” y 10 year of technological evolution E.g. to ensure the contribution and distribution: ... 2000 2002 2009 Now is time for Cloud Computing With CC in-house IT department can redirect their time and money: • Offload all of the routine IT management (e.g. email, collab space, …) • Can focus more on strategic activities ( g (e.g. streaming over IP, …) g , ) It’s i l It’ simply a matter of competitive survival tt f titi i lJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 61

Autonomic Systems and eBusinessPlatforms research line Research objective Autonomic resource allocation and heterogeneous workload Autonomic Sytems management Resource for Internet-scale virtualized Management data centers (cloud computing) Smart comprising heterogeneous Cloudwww.bsc.es/autonomic clusters of hybrid hardware.Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 62

Thank you for your attention y y If it isnt on the Web ... ... it doesnt exist this presentation will be on my web page www.JordiTorres.euJordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 63

About the author: Jordi Torres has a Master degree in Computer Science from the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC Barcelona Tech, T h 1988) and also h ld a Ph D f d l holds Ph. D. from th same the institution (Best UPC Computer Science Thesis Award, 1993). Currently he is a full-time professor in the Computer y p p Architecture Department at UPC and is a manager for the Autonomic Systems and eBusiness Platforms research line at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). His current principal interest as a researcher is to make IT resources more efficient in order to obtain more sustainable IT and to focus on the resource management needs of modern distributed and parallel cloud computing environments. environments He has worked on a number of EU and industrial research and development projects. He has more than a hundred publications in the area and was involved in several conferences in the field of distributed and parallel systems systems. He has been Vice-dean of Institutional Relations at the Computer Science School, and currently he is a member of the University Senate and member of the Board of Governors. He can be reached at www.JordiTorres.org Jordi Torres – UPC / BSC "Virtualització, un pas cap al núvol". 4a Jornada dels Serveis TIC UPC, Desembre 2010 64

The Industrialization of ITs: IaaS

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