HTML & CSS

HTML and CSS
by Peter Tucker
Associate Professor of Math and Computer Science
Whitworth University
As presented February 2009 to Online J-Lab

Markup Languages
A markup language embeds tags within regular text
Text file -> edit with notepad
SGML – Standard Generalized Markup Language
Generic language conceived in the 60’s
Language to separate content and structure
Elements identify text objects
HTML – Hypertext Markup Language
Based on SGML
Most common markup language for Internet pages
XML – Extensible Markup Language
Also based on SGML
Very flexible
Commonly used for information exchange

HTML Editors
HTML Files are simply text files
Notepad and WordPad are fine text editors
Emacs and XEmacs are good, and also work in Linux
Many freeware HTML editors exist
CoffeeCup is a good free version (and better commercial version…)
Many others: search for “HTML Editor” on www.download.com
Be sure to check the licensing agreements
Commercial software
Microsoft Expression Studio is on these machines
Macromedia DreamWeaver is on these machines
Visual Studio is also on these machines

Server basics
HTML file is requested by user
Request travels over internet to proper machine
Internet server computer locates file and responds
Internet Internet Server Software file.html <html>...

Markup Tags
Tags are used to separate structure from content
Usually placed inside < >
E.g. <html> defines the start of an HTML page
Closed with </ >
E.g. </html> closes an HTML page
Generally: <tag> content </tag>
content is processed/displayed according to the meaning of tag
Tags may be nested
<tag> content <tag2> more </tag2> more </tag>
Nesting must be "balanced"
Tags with no content can optionally close themselves
E.g. <br /> same as <br> </br>

More On Tags
Tags are not case-sensitive
<html> = <HTML> = <hTmL>
Lower case is preferred
Tags often contain attributes
Specify specific behavior for tag
Attribute values contained in “”s
E.g. <table border="0">
Whitespace (space, tab, enter) ignored (except the first)
“ This is spaced” = “This is spaced” = “This is spaced”

HTML Skeleton Page
html indicates the type of markup used
head contains header information
title gives page title (window title bar)
body contains main content
<html> <head> <title> </title> </head> <body> </body> </html>

Our First Page
Defines an HTML greeting page
<html>
Sets Title Bar text
<title>
Display Paragraph
<p>
White space ignored by browser
<html> <head> <title> My First Page </title> </head> <body> <p> Hello World! Welcome to CS301 </p> </body> </html> First page

In-class Exercise
On your own
Type in the given web page
Save the file, and double-click on it
Modify the title
Modify the content
<html> <head> <title> My First Page </title> </head> <body> <p> Hello World! </p> </body> </html>

HTML Tags
Headings: <h1> , <h2> , …, <h6>
Various headings in your document
E.g. title <h1> , chapters <h2> , sections <h3> , subsections <h4>
Paragraphs: <p>
Define new paragraph
New line before and after
Line break: <br>
New line, but not new paragraph
Horizontal rule: <hr>
Draw horizontal line across page
Comment: 
Ignored by browser

Example <html> <head> <title> Cinderella </title> </head> <body> <h1> Cinderella </h1>  or, <b> The Little Glass Slipper </b> <h2> Chapter 1 </h2> <hr /> <p> There lived once a gentleman who married for his second wife the proudest woman ever seen. She had two daughters of the same spirit, who were indeed like her in all things. … </p> <p> No sooner was the wedding over than the stepmother began to show her ill-temper; she could not bear her young step-daughter's gentle ways, … </p> <br /> <h6> credit to www.childrensbooksonline.org </h6> </body> </html> Cinderella, version 1

Text-formatting Tags
Many formatting tags in HTML
Wrap text with tags: <big> CS301 is a great Jan Term class! </big> Tag Description <b> Defines bold text <big> Defines big text <em> Defines emphasized text <i> Defines italic text <small> Defines small text <strong> Defines strong text <sub> Defines subscripted text <sup> Defines superscripted text <ins> Defines inserted text <del> Defines deleted text

In-class Exercise
Enhance the web page you designed earlier
Try some of the different tags listed
Give six different formatted versions of “Hello World!”
Add comments describing the difference between each version
Try nesting some of the tags

HTML Links
Linking to other pages is the point of the Internet
Anchor: <a>
Common attributes:
href – destination page
target – Where to open page (e.g. target=" _blank " opens a new browser window)
name – Anchor on this page
Examples:
<a href=" http://www.whitworth.edu " target=" _blank "> Go to our school! </a>
<a name=" start "/>
<a href=" mypage.htm#start "> Go to start </a>

Example, refined … <body> <a name=" top "> <h1> Cinderella </h1> </a> <a href=" cinderella2.htm#para1 "> Paragraph #1 </a><br> <a href=" cinderella2.htm#para2 "> Paragraph #2 </a><br> <a href=" cinderella2.htm#credits "> Credits </a><br> <a name=" para1 " /> <p> … </p> <p><a href=" cinderella2.htm#top "> Back to top </a></p> <a name=" para2 "/> <p> … </p> <p><a href=" cinderella2.htm#top "> Back to top </a></p> <a name=" credits "/> <br/><h6> credit to <a href=" http://www.childrensbooksonline.org " target=" _blank "> Children’s Online Books </a> </h6> <p><a href=" cinderella2.htm#top "> Back to top </a></p> </body> Cinderella, version 2

In-class Exercise
Try out anchors
Design a new web page that has links to six of your favorite web pages
Sort of a “bookmark” page

Tables
We want to display tabular data
Tags:
<table> Define a table
Attributes: border – border thickness
<tr> Define a table row
<td> Define table data
Attributes: colspan – # of columns to cover with this data rowspan – # of rows to cover with this data
<th> Define table heading

Example <html> <head> <title> Cast for Cinderella </title> </head> <body> <p> Cast of voices for Disney's Cinderella (1950) </p> <table border=" 1 "> <tr><th> CHARACTER </th><th> VOICE TALENT </th></tr> <tr><td> Cinderella </td><td> Ilene Woods </td></tr> <tr><td> Lady Tremaine </td><td> Eleanor Audley </td></tr> <tr><td> Drizella </td><td> Rhoda Williams </td></tr> <tr><td> Anastasia </td><td> Lucille Bliss </td></tr> </table> </body> </html> Cinderella cast

In-class Exercise
Design a web page that displays the point totals for each quarter and the whole game for three basketball games
Get data from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/scoreboard

Lists
Display a marked list of items
Unordered List: <ul>
<li> : list item
Ordered List: <ol>
<li> : list item
Definition List: <dl>
<dt> : Dictionary Term
<dd> : Dictionary Definition

Example Conferences: <ul> <li> NFC East </li> <li> NFC North </li> … </ul> Standings: <ul> <li> NFC East <ol> <li> (*) NY Giants </li> <li> (x) Philadelphia </li> <li> Dallas </li> <li> Washington </li> </ol></li> … </ul> <dl> <dt> x </dt><dd> clinched playoff </dd> <dt> z </dt><dd> clinched division </dd> <dt> * </dt><dd> clinched homefield through playoffs </dd> </dl> NFL Standings

Images
Text is boring
Images make a web site more interesting
Tag: <img>
Attributes: src , alt
src is a URL
alt is for text-only browsers, "hovering"

Example Conferences: <ul> <li><img src=" NFC.gif "> NFC <ul> <li> NFC East </li> <li> NFC North </li> <li> NFC South </li> <li> NFC West </li> </ul> </li> <li><img src=" AFC.gif "> AFC <ul> <li> AFC East </li> <li> AFC North </li> <li> AFC South </li> <li> AFC West </li> </ul></li> </ul> Standings: <ol> <li><img src=" SEA.gif "> (x) Seattle </li> <li><img src=" STL.gif "> St. Louis </li> <li><img src=" ARI.gif "> Arizona </li> <li><img src=" SF.gif "> San Francisco </li> </ol> Enhanced NFL Standings

In-class Exercise
Modify your basketball scoreboard page
Add team logos on the score pages

Images as Links
We've seen how to link to other pages
<a href=" http://www.whitworth.edu "> Go to Whitworth</a>
We've also seen how to put images on the screen
<img src=" WhitworthLogo.gif " />
We can put the two together
<a href=" http://www.whitworth.edu "> <img src=" WhitworthLogo.gif " /> </a>
<a href=" http://www.whitworth.edu "> <img src=" WhitworthLogo.gif " /> Go Bucs! <img src=" WhitworthLogo.gif " /> </a>

In-class Exercise
Open the "bookmark" page you constructed
Instead of using text for the links,
where appropriate, use an image.
Maybe an image is available on that site that makes sense?

HTML <div> tag
Defines a generic container
Allows us to set up tags as a group (e.g. menu bar, image list, …)
Attributes
align ( left , center , right , justify )
class
For now, it isn't much help
When we learn CSS, styles can be applied to div
It'll come up a bit Thursday

Example <html> <head><title> Cast for Cinderella </title></head> <body> <p> Cast of voices for Disney's Cinderella (1950) </p> <div align=" left "> <table border=" 1 "> <tr><th> CHARACTER </th><th> VOICE TALENT </th></tr> <tr><td> Cinderella </td><td> Ilene Woods </td></tr> … </table></div> <div align=" center "> <table border=" 1 "> <tr><th> CHARACTER </th><th> VOICE TALENT </th></tr> <tr><td> Cinderella </td><td> Ilene Woods </td></tr> … </table></div> <div align=" right "> <table border=" 1 "> <tr><th> CHARACTER </th><th> VOICE TALENT </th></tr> <tr><td> Cinderella </td><td> Ilene Woods </td></tr> … </table></div> </body> </html> Cast_div

HTML Forms
Many Internet applications require user input
E.g. Search engine pages, customer support, Blogs
HTML uses forms to set up user input
Many different form controls
Tag <form> begins a form section
Attributes: name , action , method , id

Form Input Objects
Forms need objects to get information from users
Usually use <input> tag
Attributes: name , type , value , id
Type attribute specifies the kind of input object
submit , text , textarea , checkbox , radio , …
We'll discuss these in more detail soon

Simple form – search engine page <html> <head> <title> Search the Internet </title> </head> <body> <h1> CS301 -- Internet Search Page </h1>  <form> Search for:  <input type=" text " name=" q " />  <input type=" submit " name=" submitbtn " value=" Press here! " /> </form> </body> </html> Initial Search Page

In-class Exercise
Design a form
Get the user's name and password in a textbox (e.g. <input type=" text " name=" user " /> )
Include a "submit" button (e.g. <input type=" submit " name=" submitbtn " value=" Press here " /> )

Form options
Our form doesn’t (yet) do anything
We need to direct its values to some destination site
Once the user hits the submit button
action , method attributes of <form> specify this
action : URL to destination site
method : how to send the data (get, post)
Example: <form action=" mydest.htm " method=" get ">
Search Page #2

Example <html> <head> <title> Search the Internet </title> </head> <body> <h1> CS301 -- Internet Search Page </h1> <table border=" 0 "> <tr><td><big> Powered by: </big></td> <td><img src=" http://www.google.com/intl/en/logos/Logo_25wht.gif "> </td> </tr> </table>  <form action=" http://www.google.com/search " method=" get "> Search for: <input type=" text " name=" q " /> <input type=" submit " value=" submit " /> </form> </body> </html>

In-class Exercise
Create a simple web page that says "thank you for your input"
Similar to the "hello world" page
Modify your form to use the "thank you" page as the action of the form
Try it out
When you press submit, then you should see your thank you page

Form Methods
The method attribute accepts two values, get and post
get
Submitted URL contains name/value pairs for each control on web page
Users bookmarks contain query answers
Users see URL – security issues?
post
Submitted URL does not contain control values
User bookmarks do not keep query results
Users do not see URL
Get Search Page #2 Post Search Page #2

Form Controls
Forms must have more than text boxes and buttons
We want check boxes, radio buttons, password fields, multi-line fields, …
HTML provides all of these with the <input> tag
Using the type attribute to choose the control
Use the name attribute to name it (for later)

Text Boxes
Text field: <input type= "text"
Default (but don’t rely on it)
Password: <input type=" password"
Uses ‘*’ for each input character
Should you use get or post ?
Multi-line field: Tag <textarea>
Not <input type=…>
Attributes name , rows , cols
Text Box Controls

Example <html> <head> <title> PHP Self Description </title> </head> <body> <form action=" thanks.htm " method=" POST "> Name: <input type=" textbox " name=" name " /> <br /> Password: <input type=" password " name=" password " /> <br /> Description: <textarea rows=" 10 " cols=" 30 " name=" description "> </textarea> <br /><input type=" submit " value=" submit " /> </form> </body> </html>

Buttons
Submit: <input type= "submit"
Submit form information to action URL
Reset: <input type= "reset"
Clear out information on form
Radio: <input type= "radio"
Option buttons (choose one)
Checkbox: <input type= "checkbox"
Choose zero or more options
Button Controls

Example <form action= "thanks.htm" method= "get" > Search for: <input type= "text" name= "q" /> <br /> Choose a search engine: <br /><input type= "radio" name= "engine" value= "google" checked= "checked" /> Google <br /><input type= "radio" name= "engine" value= "yahoo" /> Yahoo <br /><input type= "radio" name= "engine" value= "A9" /> A9 <br /><input type= "checkbox" name= "new" checked= "checked" /> Checkbox that does nothing (sorry) <br /><input type= "reset" text= "clear" /> <input type= "submit" value= "submit" /> </form>

In-class Exercise
Design a form that uses radio buttons to list your classes for spring semester
Have the user choose the course they're about to attend, then hit submit

List Boxes
Drop-down list: <select>
Give user list of options
Attribute name defines control name
<option> to define each option
Attributes: value , selected
New Search Page

Example <form action= "thanks.htm" method= "get" > Search for: <input type= "text" name= "q" /> <br /> Choose a search engine: <br /> <select name= "engine" > <option value= "google" selected= "selected" > Google </option> <option value= "yahoo" > Yahoo </option> <option value= "A9" > A9 </option> </select> <br /> <input type= "checkbox" name= "new" checked= "checked" /> Checkbox that does nothing (sorry) <br /><input type= "reset" text= "clear" /> <input type= "submit" value= "submit" /> </form>

In-class Exercise
Design a form that lists ice cream flavors
Ask the user to choose their favorite ice cream

Page and Form Layout
Common use for HTML tables is for page layout
Generally, programmers have no layout control over their pages
E.g. 2-column newspaper
We’ll see later that <div> is also very useful, especially with CSS
border=" 0 " ( why? )
td supports width , bgcolor , colspan attributes

Making Forms More Readable
Example: Form for a restaurant survey
Need to rate things on scale of 1-5
Service
Food quality
Price
Layout

Example <html> <head> <title> Restaurant Survey </title> </head> <body bgcolor=" lightyellow "> <h1> Thank you! </h1> <p> Please fill out this survey </p> <form action=" thanks.htm "> <table> <tr><th> </th><th colspan=" 2 "> Lowest </th> <th> </th><th colspan=" 2 "> Highest </th></tr> <tr><th> </th><th> 1 </th><th> 2 </th> <th> 3 </th><th> 4 </th><th> 5 </th></tr> <tr><td> Service </td> <td><input type=" radio " name=" service "/></td> <td><input type=" radio " name=" service "/></td> <td><input type=" radio " name=" service "/></td> <td><input type=" radio " name=" service "/></td> <td><input type=" radio " name=" service "/></td></tr> <input type=" submit" value=" submit" /> </table> </form> </body></html>

Now we need the DIV and SPAN tags
Recall <div> marks areas with a name
<span> is similar, but works within a tag
<div class=" header "> <img class=" watermark " src=" WUcolorMarkOnly.jpg " width=" 150 " height=" 150 " alt=" Whitworth - Founded 1890 "> <img class=" logo " src=" whit_main_logotype.gif " width=" 326 " height=" 137 " alt=" Whitworth - An Education of Mind & Heart "> <p class=" caption "> Classroom Research conducted by Students in the Math and Computer Science Department at Whitworth University </p> </div>
We will see that, by marking groups, we can easily make display changes
<span class=" journaltitle "><a name=" CS374_2008 "> Fall 2008 -- CS374: Database Management Systems </a></span> <span class=" editor "> Edited by Peter A. Tucker </span><br> Austin Abelar, <a href=" 2008/CS374/Abelar.pdf "> Parallel Query Processing Using Various Techniques of Multicore Technology </a><br>

What is CSS
CSS – Cascading Style Sheets
Problem: HTML developers have little control of how things look
Modifying a page’s format through HTML can be very messy
Solution: Cascading style sheets
tell the browser how to display objects
Style sheets can be embedded in the HTML file or saved externally
We will focus on CSS1
More widely accepted than CSS2

Motivation – CS Student Research Page
Page with a number of papers listed, by class
Three versions
First , littered with table data tags to place items
Second and third , same HTML, different style sheets

Next Motivation – CSS Zen Garden
Zen Garden is a great illustration of the power of CSS
www.csszengarden.com
Let's take a look

CSS Syntax
Values in a style sheet have the following syntax: selector {property: value}
Where:
selector : the HTML tag to specify
property : the property of tag to set
value : the new value for that tag’s property
Semi-colon delimited list ( tag {p1: v1; p2: v2; …} )

Examples
p {color: green}
Make contents of <p> green typeface
p { text-align: center; color: green }
Multiple property settings ( <p> centered, green)
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p { text-align: center; color: green }
Grouping of multiple tags

Applying CSS
Embedded in HTML page ( Internal )
Linked into HTML page ( External )
<head> <title> Simple CSS Test</ title> <style type= "text/css" > h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p {text-align: center; color: green} </style> </head> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <link rel= "stylesheet" type= "text/css" href= "simple.css" /> </head> Internal External h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p { text-align : center; color : green}

In-class Exercise
Construct a style sheet internally to one of your existing web pages
Choose tags, and some color
Reload it in a browser
Construct an external style sheet
Write it using any text editor (notepad, Expression Web, VS.NET, …)
Link it into another one of your existing web pages
Hang onto these files for later work

CSS Classes
We may not want a single style for all instances of a tag
E.g. <p> is very common
Classes specify different kinds of styles for a tag
Syntax: selector.class {prop: val}
Usage:
Both selector and class are optional
Missing selector: applies to all tags with class=“c”
Missing class: applies to all instances of a tag
p.right {text-align: right} p.center {text-align: center}
<p class= "right" > Right-aligned </p> <p class= "center" > Centered </p>

Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <style type= "text/css" > .global {color: darkred} p {color: green} p.center {text-align: center} p.right {text-align: right} p.left {text-align: left} </style> </head> <body> <h1 class= "global" > Heading for this page </h1> <p class= "center" > Cool Main Title in the Center </p> <p class= "left" > Interesting text on the left </p> <p class= "right" > other stuff on the right </p> <h4> is this blue? </h4> </body> </html> Classes

Inline Styles
We can also embed styles into a single tag
We lose many advantages of style sheets
Limited use
Syntax: <tag style=" p1:v1; p2:v2 ">
Example:
<p style= "color: sienna; margin-left: 20px" > This is a paragraph </p>

Which style to choose
Possible conflict of styles
external vs. internal vs. inline
Order:
Browser default
External Style Sheet
Internal Style Sheet (inside the <head> tag)
Inline Style (inside HTML element)

OK, Now We Need Specifics
We know how to use CSS
Real Power – one CSS file controls pages on entire site
Easy to update entire look
What are the possibilities?
What properties can be set for various tags?

Background Property Description Values background-attachment Does background image scroll? scroll fixed background-color Background color color-rgb color-# color-name transparent background-image URL to image url background-position Position of background image top right top left … background-repeat Is image repeated? How? repeat repeat-x …

Example <html> <head> <title>Simple CSS Test</title> <style type=" text/css "> p.bcolor {background-color: lightgrey} p.bgimage { background-image: url( 'main_logo.gif' ); background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; } </style> </head> <body> <h1> CSS TEST </h1> <p class=" bcolor "> This is a simple test of style sheets </p> <p class=" bgimage "> This is <br> another <br> simple <br> test <br> of style <br> sheets </p> </body> </html> Backgrounds

Another Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <style type ="text/css" > p.lgrey { background-color: lightgrey } p.orange { text-align: center ; color: orange ; font-weight: bolder ; } body { background-image: url('http://www.whitworth.edu/…/Logo.gif') ; background-position: center ; background-repeat: no-repeat ; } </style> </head> <body> <h1> CSS TEST </h1> <p class ="lgrey" > This is a simple test of style sheets </p> <p class ="orange" > This is <br> another <br> simple <br> test <br> of style <br> sheets </p> </body> </html> Background2

In-class Exercise
Experiment with the background settings
Use different browsers
Property Description Values background-attachment Does background image scroll? scroll fixed background-color Background color color-rgb color-# color-name transparent background-image URL to image url background-position Position of background image top right top left … background-repeat Is image repeated? How? repeat repeat-x …

Text Property Description Values color Text color color-rgb color-# color-name letter-spacing Spacing between letters normal Length text-align Aligns text in element left right center justified word-spacing Spacing between words normal length

Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <style type=" text/css "> p.squish {letter-spacing: -5px} p.expand {letter-spacing: 25px} p.wrdspace { word-spacing: 20px} </style> </head> <body> <h1> CSS TEST </h1> <p class=" squish "> This is a simple test </p> <p class=" expand "> This is a simple test </p> <p class=" wrdspace "> This is another simple test </p> </body> </html> Texts

In-class Exercise
Experiment with the text settings
Property Description Values color Text color color-rgb color-# color-name letter-spacing Spacing between letters normal Length text-align Aligns text in element left right center justified word-spacing Spacing between words normal length

Font Property Description Values font-family Prioritized, comma-separated list of font names family-name generic-name font-size Size of font xx-small … xx-large font-style Style of font normal italic oblique font-variant Small-caps? normal small-caps font-weight Weight of a font normal bold bolder lighter

Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <style type ="text/css" > body { font-family: "Bookman Old Style", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } p.ariel { font-family: sans-serif } p.code { font-family: courier } </style> </head> <body> <h1> CSS TEST </h1> <p class ="ariel" > This is a simple test of style sheets </p> <p class ="code" > This is a simple test of style sheets </p> <p> This is another simple test of style sheets </p> </body> </html> Fonts

In-class Exercise
Experiment with the font settings
Property Description Values font-family Prioritized, comma-separated list of font names family-name generic-name font-size Size of font xx-small … xx-large font-style Style of font normal italic oblique font-variant Small-caps? normal small-caps font-weight Weight of a font normal bold bolder lighter

Border Property Description Values border-color Color for border color border-style Style for border none, hidden, dotted, dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge, inset, outset border-width Width of all four borders thin medium thick border-XXXX-YYYY Specific border settings XXXX={left, right, top, bottom} YYYY={color, style, width}

Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> <style type ="text/css" > th { border-width : thick; border-style : ridge; } td { border-style : dashed; border-color : darkslategray; } p { border-bottom-style : outset; background-color : lightyellow; color : darkslategray; } </style> </head> <body> <p> CS301 - Internet Application Development </p> <table> <tr> <th> Title </th> <th> Author </th> <th> Track </th> </tr> <tr> <td> Foundation Flash CS3 for Designers </td> <td> T. Green, D. Stiller </td> <td> Flash </th> </tr> <tr> <td> ASP.NET 3.5 Unleashed </td> <td> S. Walther </td> <td> ASP.NET </th> </tr> </table> </body> </html> Borders

In-class Exercise
Experiment with borders
Property Description Values border-color Color for border color border-style Style for border none, hidden, dotted, dashed, solid, double, groove, ridge, inset, outset border-width Width of all four borders thin medium thick border-XXXX-YYYY Specific border settings XXXX={left, right, top, bottom} YYYY={color, style, width}

Lists Property Description Values list-style-image Image for items in a list none url list-style-position Where marker should be located inside outside list-style-type Type of marker none, disc, circle, square, decimal, decimal-leading-zero, lower-roman, upper-roman, lower-alpha, upper-alpha, lower-greek, lower-latin, upper-latin, hebrew, armenian, georgian, cjk-ideographic, hiragana, katakana

Example <html> <head> <title> NFL Standings </title> <style type=" text/css "> ul {list-style-type: hebrew } ul.nfc {list-style-image: url(' NFC.gif ')} ul.afc {list-style-image: url(' AFC.gif ')} </style></head> <body> <h1> NFL Standings as of 21 December 2006 </h1> Conferences: <ul> <li> NFC <ul class=" nfc "> <li> NFC East </li> <li> NFC North </li> <li> NFC South </li> <li> NFC West </li> </ul></li> <li> AFC <ul class=" afc "> <li> AFC East </li> <li> AFC North </li> <li> AFC South </li> <li> AFC West </li> </ul></li> </ul> Lists

In-class Exercise
Experiment with lists
Property Description Values list-style-image Image for items in a list none url list-style-position Where marker should be located inside outside list-style-type Type of marker none, disc, circle, square, decimal, decimal-leading-zero, lower-roman, upper-roman, lower-alpha, upper-alpha, lower-greek, lower-latin, upper-latin, hebrew, armenian, georgian, cjk-ideographic, hiragana, katakana

Dimension Property Description Values height Height of an image auto length % width Width of an image auto length % line-height Height of lines normal number length %

Example <html> <head> <title> Simple CSS Test </title> </head> <body> <h1 style=" text-align: center; color: darkred "> Go Bucs! </h1> <p style=" text-align: center "> <img src=" main_logo.gif "></img> </p> <p style=" text-align: center "> <img src=" main_logo.gif " style=" width: 50; height: 50 "> </img> <img src=" main_logo.gif " style=" width: 100; height: 100 "> </img> <img src=" main_logo.gif " style=" width: 150; height: 150 "> </img> <img src=" main_logo.gif " style=" width: 200; height: 200 "> </img> </p> </body> </html> Dimensions

Pseudo-classes
Some selectors can have special effects
Anchor (<a>) is one such selector
It supports link, visited, hover and active
Note: a:hover MUST come after a:link
Note: a:active MUST come after a:hover
We may want different behaviors for each case
Syntax:
selector:pseudo-class {property: value}
selector.class:pseudo-class {property: value}

Example 1 <html> <head> <style type="text/css"> a:link {color: #FF0000} a:visited {color: #00FF00} a:hover {color: #FF00FF} a:active {color: #0000FF} </style> </head> <body> <p><b><a href=" http://www.whitworth.edu "> This is a link </a></b></p> <p><b> Note: </b> a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited in the CSS definition in order to be effective!! </p> <p><b> Note: </b> a:active MUST come after a:hover in the CSS definition in order to be effective!! </p> </body> </html> Slightly modified from W3Schools.com anchor1

Example 2 <html><head> <style type="text/css"> a.one:link {color: #ff0000} a.one:visited {color: #0000ff} a.one:hover {color: #ffcc00} a.two:link {color: #ff0000} a.two:visited {color: #0000ff} a.two:hover {font-size: 150%} a.three:link {color: #ff0000} a.three:visited {color: #0000ff} a.three:hover {background: #66ff66} a.four:link {color: #ff0000} a.four:visited {color: #0000ff} a.four:hover {font-family: monospace} </style> </head> <body> <p> Mouse over the links to see them change layout. </p> <p><b><a class="one" href="default.asp"> changes color </a></b></p> <p><b><a class="two" href="default.asp" > changes font-size </a></b></p> <p><b><a class="three" href="default.asp"> changes background-color </a></b></p> <p><b><a class="four" href="default.asp"> changes font-family </a></b></p> </body> </html> anchor2 Slightly modified from W3Schools.com

Final word on div tag
The <div> tag allows positioning of a group of HTML elements
. classes { position: fixed ; width: 170px ; top: 250px ; font-style: oblique ; } . papers { text-align: left ; position: relative ; left: 190px ; } < div class= "classes" >< p > < a href= "#top" >top</ a > < br > < a href= "#CS374_2008" >CS374: Fall 2008</ a > < br > < a href= "#CS499_2008" >CS499: Spring 2008</ a > < br > < a href= "#CS374_2007" >CS374: Fall 2007</ a > < br > < a href= "#CS374_2006" >CS374: Fall 2006</ a > < br > < a href= "#MA430_2006" >MA430W: Spring 2006</ a >< br > < a href= "#CS499_2006" >CS499: Spring 2006</ a > < br > < a href= "#CS374_2005" >CS374: Fall 2005</ a > < br > </ p ></ div > < div class= "papers" > … </ div > Student Research

Final word on span tag
The <span> tag also allows you to apply classes within a tag
No effect on style of text ( <div> includes <p> )
. journaltitle { font-size: large ; font-weight: bold ; color: black ; font-variant: small-caps ; } . editor { font-size: small ; font-style: italic ; font-variant: small-caps ; color: black ; } < span class= "journaltitle" > < a name= "CS374_2008" >Fall 2008 -- CS374: Database Management Systems </ a > </ span > < span class= "editor" >Edited by < a href= "http://www.whitworth.edu/..." > Peter A. Tucker </ a > </ span >< br > Student Research

We want to control what happens with form data
Currently our form just sends results to Google
It's more fun if we can control how the data is processed
We sure don't want login information to go to Google
We would really like to store customer information in our own database
For example, what if users could select their search engine?
We need a way to respond to form inputs
Must happen on the server
Many server-side options: Perl, PHP, Python, ASP.NET
We’ll take a quick tour of PHP to handle our form results

Server basics
HTML file is requested by user
Request travels over internet
Internet server locates file and responds
Internet Internet Server Software file.html <html> <body> <p>Hello World!</p> </script> </body> </html>

A Brief Word on PHP
PHP is a C-like language that runs on the internet server (CS1 for us)
PHP scripts are embedded in HTML code
File extension .php
Inside <?php … ?> tag
A script’s output is pasted into the HTML
Internet Internet Server Software PHP Interp myfile.php <html> <body> <p>Hello World!</p> </body> </html> <html> <body> <?php echo "<p>Hello World!</p>"; > </script> </body> </html>

Simple PHP script <html> <head> <title> Simple PHP </title> </head> <body> </body> </html> Simple PHP <p>Hello world</p> PHP Interpreter <?php echo " <p>Hello world</p> "; ?> IIS myfile.php

Main Motivation – Processing Form Data
We really want that data that users gave us
Don’t just send it to Google!
The input names will be useful
We can use $_REQUEST to read that data

Handling Input Example <html> <head> <title> Simple PHP </title> </head> <body> <?php echo "<p>Hello world</p> "; if (isset($_REQUEST["name"])) { echo "<p>Welcome back " . $_REQUEST["name"]; } else { ?> <form action="name.php" method="GET"> <input type="textbox" name="name"> <br /><input type="submit" value="Login"> </form> <?php } ?> </body> </html> Name PHP

Scripting on the Client
We would like an interactive web page
For example, input validation
HTML is static
Nothing changes
Server-side scripting gave some interactivity
But required trips to the server and back
Client-side scripting languages give us more flexibility
Processed by browser – no trips to the server and back
Many languages (VBScript, JavaScript, DHTML)
We’ll focus on JavaScript

JavaScript Basics
JavaScript is a simple programming language
It is not Java
JavaScript is embedded in HTML
Most browsers support JavaScript
Though not all!

What can we do in JavaScript?
JavaScript is a programming language for HTML developers
Like us
JavaScript can …
dynamically put text into an HTML page
react to events
read and write HTML elements
be used to validate data

Embedding JavaScript
JavaScript is embedded anywhere in HTML using the <script> tag
For now, we will only put code in the <body> section
We’ll see other options later
For example, the following outputs “Hello World!” on a web page:
<html> <body> <script type=" text/javascript "> document.write(" <p>Hello World!</p> "); </script> </body> </html> hello.html

Input Validation
OK, now for the most common use for JavaScript
A form has a number of fields
Some are required, others are not
If we send all the data to the server, then validate, we waste time
If there is invalid input, then we should try to catch it before going to the server
JavaScript can do this for us

JavaScript Input Validation
Requirements
JavaScript function that:
returns true if all inputs are valid
returns false if any input is invalid
Form has a name associated with it
Form uses the JavaScript function for its onSubmit event <form name=" myform " … onSubmit=" return fn() ">
Input control values can be accessed in JavaScript: document.myform.myinput.value
Email

Example <html> <head> <title> Personal Information </title> <script language=" JavaScript "> function validate_email() { if (document.email_addr.email.value == "" ){ alert( " Email must be filled out! " ) document.email_addr.email.focus() return false } else { return true } } </script> </head> <body> <form name=" email_addr " action=" thanks.htm " action=" get " onsubmit=" return validate_email() "> Email: <input type=" text " name=" email "/> <input type=" submit " value=" submit "/> </form> </body> </html>

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HTML & CSS

by jlinabary on Feb 24, 2009

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HTML & CSS — Presentation Transcript