Communism and Conflict Berlin Airlift Alliances Nuclear Escalation Turmoil in China

Berlin Airlift The US, France, and Britain withdraw their forces in 1948 and allow their three zones to form one country Berlin is deep within the Soviet zone of Germany The Soviet Union responds by holding west Berlin hostage

The US, France, and Britain withdraw their forces in 1948 and allow their three zones to form one country

Berlin is deep within the Soviet zone of Germany

The Soviet Union responds by holding west Berlin hostage

Berlin Airlift Soviets cut off highway and railway access to the city as well as water Stalin hoped this would scare the allies into surrendering west Berlin US and Britain break the blockade with airplanes!!!!! Planes landed and took off every three minutes 277,000 flights 2.3 million tons of supplies Soviets forced to admit defeat after 11 months Negotiations took place at the United Nations

Soviets cut off highway and railway access to the city as well as water

Stalin hoped this would scare the allies into surrendering west Berlin

US and Britain break the blockade with airplanes!!!!!

Planes landed and took off every three minutes

277,000 flights

2.3 million tons of supplies

Soviets forced to admit defeat after 11 months

Negotiations took place at the United Nations

Alliances Form North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western Democracies fear WWIII erupting from the chaos and uncertainty shown by the Berlin Blockade Fear the West would not be able to wage a war against the Soviet Union should one erupt 10 countries including US and Canada sign the collective security agreement First US peacetime military commitment

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Western Democracies fear WWIII erupting from the chaos and uncertainty shown by the Berlin Blockade

Fear the West would not be able to wage a war against the Soviet Union should one erupt

10 countries including US and Canada sign the collective security agreement

First US peacetime military commitment

Alliances Form Soviets see NATO as a threat to their own security Respond by forming an alliance system of their own The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and the satellite countries

Soviets see NATO as a threat to their own security

Respond by forming an alliance system of their own

The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and the satellite countries

Alliances Form The United States continued to search for Allies in a potential war and continue the policy of containment Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SEATO Formed to stabilize the area after the beginning of the Korean Conflict

The United States continued to search for Allies in a potential war and continue the policy of containment

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

SEATO

Formed to stabilize the area after the beginning of the Korean Conflict

Nuclear Weapons The Soviet Union does not waste any time in developing its own atomic bomb (1949) The US is determined to develop an even deadlier bomb Thermonuclear weapons were the next step Truman okays research into the H-bomb which would be 1,000 times stronger than the A-bomb US successfully develops this weapon by 1952 and the Soviets follow with their version months later

The Soviet Union does not waste any time in developing its own atomic bomb (1949)

The US is determined to develop an even deadlier bomb

Thermonuclear weapons were the next step

Truman okays research into the H-bomb which would be 1,000 times stronger than the A-bomb

US successfully develops this weapon by 1952 and the Soviets follow with their version months later

Arms Race As time went on the weapons become more powerful Constant competition to outdo the each other with sheer power Who could create and master the most terrifying weapons of them all

As time went on the weapons become more powerful

Constant competition to outdo the each other with sheer power

Who could create and master the most terrifying weapons of them all

Brinkmanship Eisenhower assumes the presidency in 1954 Appoints John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state who is firmly anti-communist Declared that if the Soviet Union or its supporters launched an attack against the US the US would immediately retaliate. Willingness to go to the edge of war referred to as brinkmanship

Eisenhower assumes the presidency in 1954

Appoints John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state who is firmly anti-communist

Declared that if the Soviet Union or its supporters launched an attack against the US the US would immediately retaliate.

Willingness to go to the edge of war referred to as brinkmanship

Science and Technology Cold war fueled scientific research and technological advances Needed to outdo the other country in both weapons and prestige Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)

Cold war fueled scientific research and technological advances

Needed to outdo the other country in both weapons and prestige

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)

Fragile Balance Watch the following movie and answer the questions.

Watch the following movie and answer the questions.

Communist China Take a moment and answer the following review questions: Who was the nationalist leader in China? Who was the communist leader in China? What was the Long March?

Take a moment and answer the following review questions:

Who was the nationalist leader in China?

Who was the communist leader in China?

What was the Long March?

WWII Interrupts a Civil War During WWII China was invaded by Japan Mao is able to beat back the Japanese in Northern China and gain control of the area Wins the trust and loyalty of the peasants by promoting literacy and providing food Chiang Kai-Shek now called Jiang Jieshi is still in control of the nationalists US gives about $1.5 billion in aid to his armies to fight the Japanese Waste aide or save it for the fight with Mao instead

During WWII China was invaded by Japan

Mao is able to beat back the Japanese in Northern China and gain control of the area

Wins the trust and loyalty of the peasants by promoting literacy and providing food

Chiang Kai-Shek now called Jiang Jieshi is still in control of the nationalists

US gives about $1.5 billion in aid to his armies to fight the Japanese

Waste aide or save it for the fight with Mao instead

Civil War Resumes Nationalist appear to be in the better position at the outset of the struggle Larger army Continued aid from the US Collapsing economy leads many nationalists to desert and defect to the communist army causing the Nationalists to lose the war

Nationalist appear to be in the better position at the outset of the struggle

Larger army

Continued aid from the US

Collapsing economy leads many nationalists to desert and defect to the communist army causing the Nationalists to lose the war

Two Chinas Mao and the People’s Republic of China Received aid from the Soviets and had a military alliance Jiang and Nationalist China based in Taiwan called the Republic of China Supported by the US

Mao and the People’s Republic of China

Received aid from the Soviets and had a military alliance

Jiang and Nationalist China based in Taiwan called the Republic of China

Supported by the US

Response to the Chinas US seeks to expand its own influence in Asia Limits USSR occupation of Japan Splits Korea into a North and South

US seeks to expand its own influence in Asia

Limits USSR occupation of Japan

Splits Korea into a North and South

Chinese Expansion Under Mao Mao expands into Inner Mongolia, India, and Tibet Had promised autonomy to the Tibetians who were followers of the Dalai Lama Dalai Lama forced to flee to India as communist China’s forces tighten on the region

Mao expands into Inner Mongolia, India, and Tibet

Had promised autonomy to the Tibetians who were followers of the Dalai Lama

Dalai Lama forced to flee to India as communist China’s forces tighten on the region

Changes Under Mao Claimed to have a new “Mandate of Heaven” Communists only 1% of the population at the outset Set up a party organization and a national government Mao heads both

Claimed to have a new “Mandate of Heaven”

Communists only 1% of the population at the outset

Set up a party organization and a national government

Mao heads both

Marx and China Mao wants to model Chinese economy after Marxist system Most farmers did not own their own land 10% of population owned 70% of the land Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 Seized and redistributed land Killed any landowner who resisted Forced peasants to join collective farms What other leader has done this in history?

Mao wants to model Chinese economy after Marxist system

Most farmers did not own their own land

10% of population owned 70% of the land

Agrarian Reform Law of 1950

Seized and redistributed land

Killed any landowner who resisted

Forced peasants to join collective farms

What other leader has done this in history?

Marx and China Women given an equal place in the home and the workplace as Marx suggests In direct conflict with the Confucian beliefs and way of life Completely disrupts the social order of the country National child care instituted to allow women the freedom to become an equal part in the workplace

Women given an equal place in the home and the workplace as Marx suggests

In direct conflict with the Confucian beliefs and way of life

Completely disrupts the social order of the country

National child care instituted to allow women the freedom to become an equal part in the workplace

Marx and China Nationalization of Industry Government takes control of the means of production Sets out a 5 year plan for their industry Succeeds Increases output of coal, cement, and electricity by 100% Steel production quadruples

Nationalization of Industry

Government takes control of the means of production

Sets out a 5 year plan for their industry

Succeeds

Increases output of coal, cement, and electricity by 100%

Steel production quadruples

Great Leap Forward Larger collective farms called communes 26,000 established averaging 15,000 acres and supporting 25,000 people each Worked together, ate together, slept in dormitories, raised their children together Removed personal profit motive so no reward to work hard when only the state benefited Program fails when it is inefficient and people hate the lifestyle Crop failures also cause mass starvation in 1958 and 1961 Program officially ends 1961

Larger collective farms called communes

26,000 established averaging 15,000 acres and supporting 25,000 people each

Worked together, ate together, slept in dormitories, raised their children together

Removed personal profit motive so no reward to work hard when only the state benefited

Program fails when it is inefficient and people hate the lifestyle

Crop failures also cause mass starvation in 1958 and 1961

Program officially ends 1961

Changes for China After Great Leap failure Mao diminishes role in the government New leaders move away from Mao’s strict socialist Allow farmers to live in their own homes Sale of goods from small private plots Factory workers could compete for raises, bonuses and promotions

After Great Leap failure Mao diminishes role in the government

New leaders move away from Mao’s strict socialist

Allow farmers to live in their own homes

Sale of goods from small private plots

Factory workers could compete for raises, bonuses and promotions

Mao’s Objections Mao does not like the new direction Straying away from Socialist goals 1966 launches a new campaign to try and keep the communists on track Called on the younger generation to “learn revolution by making revolution” High School and College students leave class and form militias called the Red Guards

Mao does not like the new direction

Straying away from Socialist goals

1966 launches a new campaign to try and keep the communists on track

Called on the younger generation to “learn revolution by making revolution”

High School and College students leave class and form militias called the Red Guards

Cultural Revolution Red Guards lead Cultural Revolution Goal of the revolution was to achieve complete equality for all peasants and workers Intellectual and artistic activities seen as useless Shut down colleges and schools Intellectuals forced to do hard labor to purify themselves People who did not agree were executed or jailed

Red Guards lead Cultural Revolution

Goal of the revolution was to achieve complete equality for all peasants and workers

Intellectual and artistic activities seen as useless

Shut down colleges and schools

Intellectuals forced to do hard labor to purify themselves

People who did not agree were executed or jailed

Cultural Revolution Shut down factories and schools Complete chaos and anarchy threatens to collapse the country Mao eventually acknowledges that the revolution must be stopped In 1976 Mao gives the order to dissolve the Red Guards

Shut down factories and schools

Complete chaos and anarchy threatens to collapse the country

Mao eventually acknowledges that the revolution must be stopped

In 1976 Mao gives the order to dissolve the Red Guards

Soviet Problems Soviet Union and China pledge friendship at the outset of Mao’s rule Begin to fight over who will lead the worldwide communist movement Territory disputes along their border USSR ends economic aid to China in 1960

Soviet Union and China pledge friendship at the outset of Mao’s rule

Begin to fight over who will lead the worldwide communist movement

Territory disputes along their border

USSR ends economic aid to China in 1960