Leveraging Open Source John A. Lewis Chief Software Architect Unicon, Inc. 25 September 2008 Brooklyn College, New York © Copyright Unicon, Inc., 2008. Some rights reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/

John A. Lewis

Chief Software Architect

Unicon, Inc.

25 September 2008

Brooklyn College, New York

What Is Open Source? Lots of Different Terms: Free Software Open Source Software (OSS) Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) They all mean essentially the same thing

Lots of Different Terms:

Free Software

Open Source Software (OSS)

Free/Open Source Software (FOSS)

Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS)

They all mean essentially the same thing

Major Organizations Free Software Foundation www.fsf.org Grew out of GNU community Promoters of GNU Public License (GPL) Approves Licenses as “Free Software” Open Source Initiative www.opensource.org Grew out of disagreements with GNU/FSF Less dogmatic / more practical Approves Licenses as “Open Source”

Free Software Foundation

www.fsf.org

Grew out of GNU community

Promoters of GNU Public License (GPL)

Approves Licenses as “Free Software”

Open Source Initiative

www.opensource.org

Grew out of disagreements with GNU/FSF

Less dogmatic / more practical

Approves Licenses as “Open Source”

Free Or Free? “Free” as if Freedom and Liberty Think Free as in “Free Speech” Not (necessarily) Free as in “Free Beer”

“Free” as if Freedom and Liberty

Think Free as in “Free Speech”

Not (necessarily) Free as in “Free Beer”

What Makes It Free? Major “Freedoms” of Free Software 0: Free to Run Anyone for any purpose 1: Free to Study Access to see and modify source code 2: Free to Redistribute Share binaries and source code 3: Free to Improve Make it better for the whole community

Major “Freedoms” of Free Software

0: Free to Run

Anyone for any purpose

1: Free to Study

Access to see and modify source code

2: Free to Redistribute

Share binaries and source code

3: Free to Improve

Make it better for the whole community

Copyright All FOSS licenses based on Copyright Decisions used to be extreme: Complete enforcement - “All Rights Reserved” Put into public domain - “No Rights Reserved” Open Source = “Some Right Reserved” Publisher of open source retains copyright Copyright holder can do whatever they want Do not have to follow terms of their own license Only those who receive software under the license are bound by it

All FOSS licenses based on Copyright

Decisions used to be extreme:

Complete enforcement - “All Rights Reserved”

Put into public domain - “No Rights Reserved”

Open Source = “Some Right Reserved”

Publisher of open source retains copyright

Copyright holder can do whatever they want

Do not have to follow terms of their own license

Only those who receive software under the license are bound by it

Copyleft Requiring software freedom for derivative works based on free software There is no requirement for copyleft in “Free Software” or “Open Source” – Copyleft is a separate concern Two key dimensions: when the copyleft requirements are triggered (usually redistribution) How far the copyleft requirements reach (e.g. source files, compiled together, dynamic linking)

Requiring software freedom for derivative works based on free software

There is no requirement for copyleft in “Free Software” or “Open Source” – Copyleft is a separate concern

Two key dimensions:

when the copyleft requirements are triggered (usually redistribution)

How far the copyleft requirements reach (e.g. source files, compiled together, dynamic linking)

Benefits Of Open Source Cost No License Fee Choices about Maintenance / Support No Forced Upgrades Control Pick software and vendor separately Change vendor (or self-support) Change the code - tailor it to your needs Community Collaborate with other users and developers Benefit from the innovation of others

Cost

No License Fee

Choices about Maintenance / Support

No Forced Upgrades

Control

Pick software and vendor separately

Change vendor (or self-support)

Change the code - tailor it to your needs

Community

Collaborate with other users and developers

Benefit from the innovation of others

Build vs. Buy? Build? Too expensive, takes too long, too risky Buy? Big acquisition cost, vendor lock-in, no flexibility Open Source! Quick and cheap to acquire Adaptable to specific needs Free to choose service provider Leverage community momentum

Build?

Too expensive, takes too long, too risky

Buy?

Big acquisition cost, vendor lock-in, no flexibility

Open Source!

Quick and cheap to acquire

Adaptable to specific needs

Free to choose service provider

Leverage community momentum

Enterprise Open Source Uses Infrastructure Operating Systems Databases App Servers Web Servers System Monitoring VOIP ... and more Applications Portals Document Mgmt CRM Learning Mgmt Email & Calendaring ... and more

Infrastructure

Operating Systems

Databases

App Servers

Web Servers

System Monitoring

VOIP

... and more

Applications

Portals

Document Mgmt

CRM

Learning Mgmt

Email & Calendaring

... and more

Community or Commercial? Community Projects Run by individuals, universities, research groups, etc. Comes out of finding “common cause” Can have commercial providers Linux, Apache, Mozilla, PostgreSQL, uPortal, Sakai, Kuali Commercial Projects Run by a company Build a community Marketing via downloads De facto provider of all value-added services MySQL, Alfresco, Zimbra, SugarCRM, Compiere

Community Projects

Run by individuals, universities, research groups, etc.

Comes out of finding “common cause”

Can have commercial providers

Linux, Apache, Mozilla, PostgreSQL, uPortal, Sakai, Kuali

Commercial Projects

Run by a company

Build a community

Marketing via downloads

De facto provider of all value-added services

MySQL, Alfresco, Zimbra, SugarCRM, Compiere

Who Uses Open Source? Almost everyone! Federal and state governments Colleges and universities Major corporations Small businesses Non-profit organizations Hobbyists

Almost everyone!

Federal and state governments

Colleges and universities

Major corporations

Small businesses

Non-profit organizations

Hobbyists

Open Source Myths Open Source ... is always more (or less) secure always costs less (or more) is always of better (or lower) quality always has worse documentation is always hard to upgrade It Depends On The Project!

Open Source ...

is always more (or less) secure

always costs less (or more)

is always of better (or lower) quality

always has worse documentation

is always hard to upgrade

It Depends On The Project!

Do I Need Developers? No! (biggest myth in higher ed) Major projects all have commercial service providers do handle your needs Same services as proprietary vendors Training, consulting, support, etc. Other services not normally available Customizations, integrations, add/change features, accelerated bug fixes, etc. But you can use your own developers if you want – unique to open source

No! (biggest myth in higher ed)

Major projects all have commercial service providers do handle your needs

Same services as proprietary vendors

Training, consulting, support, etc.

Other services not normally available

Customizations, integrations, add/change features, accelerated bug fixes, etc.

But you can use your own developers if you want – unique to open source

Service Provider Example (aka Shameless Plug) Unicon provides Open Source services primarily to Higher Education Commercial Affiliate for Sakai and uPortal projects Complete range of services: Implementation Planning Project Planning and Assessment Installation / Configuration Branding Training Custom Development / Integration Hosting Services Technical Support

Unicon provides Open Source services primarily to Higher Education

Commercial Affiliate for Sakai and uPortal projects

Complete range of services:

Implementation Planning

Project Planning and Assessment

Installation / Configuration

Branding

Training

Custom Development / Integration

Hosting Services

Technical Support

Procurement Problems RFI, RFP, travel, demos, proof-of-concepts, pilots, meetings, schmoozing, etc. = High Total Cost Of Sales (TCOS) Example: TCOS is $50K and vendor wins 1 deal in 3 Company needs to recover $150K+ on won deals just to cover sales costs! How? High 1 st Year License Fees But Open Source has no license fees! Open Source Vendors cannot respond to RFPs that treat software itself as capital acquisition

RFI, RFP, travel, demos, proof-of-concepts, pilots, meetings, schmoozing, etc. = High Total Cost Of Sales (TCOS)

Example:

TCOS is $50K and vendor wins 1 deal in 3

Company needs to recover $150K+ on won deals just to cover sales costs!

How? High 1 st Year License Fees

But Open Source has no license fees!

Open Source Vendors cannot respond to RFPs that treat software itself as capital acquisition

Viscous Cycle Of Procurement Enterprise procurement has exacerbated this: License fees + switching costs = 5+ years to amortize Must choose carefully = more due diligence Make vendors do the work (at their own expense) = higher TCOS Drives up license fees to recover costs Lather, rinse, repeat...

Enterprise procurement has exacerbated this:

License fees + switching costs = 5+ years to amortize

Must choose carefully = more due diligence

Make vendors do the work (at their own expense) = higher TCOS

Drives up license fees to recover costs

Lather, rinse, repeat...

Procuring Open Source Need a new process! No license fees + lower switching costs = lower risks Select the platform yourself (or with help) Separate picking software from picking a vendor Do simple evaluation & pick one or two candidates Do targeted pilot projects to prove they work Spend license fee money on your own people or on services providers for help

Need a new process!

No license fees + lower switching costs = lower risks

Select the platform yourself (or with help)

Separate picking software from picking a vendor

Do simple evaluation & pick one or two candidates

Do targeted pilot projects to prove they work

Spend license fee money on your own people or on services providers for help

Questions & Answers John A. Lewis Chief Software Architect Unicon, Inc. [email_address] www.unicon.net