EV Smart Charging Considerations: Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Workgroup. John Thornton CleanFuture 090619

Smart Charging Considerations: EVs and the Smart Grid Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group Progress Report June 19, 2009 Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

Agenda

Introduction

Insights: Smart Grid course @ PSU

Smart Charging = EV + Smart Grid

What

Why

How

Importance of Smart Charging

Directional Recommendations

Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

Introduction / Clarification

Business and technical consulting, at the convergence of clean mobility, energy, sustainability and the Smart Grid.

Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us http://www.cleanfuture.us

Context / Contributors

Matt Groves

Roger Hicks

Cody Meyer

Erin Rowland

John Thornton

Master of Mech. Engineering Student

Consultant

Master of Urban Planning Student

Master of Public Administration Student

Consultant

Designing the Smart Grid for Sustainable Communities Portland State University: research seminar, January – June 2009 Capstone conference: June 18, 2009 http://www.eli.pdx.edu/smartgrid/ Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

Group Objectives

Determine if the addition of Smart Grid technologies to Distributed Generation (DG) resources and Electric Vehicles (EV) will help in achieving sustainability goals

Identify the key feasibility issues with Smart Grid developments as EV and DG resources become more common and have a greater impact on the energy grid

Sustainability Goals

Equity

Ensure that the costs of new technologies do not create economic barriers

Maintain and create family wage “green” collar jobs

Increase consumer choice and control

Lower consumer energy costs

Environment

Produce energy from renewable sources

Minimize the need for long distance transmission of energy

Minimize the negative environmental impacts in the electric industry

Economic

Build local assets and self-reliance while avoiding dead-end investments

Encourage efficient use of resources

Generate positive return on investments (ROI)

Reward innovation, creativity, diversity and full engagement of all participants in the business ecosystem

Will EVs and Smart Grid technologies meet our sustainability goals? Sustainability Goals Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us Sustainability Goals Electric Vehicles without Smart Grid Electric Vehicles with Smart Grid Equity No Likely Environment Yes Yes Economy Probably Yes

A Smart Grid is:

The infusion of digital technologies into the power grid from generation to delivery to end use

The power grid outfitted with a two-way communications and control backbone that allows unprecedented capabilities to measure and manage power flow

A power network where demand plays as a supply resource

Smart Grid Systems Source: NIST EISA Domain Expert Working Groups in support of the NIST mandate to facilitate Smart Grid standards interoperability Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

What makes a Smart Grid?

Development and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources, and energy-efficiency resources.

Deployment of ‘‘smart’’ technologies (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize the physical operation of appliances and consumer devices) for metering, communications concerning grid operations and status, and distribution automation.

Integration of ‘‘smart’’ appliances and consumer devices.

Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles , and thermal-storage air conditioning.

Provision to consumers of timely information and control options.

Development of standards for communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure serving the grid.

Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary barriers to adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services.

Economic Value

25% of distribution & 10% of generation assets needed less than 400 hrs/year

5% 75% 90% Hourly Loads as Fraction of Peak, Sorted from Highest to Lowest Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us 5% = ~400 hrs/yr (8,760 hrs) distribution generation

Renewables and Variability http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/Business/Operations/Wind/baltwg.aspx Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

Electric Vehicles (EVs) without Smart Grid

Simple (or convenience) charging

charging behavior

Uncontrolled

Continuous charging

This is the path Oregon is on with the current RFP

No request for Smart Charging

Likelihood of unintended consequences

How do we encourage off-peak charging?

Will EV adoption be similar to Hybrids? Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

How can we avoid overload? Time of Day Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us

Smart Grid can help move EV load to make use of unused energy grid capacity

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) – Bi-directional Energy Concept Mobility PEV’s Car Share- Multi node Multi modal Communication Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) Intelligent Vehicle Design Smart Charging Considerations - Oregon Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Working Group John Thornton – john@cleanfuture.us Courtesy of Porteon Electric Vehicles, Inc. Energy Storage Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), load leveling, integration of new energy sources (PV, wind.)

EVs and the Smart Grid

Smart Grid

A power supply system equipped with real-time communication, digital automation, transactive coordination, and resource control technology.

Capable of two-way interaction with load, generation and storage resources

Smart Grid technology manages flow of power to/from EVs

Smart Charging

Allows utilities to manage the one-way flow of electricity to EVs, within parameters set by owners. Able to adapt charging to grid requirements

Slowing during high demand

Increasing with availability of renewable energy

Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

Manages the two-way flow of power to between EVs and the grid. Electricity can be stored in the vehicle and returned to the grid as needed.

xEV, Building and Grid Interconnection Scenarios

V0G (Simple Charge) - Vehicle starts charging as soon as plugged in, like an appliance

TC (Timed Charge) – vehicle charges at a given time.

V1G (Smart Charging) – vehicle charges with intelligence.

V1.0G – Smart Charge controls and user-interface (UI) on vehicle

V1.5G – Smart Charging with off-board communication – DR or limited A/S

V2B (Vehicle-to-Building): like V2G, except with building (not grid). “Microgrid-like application” with bi-directional energy flow

V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid): like V1G, except the car can discharge energy back to grid with bi-directional energy flow.

Smart Charging

Smart Charging refers to a spectrum of technologies that involve plug‐in vehicles, either plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) or dedicated electric vehicles (EV), together referred to as plug‐in vehicles, interacting with the electrical grid beyond simple charging of the vehicle batteries .

Enables:

Time-of-day charging

Time‐of‐use rates

Smart “Fill” Charging

Demand response programs

Critical Peak Pricing

Charger “load”shaping

To maximize capture of renewable generation

Vehicle to Home (V2H)

EVs can provide services

Vehicles, by their numbers, represent enormous power and energy storage potential

Electric vehicle charge stations: grid connection points for power and ancillary services delivery

Vehicles can respond very fast compared to power plants

Vehicles could provide Ancillary Services (A/S):

Frequency regulation (automatic generation control - AGC)

Extra power during demand peaks

Spinning reserves

Uninterruptible power source for businesses and homes

Active stability control of transmission lines

Dispatchable reactive power

Demand Response

Example: Frequency Regulation Ancillary Service ISO Goals: Load = Power Generated Power < Load: Frequency drops under 60 Hz. Power > Load: Frequency rises over 60 Hz.

Regulation is the continuous matching of supply with demand in a control area

Area Control Error (ACE) is a measure of quality of operation of the grid

ACE includes a frequency regulation component

Powerplants provide regulation today

Slow response

Real-time control of power plant output by grid operator

EV Connectivity Content

Enabling Technologies

Vehicle-to-grid Communication Interface

uni-directional power interface (regulation up)

bi-directional power interface (regulation up & down)

Wireless internet communication

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Systems for tracking a large number of small transactions

Vehicle interconnection standards

Bi-directional energy metering at the retail level

Appropriate tariffs

EV and Smart Grid Summary

Electrification of transport sector

Additional loads, additional opportunities

Smart Grid

Enables aggregation of EVs as Generation equivalent resources

Demand side management

Balance renewable generation with controlled loads

Ancillary Services

“ Electrified vehicles could be the “killer application” for Smart Grid.”

RMI - Smart Garage Charratte pre-read (v2.0, Oct-2008)

Green Jobs

Smart Grid integration

EVs and clean vehicle technologies

Technology development and companies in Oregon

Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Projects

10 Electric Car Grid Projects

http://dsc.discovery.com/technology/tech-10/top-10-v2g-projects.html

Puget Sound New Energy Solutions

Where’s Oregon?

The Emerging New Energy System

Smart power grids, green intelligent buildings and plug-in electric vehicles are converging to create new energy networks that will maximize energy productivity, renewable energy use and carbon reductions.

Smart power grids, green intelligent buildings and plug-in electric vehicles are converging to create new energy networks that will maximize energy productivity, renewable energy use and carbon reductions.

Smart power grids , green intelligent buildings and plug-in electric vehicles are converging to create new energy networks that will maximize energy productivity, renewable energy use and carbon reductions.