3. TERMS
11. Power: The ability or official capacity to exercise control, authority, and to define key
values and concepts that define the “center”—what is accepted and considered
“normal.”
12. Prejudice: An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without
knowledge or examination of the facts.
13. Privilege: An unearned advantage, immunity, permission, right, or benefit granted to
or enjoyed by an individual because they are members of a category of people that is
accorded higher societal status.
14. Racism: Discrimination or prejudice based on race; the belief that race accounts for
differences on human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to
others.
15. White Privilege: Benefiting from being a member of the dominant culture, from lack
of continuous surveillance, from the status accorded “whiteness” in the larger society.
4. 16. Ambiguity: a doubtfulness or uncertainty about the intention or
meaning of something. It usually refers to a statement that is
subject to more than one interpretation. The term is used for
words that suggest two or more appropriate meanings or that
convey both a basic meaning and complex overtones of that
meaning. Sometimes, authors make deliberate choices of words
that simultaneously cause several different streams of thought in
the reader’s mind. Ambiguity is also used to mean confusion
between the denotation and connotation of a literary work. A
simple kind of ambiguity is the use of homophones to promote a
multiplicity of possible meanings. In Sonnet 135, Shakespeare
puns on the word “Will,” invoking its sense as one’s wish, as well
as its sense as a nickname for “William”: “whoever hath her wish,
thou hast thy Will” (line 1).
5. 17. Antagonist: the character who strives against another main
character. This character opposes the hero or protagonist in
drama. The term is also used to describe one who contends
with or opposes another in a fight, conflict, or battle of wills. In
literature, this is the principal opponent or foil of the main
character and is considered the villain unless the protagonist is
a villain; in that case, the antagonist is the hero.
18. Character: a combination of traits and features that form
the nature of some person or animal. It also refers to moral
qualities and ethical standards and principles. In literature,
character refers to a person represented in a story, novel, or
play.
7. HOW DO I KNOW WHAT I THINK UNTIL I SEE WHAT I SAY?
--E.M. FORSTER
Each text we study will provide material for response writing
called a QHQ (Question-Hypothesis-Question). The QHQ requires
students to have second thoughts, that is, to think again about
questions that arise during their reading and to write about
questions that are meaningful to them.
Begin your QHQ by formulating some question you have about
some aspect of the reading. The first question in the QHQ may be
one sentence or longer, but its function is to frame your QHQ
writing. A student might start with a question like, “Why is the
house in this story haunted? Or, “Why do I suspect the murdered
child has come back to life?” A student might even write, “Why
am I having so much trouble understanding this story?”
8. After you pose your initial question, focus on a close reading of
the text in search of a hypothesis. This hypothesis section
comprises the body of your text. The student who asked about the
haunted house might refer to multiple passages about haunting
in the text, comparing and contrasting them to other instances of
haunting with which he or she is familiar. The student who asked
about the dead child might connect passages associated with the
death to sections about a new child who abruptly appears in the
text. The student who struggled to understand the text might
explore those passages whose meanings were obscure or difficult
to understand, connecting them to other novels and/or cultural
texts.
After carefully exploring your initial question (200-300 words), put
forward another question, one that has sprung from your
hypothesis. This will be the final sentence of your QHQ and will
provide a base for further reflection into the text.
9. The QHQ is designed to help you formulate your response to the texts we
study into clearly defined questions and hypotheses that can be used as
a basis for both class discussion and longer papers. The QHQ can be
relatively informal but should demonstrate a thoughtful approach to the
material. While the papers need to be organized and coherent, because
you will sharing them in class, the ideas they present may be preliminary
and exploratory.
Remember, a QHQ is not a summary or a report—it is an original,
thoughtful response to what you have read. All QHQs should be posted
on the website the evening before the class for which they are due. This
will give both me and other students time to ponder your ideas and think
about appropriate responses. Moreover, this sharing of material should
provide plenty of fodder for essays. Even though you have posted your
QHQ, you should bring a copy of it to class in order to share your
thoughts and insights and to stimulate class discussion.
10. • A Well-Told Story
• Write an introduction that sets the stage for your tale
• Prepare your readers to understand the significance of your
event.
• A Vivid Presentation of Places and People
• Recreate the time and place of the event
• Descriptive details of behaviors or actions
• Use dialogue
• Describe the person’s appearance
• An Indication of the Event’s Significance
• Show that the event was important
• Tell us that the event was important
BASIC FEATURES OF A NARRATIVE ESSAY
11. In a narrative essay of two to three pages (600-1000 words),
respond to one of the following prompts:
1. Tell about an experience when you were unfairly judged
based on concrete identity characteristics.
2. Tell about an experience when you passed as someone or
something you were not. The passing can be either purposeful
or inadvertent.
IN-CLASS ESSAY #1
12. Read: Langston Hughes:
"Passing”(the short story)
and "Passing” (the poem).
Study: Terms
Post #3: QHQ: Either the
poem or the short story.
HOMEWORK
