PA 103

1. Factors that Promote or
Deter Popular
Participation in
Development: The
Philippine Experience
By: Laurefel P. Gabales
PA 103
Prof. Jo B. Bitonio

2. Factors that Promote or Deter Popular
Participation in Development
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Popular Participation as Defined in Philippine
Researches
The Philippines: A brief backgrounder

3. Factors that Promote or Deter Popular
Participation in Development
Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participation
Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
Recommendation: The Search for the
Filipino Participatory Ethic

4. Introduction
Quest for elusive “development”
Economic growth no longer the sole concern
in development
Five Core Concepts of Development
Man as end of development
Delineation of man

5. Introduction
Collective personality of man
Participation
Self-reliance

6. Objectives
Seeks to answer the following question
What has been the country’s experience in
promoting popular participation in the
government’s development programs?
What factors may be identified as facilitating
or obstructing popular participation in
development?

7. Objectives
What recommendations may be
forwarded to stress those that facilitate
and minimize those that impede popular
participation?

8. Objectives
The study has four sections
A brief description of the socioeconomic and
political and historical makeup
Selected government programs and
innovations

9. Objectives
Factors that promote and deter
participation
Recommendations for policy and
institutional changes

10. Methodology
The academe has drawn attention to the
subjects
The government has also caused the
evaluation of existing participatory
mechanisms
Researches have been conducted on
popular participation

11. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
Mass sharing of the benefit of development
Mass contribution to development
Mass involvement in the decision making
process for development

12. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
A process in which the people are directly
and actively involve in the planning and
implementation of rural development
programs and projects
Defining the situation requiring a decision
Choosing the preferred alternatives

13. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
Determining how best tom implement the
decision once it is made
Evaluating the consequences of the action
taken

14. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
The differentiation of the decision making
into planning, implementation and evaluation
process
Conceptualizing the problems
Deciding what is to be done
Implementing the plans and programs
Evaluating the results

15. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
Passive citizen
Involved only as recipient of the service
Completely dependent from external funding
Deprived when personnel for participation
Active citizen


16. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
Involved in the planning, implementation
and evaluation of the program
Program is self supporting in funding
Personnel fielded from community
Midpoint situation
Involved either in implementation only or
in planning and implementation

17. Popular Participation as Defined in
Philippine Researches
Dependent on some combination of internal
and external funding
Manpower fielded jointly by outside agency
and local community

18. The Philippines: A Brief Backgrounder
Self-sustaining unit called barangays
Spanish centralized bureaucracy
Americans promised independence
Japanese occupation
Declared independent by Americans
Martial Law was imposed on 21 Sept 1972
May 1982 election of barangay officials

19. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
Barangays
Advent of “paticipatory democracy”
A Barangay chairman and six councilors
Administrative channels of government as part
of the delivery of services to the people
Viewed as a possible Filipino alternative to the
western model – Filipino collectivism

20. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
NEDA and the Development Council
Created from the Integrated Reorganization Plan
which adopted from PD No. 1
Tasked with formulating definite and consistent
long-range and annual economic and social
development plans and programs

21. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
Assist planning at the regional levels
A development council is a structure
responsible for coordinating the efforts of
agencies and instrumentalities of gov’t
Councils are organized at the regional, city/
municipality and barangay levels
Strongly counterbalanced the RDC’s

22. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
The Philippine Rural Development Program
Manage by Rural Development Division of
the Bureau of Community Development
Aims to promote the transformation and
development of rural communities
Built on the principle that development is a
government enterprise

23. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
Primary Health Program
LOI No. 949
Practical approach that recognizes the
interrelationship between health and overall
socioeconomic development
Intersectoral approach in building the
foundation of health

24. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
Recognized the for:
Active community participation
Good working relationship
Use of indigenous technology
Development of support mechanisms

25. Policies and Mechanisms for popular
Participants
Community based programs
Knows , feels, and accepts responsibility for
community health
Taps and develops its own resources
Primary focus is put by the community on
community problems, resources and actions

26. Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
The individual level
Analysis would require more empirical test
No longer be a concept in search of
methodology but rather implies that
community may be the methodology
Promoting conditions
Impending conditions

27. Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
The community
Community structure
Physical dispersion / Communication
networks
Experience in community organizing
Economic status of community
Community leadership selection

28. Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
Involvement of informal leaders
Leadership style
Emotional cost to community
Manner of fielding community organizers
The government/other sectors
Bureaucratic character / “Technical
expertise”

29. Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
Measures of performance
Plan approach
Nature of program
Choice of community
Participation
Bureaucratic specialization

30. Factors that Promote/Impede Popular
Participation
The greater society/Societal level
Colonial experience
Poverty
Ineffectiveness of participation as a means of
getting service
Other factors

31. Recommendations: The Search for the
Filipino Participatory Ethic
Society’s historical past
Heavy influence and reliance on western and
foreign models
Utilize an indigenous process of evoking
popular participation
Search for the distinguishing characteristics

32. Reference
Introduction to Public Administration
A Reader 2nd Edition
National College of Public Administration
& Governance
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, 2003