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Lauren Clancy ● Jenny Lee ● Allison Torlincasi ● Shèquanna Cooper                           http://www.dhingana.co
Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.                                              m/news/facts-about-
                                                                                                               dolphins-interesting-
                                                                                                             amazing-informati/22154




                           http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/0
                                            1/14/ifs-clade/




        Chondrichthyes                Actinopterygii                Tetrapoda   Reptilia   Aves   Mammalia
All chordates have, at some time during their life, these five
                              characteristics:




Inside: Endostyle



                          http://thecircleofblood.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/1/11517136/1885966_orig.gif
http://gillslits.blogspot.com/
                                                                 Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.

At one point in the lifetime of chordates, the walls of the pharynx were
pierced with a longitudinal series of openings; the pharyngeal slits
• The pharyngeal slits created an opening that allowed water to enter
   the pharynx
• They play no part in respiration (used to filter food particles)
     • However, they have become modified in aquatic chordates and are
       supported by gill arches, which contain filaments for gas exchange
     • In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal slits are only seen in embryonic
       development
The evolution of chordates began in the water




         Chordates in the Sea
              Mode of respiration: gill slits




             www.stfrancesvbs.com/resources_borders.html
http://www.arkive.org/whitetip-reef-
Chondrichthyes   shark/triaenodon-obesus/image-G17580.html

             External view
                                                         • The gills are located behind the head; viewed as a collection
                                                           of slit-like openings
                                                         • The gills have a rich supply of blood, where tiny blood vessels
                                                           extract oxygen from the water as it passes over the gills
                                                               • Gill filaments increase the surface area for respiration
              Internal view
                                                       http://biodi   • The blood vessels are located inside the filaments
                                                       dac.bio.uott
                                                       awa.ca/thu
                                                       mbnails/file   • As oxygen is taken in, carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste project,
                                                       det.htm?Fil
                                                       e_name=ch
                                                                        is expelled out of the bloodstream
                                                       on025b&Fil
                                                       e_type=cdr
                                                                          How does water get to the gills for respiration?
                                                                                                                        http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/
                                                                                                                                    coral%20reef.gif
                  Ram-jet ventilation                                                                Neck Musculature
    • Many shark species swim with their mouths                               • Others, have strong neck muscles which act as a
      open, allowing water to pass over the gills for                           pumping mechanism to pull water over the gills
      respiration
                                                                              • Pumping is based on a dual pump mechanism
                                                                                which creates a suction with negative and positive
                                                                                pressures to draw in water



           http://science.howstuffworks.
               com/zoology/marine-
                life/great-white.htm
                                                 http://backofbeyondthent.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html
Chondrichthyes




                                                                                                             www.jawshark.com/great_white_shark_animated_gifs.html

    A new evolutionary change allowed chondrichthyes to have a continuous flow of water
    into the mouth                                          http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm




                                             dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-anatomy.html

     New adaptation: the spiracle
     • A modified hole located behind the eye
     • While the mouth is closed, water is able to pass through the opening
         • Creates an alternate pathway for water to enter the mouth
     • Once water enters the mouth, it can then pass over gill lamellae and out
       the gill slits
     • The spiracle also provides oxygenated blood directly
       to the eye and brain
                                                                                           http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif
Actinopterygii




                                                                                                          http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/fish/h
  •    The posterior rim is flexible and ribbed                                                                        owdofishbreathe.phtml

         • This prevents the back flow of water

                                                  http://students.cis.uab.edu/chase29/osteichthyes.html

                  Water travels through the mouth of the fish, passes along the
                                    pharynx, and out the gills
                 Mouth         Mouth Cavity           Gills                     Gill Cavity                            Gill Slits
           Mouth is open         Expands                                          Expands                          Operculum
                                                                                                                     closes

           Mouth closes          Contracts                                        Expands




              Mouth              Contracts                                       Contracts                         Operculum
           remains closed                                                                                            opens
http://www.oskole.sk/userfiles/image/Zofia/febru%C3%A1r%20-
  Actinopterygii                       %202012/Biol%C3%B3gia/Dychanie_zivocichov_jan_html_5c3115b0.png

                                                                                                              •   The gills are supported by gill arches; a
                                                                                                                  series of loops
                                                                                                              •   Inside the arches, gill filaments contain
                                                                                                                  blood vessels
                                                                                                              •   Gas exchange occurs at the tips of the gill
                                                                                                                  filaments
                                                                                                              •   Water travels through the gaps in-
                                                                                                                  between the filaments, moving out
                                                                                                                  towards the operculum opening
                                                                                                              •   In each gill filament, blood capillaries
                                                                                                                  absorb oxygen while extracting carbon
                                                                                                                  dioxide
                                                                                                              •   Blood travels in the opposite direction of
                                                                                                                  water flow
                                                                                                                    •   Helps increase efficiency
                                                                                                                    •   Countercurrent flow insures a
                                                                                                                        steady oxygen absorption


             http://manmonster.centerblog.net/voir-
photo?u=http://manmonster.m.a.pic.centerblog.net/o/e2820340.jpg

                                                                  www.angelfire.com/home/lake/page5gif.html
Actinopterygii


                    Another revolutionary change occurred in the Actinopteryggi
 New adaptation: the swim bladder
 • Buoyancy organ located in the body cavity
 • Developed from an out pocketing of the pharynx
   or esophagus
 • Contains gas (usually oxygen) which allows the
   fish to maintain its depth without floating
                                                                                        http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass8.htm
   upward or sinking




                                                                                              http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg




  http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/5723/1/1/how-to-draw-the-ocean.htm


                                  Animals slowly transitioned from sea to land…

                       Chordates in the sea and land
                                               Mode of respiration: gill slits and/or lungs
Evolution and fossil records show that animals moved out of the water
                             and onto land




• To get food and supplies
• Avoid aquatic predators

     A chordate example of this type of intermediate is…




                                                          http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy/
     http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325818
The mudpuppy has 3 different modes
 Tetrapoda
http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.NecturusDissection.html

                                                                                 of respiration

                                                                                                         • Skin → mudpuppies must
                                                                                                           have moist skin to absorb
                                                                                                           oxygen
                                                                                                         • Gills → are mostly used
                                                                                                             • The gills in the mudpuppy
                                                                                                               are similar to fish gills but
                                                                                                               differ in that they are
                                                                                                               external and lack the hard
                                                                                                               covering known as the
                                                                                                               operculum
                                                                                                         • Lungs → despite having
                                                                                                           lungs, they are thin and
                                                            http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/
                                                            showimage.cfm?File_name=AMPH022B&Fil           poorly vascularized and are
                                                                                                           used as last resort
                                                                            e_type=GIF
Reptilia




                                          http://animals.howstuffworks.com/reptiles/turtle-shell.htm

    • The lungs of a turtle are their predominant source of respiration
            – All turtles have lungs and must take in oxygen

    • An adaptation is that turtles have the ability to intake oxygen
      through their cloaca when they have limited respiration during
      hibernation in the winter
           Marine Turtles   http://ecowatch.org/2011/groups-move-to-stop-
                                sea-turtle-deaths-from-shrimp-trawling/
                                                                                                             Terrestrial Turtles




                             http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpres          http://petcaregt.com/blog/wp-
                                 s.com/2009/02/gex_green-sea-                content/uploads/2010/02/pet-
                                           turtle.jpg                              gopher-tortoise.jpg
                                                                                                             http://www.rbnc.org/images/herps_page/Wood-Turtle.jpg
Reptilia


                                                       http://www.rgbstock.com/bigphoto/meRjh9i/Giant+turtle




                                       http://pspbilly.com/nancy/020%2520Internal%2520anatomy%2520of%2520a%2520turtle.jpg&im
                                       grefurl=http://pspbilly.com/nancy/&h=2281&w=3000&sz=476&tbnid=UBBWTqjsHhaxpM:&tbnh=
                                       87&tbnw=114&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=&usg=__FXap
                                       W599cqyvE_N4l9aczCvbOQE=&docid=CpyCFuobs3zQ7M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qEDCUKvOJau20AGfsI
                                                                    DwDA&ved=0CEEQ9QEwBA&dur=483
http://animationsa2z.com/turtles.php
Reptilia                  Respiratory system of the Turtle                                                   http://www.flickr.com/photos/5957
                                                                                                                   1344@N03/5485476419/




                                                                 http://sweetclipart.com/m
                                                                 ultisite/sweetclipart/files/t
                                                                        urtle_green.png




                                                                               http://www.leadershipwithsass.com/2012/04/dont-be-a-honey-badger/

           https://sites.google.com/a/cott
           onwood-essentials.com/www/

                                    Animals began to solely live on land

                                         Chordates on land
                                             Mode of respiration: lungs
Aves
Mammalia

                          Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems

   http://itiswhatitispeople.bl
   ogspot.com/2012/04/what-
      can-you-learn-from-
          blended.html




http://epicmuffinlove.deviantart.c
    om/art/Look-who-I-found-
           306187756
Aves
Mammalia
                    Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
    http://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/Why+do+humans+need+to+breathe%3F+Part+2




           http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/respiration/deck/938492             http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/30/1/6/F1.large.jpg
Mammalia


                   Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
           Liem, K. and Walker, W. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates.
Aves
                                                                                                                                       heathersanimations.com/flying1.html




                                                                                         • The avian lungs are a
                                                                                           unique respiratory system

                                                                                         • Birds have a very high
                                                                                           metabolic rate

                                                                                         • The unidirectional pathway
                                                                                           allows for birds to meet all
                                                                                           energy requirements

                                                                                         • Oxygen is absorbed
                                                                                           continuously while in flight
                        http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ritchiso/birdrespiration.html


                                                                                              http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif


       http://www.thefeaturedcreature.co
       m/2012/07/mr-fluffy-feathers-very-
                cute-bird.html
Aves




                      http://people.
                      eku.edu/ritchi
                      song/342note
                         s8.html




http://www.birdsof                     http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif
eden.co.za/index.ph
p?comp=article&cat
egory=18&limit=5&li
   mitstart=170
Aves




                                                                                                                   http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec09/Fem
                                                               http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/1d4c20/#2                aleSexShowoff.html




       http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c7.html
Aves




                 http://quizlet.com/2213010/ch-42-circulation-gas-exchange-ap-bio-flash-cards/

Inhalation                                                                                       http://srqjet.blogspot.com/2010/09/puff

   • Fresh air flows down the trachea bypasses the lungs                                                       y-pigeon.html



   • It enters the posterior air sacs. While simultaneously the anterior
       sacs fill with stale air from the lungs
Exhalation
   • Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs and
       through the parabronchi
   • The stale air from anterior air sacs exits the body via the trachea

       It take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the air to pass
                   through and out of the system of the bird
Mammalia
           http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=BCE&name=72217.jpg




                                                                                                    • Air enters through the nose
                                                                                                      or mouth
                                                                                                    • Travels down the pharynx,
                                                                                                      past the epiglottis, into the
                                                                                                      larynx
                                                                                                    • It moves down the trachea,
                                                                                                      which branches into two
                                                                                                      bronchi that lead to each
                                                                                                      lung
                                                                                                    • The bronchi branch in to
  CO2      CO2                                                                         O2      O2     bronchioles
                                                                                                    • The bronchioles lead into the
                                                                                                      alveolar ducts that end
      CO2                                                                                     O2      alveoli sacs

                                    http://www.photolyrics.ru/vyaz.html
Mammalia


                                                                       http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c8.html




                                               • The alveoli are the sites at which gas exchanges
                                                 occurs
                                               • The thin walled capillaries allow for the exchange of
                                                 gases
                                                               High  Low concentration

   http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/public-
                                               • The alveoli diffuses oxygen into the blood through the
               health-assessment-
        overview/html/module3/s5.html            capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in to the alveoli
Mammalia


           http://www.yogacharm.net/yogalx/2011/0615/article_1874_2.html




                                                                           • During in inhalation the rib
                                                                             cage muscles and diaphragm
                                                                             contract to increase the lung
                                                                             volume

                                                                           • Pressure drops and air flows
                                                                             into the lungs

                                                                             High  Low concentration

                                                                           • The relaxation of these
                                                                             muscles causes an increase
                                                                             in air pressure that forces the
                                                                             air out of lungs through the
                                                                             nose and mouth


                  http://jpkc.scezju.com/slx/showindex/281/102
Although lungs developed in chordates,
mammalia animals continued to live in water
                          Chordates back in the Sea
                                                           Mode of respiration: lungs




                                        Whales
 http://jessperna.com/images/coloring_book_illustrations/humpback_whale_coloring_page_large.gif




                                                                                                                    Dolphins
                                                                                                  http://www.delfinpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/delfind.gif
Mammilla

                 Evolution from land to water
• cetaceans evolved from the modern
  hippo                         http://dir.coolclips.com/N
                                ature/Animals/Mammals/
                                Hippopotamus/hippopota
                                                                                                  http://potolki27.ru/images/view/63

   – Whales
                                  mus_wb028826.html




   – Dolphins
   – Porpoises
• Obligated Marine Mammals
   – Cannot survive on land
   – Find more food in the sea than land
   – Freed from legs
• Over the course of evolution…                              http://gerberbabycontest.net/at-pic-cute-dolphin-giving-birth/4.bp.blogspot.com*_k-
                                                                uzaP4Gx6M*SMEImnoG0KI*AAAAAAAACN8*l2huZMKvNGc*s400*dolphin5.jpg/

   – Bodies became more tapered and
     streamlined
   – Their tail replaced by a pair of horizontal,
     propeller like flukes
   – Front limbs fused together
                                                                             http://missmazurek15.pbworks.com/w/page/36537156/Chris
Mammilla




  Adaptations of the Respiratory System
                                                                                            http://www.gettyimages.com/det
                                                                                             ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling-
                                                                                               whale-spouting-water-from-
                                                                                            royalty-free-illustration/75488996




                                                                                   http://www.veezzle.com/photo/1103598/Humpback-Whale-......Blow-holes

http://www.traveloutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Bottlenose_Dolphin1.jpg
Mammilla
                                                                                                                                                 http://www.gettyimages.com/det
                                                                                                                                                  ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling-
                                                                                                                                                    whale-spouting-water-from-
                                                                                                                                                 royalty-free-illustration/75488996




                                                                                • Breathing begins with blowhole or
                                                                                  blowholes
 http://www.wallpapershdi.com/wallpaper/996/dolphin-wallpaper-1440x900-


                                                                                • Breathing at the surface of the
                             widescreen.html




                                                                                  water

                                                                                • Small region of the head is
                                                                                  required to break the surface
                                                                                  of the water to breathe in air
           http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=84#.UMI4oaxR2So
                                                                                • Contains the nasal plug
                                                                          http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
Mammilla




• Dolphins can empty and refill its blowhole
  in less than a fifth of a second

• The dolphin forcefully "chuffs" or exhales
  when first surfacing for air to clear the
  recessed blowhole area of water                                                                                                http://www.appuntidigitali.i
                                                                                                                                   t/3677/il-sonar-militare-
                                                                                     http://cartoon-icio.ru/image.php?id=87009       rende-sordi-i-delfini/


• Immediately followed by inhalation of
  fresh air, the blowhole closes again

• Water in a dolphin’s blowhole will drown
  the dolphin


                      http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm
                                         http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
Mammilla




                                                                                                                                        in Whales
                                                                 • At the surface of the water, whales open their
                                                                   blowhole or blowholes
                                                                    – Exhale air explosively through their blowhole
                                                                 • Exhaled air from the blowhole is called the
http://www.elhogarnatural.com/cetaceos/Caperea%20marginata.htm
                                                                   blow
                                                                    – Forms a gusher or a bushy stream of misty air
                                                                      and vapor
                                                                 • Immediately followed by inhalation
                                                                   of fresh air, and the blowhole
        http://www.estanbul.com/mavi-balina-70272.html             or blowholes close again
                                                                 • Water in a whale’s blowhole
                                                                   will drown the whale
    http://www.i-creative.cz/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/velryby1.jpg
                                                                     http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
Mammilla




           http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html
Mammilla




           http://www.russianorca.com/Orcas/sounds_eng.htm
Mammilla



                                                                                                                                            Pbs.org



• Contain a lot more alveoli than humans lungs

• Lungs are made up of two layers of capillaries

• The pulmonary tissue proper contains a generous
  supply of myoelastic fibers
     – Better elasticity
                                                                                                        http://33m.lista.cl/posts/imagenes/1498371
                                                                                                              9/Ballenas-_Belleza-Animal_.html



     – The pleurae are thick and elastic
                                                        http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm




• The bronchial tubes are lined with muscular tissue

• The alveoli is cut off from the rest of the lung
                                 http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
Chondrichthyes           Actinopterygii             Tetrapoda
 Common Name         “Cartilagenous Fishes”    “Ray Finned Fish”          “Four-Footed"

 Representatives     sharks, skates, rays      tuna, cod,             frog, mudpuppy
                                               clownfish

Respiratory System             gills             gills covered by       gills and/or lungs
                                                    operculum

                            Reptilia                  Aves                Mammalia
 Common Name                 Reptile                  Bird                  Mammal
 Representatives     turtles & tortoises       crow, pigeon,          human, cow, pig,
                     lizards & snakes          robin,                 mouse, rat,
                     crocodiles, alligators,   sparrow,               seal, dolphin, whale,
                     dinosaurs                 ostrich                bat, sloth,
                                                                      elephant, rhinoceros,
                                                                      monkey

Respiratory System      no gills, well dev.     lungs, air sacs ~ 1           lungs
                         lungs, ribcage        way flow of oxygen
References
1. Brylske, A. Humans and whales [Internet]. Parkville, MO: Florida Institute of Technology;
     2006; 2012 Nov 26. Available from http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive%20Physiology/01-04-Feature.htm.
2. Chordates [Internet]. Monroe County, NY: Monroe County Women's Disability Network;
     2000; 2012 Dec 3. Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.
3. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, and rays [Internet]. Montgomery County, MD: Montgomery
     College; 2005; 2012 Nov 23; Available from: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/biotp/Chondrichthyes.html.
4. Corey, T. Whales [Internet]. Narragansett, RI: University of Rhode Island; 2009; 2012 Nov
     20. Available from http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/whales01.html.
5. Jonna, R. Actinopterygii [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of
     Zoology; 2004; 2012 Nov 23; Available from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinopterygii/.
6. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
     McGraw-Hill Companies. 413 p.
7. Kardong K. 2012.Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
     McGraw-Hill Companies.417 p.
8. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
     McGraw-Hill Companies. 426-20 p.
9. Mudppy [Internet]. Chicago, IL: The World Association; 2001; 2012 Nov 30. Available from
     http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy.
10. Onno, G.T. Dolphins- the oracles of the sea [Internet]. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle
     education Foundation; 1998; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html.
11. Respiratory system [Internet]. Davidson, NC: Davidson College; 2012; 2012 Dec 1.
     Available from http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Pleasants/resp.htm.
12. Respiratory System [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc; 2012; 2012 Dec. 1. Available
     from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0.
13. Speer, B, Waggoner B. Introduction to the Chordata [Internet]. New York, NY: Berkley
     College; 2000; 2012 Dec 3; Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.
14. Venes, D. 2009. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis
     Company.
15. Weisler, G.P. All about sea turtles [Internet]. Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba; 2005;
     2012 Dec 1. Available from: http://www.orf.org/turtles.htm.
Silhouette References




http://www.etsy.com/listing/74157023/whale-constellation-nautical-silhouette




http://www.clker.com/clipart-140176.html

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Gills to lungs

  • 1. Lauren Clancy ● Jenny Lee ● Allison Torlincasi ● Shèquanna Cooper http://www.dhingana.co Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved. m/news/facts-about- dolphins-interesting- amazing-informati/22154 http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/0 1/14/ifs-clade/ Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda Reptilia Aves Mammalia
  • 2. All chordates have, at some time during their life, these five characteristics: Inside: Endostyle http://thecircleofblood.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/1/11517136/1885966_orig.gif
  • 3. http://gillslits.blogspot.com/ Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved. At one point in the lifetime of chordates, the walls of the pharynx were pierced with a longitudinal series of openings; the pharyngeal slits • The pharyngeal slits created an opening that allowed water to enter the pharynx • They play no part in respiration (used to filter food particles) • However, they have become modified in aquatic chordates and are supported by gill arches, which contain filaments for gas exchange • In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal slits are only seen in embryonic development
  • 4. The evolution of chordates began in the water Chordates in the Sea Mode of respiration: gill slits www.stfrancesvbs.com/resources_borders.html
  • 5. http://www.arkive.org/whitetip-reef- Chondrichthyes shark/triaenodon-obesus/image-G17580.html External view • The gills are located behind the head; viewed as a collection of slit-like openings • The gills have a rich supply of blood, where tiny blood vessels extract oxygen from the water as it passes over the gills • Gill filaments increase the surface area for respiration Internal view http://biodi • The blood vessels are located inside the filaments dac.bio.uott awa.ca/thu mbnails/file • As oxygen is taken in, carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste project, det.htm?Fil e_name=ch is expelled out of the bloodstream on025b&Fil e_type=cdr How does water get to the gills for respiration? http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/ coral%20reef.gif Ram-jet ventilation Neck Musculature • Many shark species swim with their mouths • Others, have strong neck muscles which act as a open, allowing water to pass over the gills for pumping mechanism to pull water over the gills respiration • Pumping is based on a dual pump mechanism which creates a suction with negative and positive pressures to draw in water http://science.howstuffworks. com/zoology/marine- life/great-white.htm http://backofbeyondthent.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html
  • 6. Chondrichthyes www.jawshark.com/great_white_shark_animated_gifs.html A new evolutionary change allowed chondrichthyes to have a continuous flow of water into the mouth http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-anatomy.html New adaptation: the spiracle • A modified hole located behind the eye • While the mouth is closed, water is able to pass through the opening • Creates an alternate pathway for water to enter the mouth • Once water enters the mouth, it can then pass over gill lamellae and out the gill slits • The spiracle also provides oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif
  • 7. Actinopterygii http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/fish/h • The posterior rim is flexible and ribbed owdofishbreathe.phtml • This prevents the back flow of water http://students.cis.uab.edu/chase29/osteichthyes.html Water travels through the mouth of the fish, passes along the pharynx, and out the gills Mouth Mouth Cavity Gills Gill Cavity Gill Slits Mouth is open Expands Expands Operculum closes Mouth closes Contracts Expands Mouth Contracts Contracts Operculum remains closed opens
  • 8. http://www.oskole.sk/userfiles/image/Zofia/febru%C3%A1r%20- Actinopterygii %202012/Biol%C3%B3gia/Dychanie_zivocichov_jan_html_5c3115b0.png • The gills are supported by gill arches; a series of loops • Inside the arches, gill filaments contain blood vessels • Gas exchange occurs at the tips of the gill filaments • Water travels through the gaps in- between the filaments, moving out towards the operculum opening • In each gill filament, blood capillaries absorb oxygen while extracting carbon dioxide • Blood travels in the opposite direction of water flow • Helps increase efficiency • Countercurrent flow insures a steady oxygen absorption http://manmonster.centerblog.net/voir- photo?u=http://manmonster.m.a.pic.centerblog.net/o/e2820340.jpg www.angelfire.com/home/lake/page5gif.html
  • 9. Actinopterygii Another revolutionary change occurred in the Actinopteryggi New adaptation: the swim bladder • Buoyancy organ located in the body cavity • Developed from an out pocketing of the pharynx or esophagus • Contains gas (usually oxygen) which allows the fish to maintain its depth without floating http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass8.htm upward or sinking http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/5723/1/1/how-to-draw-the-ocean.htm Animals slowly transitioned from sea to land… Chordates in the sea and land Mode of respiration: gill slits and/or lungs
  • 10. Evolution and fossil records show that animals moved out of the water and onto land • To get food and supplies • Avoid aquatic predators A chordate example of this type of intermediate is… http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy/ http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325818
  • 11. The mudpuppy has 3 different modes Tetrapoda http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.NecturusDissection.html of respiration • Skin → mudpuppies must have moist skin to absorb oxygen • Gills → are mostly used • The gills in the mudpuppy are similar to fish gills but differ in that they are external and lack the hard covering known as the operculum • Lungs → despite having lungs, they are thin and http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/ showimage.cfm?File_name=AMPH022B&Fil poorly vascularized and are used as last resort e_type=GIF
  • 12. Reptilia http://animals.howstuffworks.com/reptiles/turtle-shell.htm • The lungs of a turtle are their predominant source of respiration – All turtles have lungs and must take in oxygen • An adaptation is that turtles have the ability to intake oxygen through their cloaca when they have limited respiration during hibernation in the winter Marine Turtles http://ecowatch.org/2011/groups-move-to-stop- sea-turtle-deaths-from-shrimp-trawling/ Terrestrial Turtles http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpres http://petcaregt.com/blog/wp- s.com/2009/02/gex_green-sea- content/uploads/2010/02/pet- turtle.jpg gopher-tortoise.jpg http://www.rbnc.org/images/herps_page/Wood-Turtle.jpg
  • 13. Reptilia http://www.rgbstock.com/bigphoto/meRjh9i/Giant+turtle http://pspbilly.com/nancy/020%2520Internal%2520anatomy%2520of%2520a%2520turtle.jpg&im grefurl=http://pspbilly.com/nancy/&h=2281&w=3000&sz=476&tbnid=UBBWTqjsHhaxpM:&tbnh= 87&tbnw=114&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=&usg=__FXap W599cqyvE_N4l9aczCvbOQE=&docid=CpyCFuobs3zQ7M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qEDCUKvOJau20AGfsI DwDA&ved=0CEEQ9QEwBA&dur=483 http://animationsa2z.com/turtles.php
  • 14. Reptilia Respiratory system of the Turtle http://www.flickr.com/photos/5957 1344@N03/5485476419/ http://sweetclipart.com/m ultisite/sweetclipart/files/t urtle_green.png http://www.leadershipwithsass.com/2012/04/dont-be-a-honey-badger/ https://sites.google.com/a/cott onwood-essentials.com/www/ Animals began to solely live on land Chordates on land Mode of respiration: lungs
  • 15. Aves Mammalia Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems http://itiswhatitispeople.bl ogspot.com/2012/04/what- can-you-learn-from- blended.html http://epicmuffinlove.deviantart.c om/art/Look-who-I-found- 306187756
  • 16. Aves Mammalia Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems http://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/Why+do+humans+need+to+breathe%3F+Part+2 http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/respiration/deck/938492 http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/30/1/6/F1.large.jpg
  • 17. Mammalia Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems Liem, K. and Walker, W. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates.
  • 18. Aves heathersanimations.com/flying1.html • The avian lungs are a unique respiratory system • Birds have a very high metabolic rate • The unidirectional pathway allows for birds to meet all energy requirements • Oxygen is absorbed continuously while in flight http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ritchiso/birdrespiration.html http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif http://www.thefeaturedcreature.co m/2012/07/mr-fluffy-feathers-very- cute-bird.html
  • 19. Aves http://people. eku.edu/ritchi song/342note s8.html http://www.birdsof http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif eden.co.za/index.ph p?comp=article&cat egory=18&limit=5&li mitstart=170
  • 20. Aves http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Dec09/Fem http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/1d4c20/#2 aleSexShowoff.html http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c7.html
  • 21. Aves http://quizlet.com/2213010/ch-42-circulation-gas-exchange-ap-bio-flash-cards/ Inhalation http://srqjet.blogspot.com/2010/09/puff • Fresh air flows down the trachea bypasses the lungs y-pigeon.html • It enters the posterior air sacs. While simultaneously the anterior sacs fill with stale air from the lungs Exhalation • Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs and through the parabronchi • The stale air from anterior air sacs exits the body via the trachea It take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the air to pass through and out of the system of the bird
  • 22. Mammalia http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=BCE&name=72217.jpg • Air enters through the nose or mouth • Travels down the pharynx, past the epiglottis, into the larynx • It moves down the trachea, which branches into two bronchi that lead to each lung • The bronchi branch in to CO2 CO2 O2 O2 bronchioles • The bronchioles lead into the alveolar ducts that end CO2 O2 alveoli sacs http://www.photolyrics.ru/vyaz.html
  • 23. Mammalia http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c8.html • The alveoli are the sites at which gas exchanges occurs • The thin walled capillaries allow for the exchange of gases High  Low concentration http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/public- • The alveoli diffuses oxygen into the blood through the health-assessment- overview/html/module3/s5.html capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in to the alveoli
  • 24. Mammalia http://www.yogacharm.net/yogalx/2011/0615/article_1874_2.html • During in inhalation the rib cage muscles and diaphragm contract to increase the lung volume • Pressure drops and air flows into the lungs High  Low concentration • The relaxation of these muscles causes an increase in air pressure that forces the air out of lungs through the nose and mouth http://jpkc.scezju.com/slx/showindex/281/102
  • 25. Although lungs developed in chordates, mammalia animals continued to live in water Chordates back in the Sea Mode of respiration: lungs Whales http://jessperna.com/images/coloring_book_illustrations/humpback_whale_coloring_page_large.gif Dolphins http://www.delfinpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/delfind.gif
  • 26. Mammilla Evolution from land to water • cetaceans evolved from the modern hippo http://dir.coolclips.com/N ature/Animals/Mammals/ Hippopotamus/hippopota http://potolki27.ru/images/view/63 – Whales mus_wb028826.html – Dolphins – Porpoises • Obligated Marine Mammals – Cannot survive on land – Find more food in the sea than land – Freed from legs • Over the course of evolution… http://gerberbabycontest.net/at-pic-cute-dolphin-giving-birth/4.bp.blogspot.com*_k- uzaP4Gx6M*SMEImnoG0KI*AAAAAAAACN8*l2huZMKvNGc*s400*dolphin5.jpg/ – Bodies became more tapered and streamlined – Their tail replaced by a pair of horizontal, propeller like flukes – Front limbs fused together http://missmazurek15.pbworks.com/w/page/36537156/Chris
  • 27. Mammilla Adaptations of the Respiratory System http://www.gettyimages.com/det ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling- whale-spouting-water-from- royalty-free-illustration/75488996 http://www.veezzle.com/photo/1103598/Humpback-Whale-......Blow-holes http://www.traveloutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Bottlenose_Dolphin1.jpg
  • 28. Mammilla http://www.gettyimages.com/det ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling- whale-spouting-water-from- royalty-free-illustration/75488996 • Breathing begins with blowhole or blowholes http://www.wallpapershdi.com/wallpaper/996/dolphin-wallpaper-1440x900- • Breathing at the surface of the widescreen.html water • Small region of the head is required to break the surface of the water to breathe in air http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=84#.UMI4oaxR2So • Contains the nasal plug http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
  • 29. Mammilla • Dolphins can empty and refill its blowhole in less than a fifth of a second • The dolphin forcefully "chuffs" or exhales when first surfacing for air to clear the recessed blowhole area of water http://www.appuntidigitali.i t/3677/il-sonar-militare- http://cartoon-icio.ru/image.php?id=87009 rende-sordi-i-delfini/ • Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, the blowhole closes again • Water in a dolphin’s blowhole will drown the dolphin http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
  • 30. Mammilla in Whales • At the surface of the water, whales open their blowhole or blowholes – Exhale air explosively through their blowhole • Exhaled air from the blowhole is called the http://www.elhogarnatural.com/cetaceos/Caperea%20marginata.htm blow – Forms a gusher or a bushy stream of misty air and vapor • Immediately followed by inhalation of fresh air, and the blowhole http://www.estanbul.com/mavi-balina-70272.html or blowholes close again • Water in a whale’s blowhole will drown the whale http://www.i-creative.cz/wp- content/uploads/2012/03/velryby1.jpg http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
  • 31. Mammilla http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html
  • 32. Mammilla http://www.russianorca.com/Orcas/sounds_eng.htm
  • 33. Mammilla Pbs.org • Contain a lot more alveoli than humans lungs • Lungs are made up of two layers of capillaries • The pulmonary tissue proper contains a generous supply of myoelastic fibers – Better elasticity http://33m.lista.cl/posts/imagenes/1498371 9/Ballenas-_Belleza-Animal_.html – The pleurae are thick and elastic http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm • The bronchial tubes are lined with muscular tissue • The alveoli is cut off from the rest of the lung http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
  • 34. Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda Common Name “Cartilagenous Fishes” “Ray Finned Fish” “Four-Footed" Representatives sharks, skates, rays tuna, cod, frog, mudpuppy clownfish Respiratory System gills gills covered by gills and/or lungs operculum Reptilia Aves Mammalia Common Name Reptile Bird Mammal Representatives turtles & tortoises crow, pigeon, human, cow, pig, lizards & snakes robin, mouse, rat, crocodiles, alligators, sparrow, seal, dolphin, whale, dinosaurs ostrich bat, sloth, elephant, rhinoceros, monkey Respiratory System no gills, well dev. lungs, air sacs ~ 1 lungs lungs, ribcage way flow of oxygen
  • 35. References 1. Brylske, A. Humans and whales [Internet]. Parkville, MO: Florida Institute of Technology; 2006; 2012 Nov 26. Available from http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive%20Physiology/01-04-Feature.htm. 2. Chordates [Internet]. Monroe County, NY: Monroe County Women's Disability Network; 2000; 2012 Dec 3. Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html. 3. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, and rays [Internet]. Montgomery County, MD: Montgomery College; 2005; 2012 Nov 23; Available from: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/biotp/Chondrichthyes.html. 4. Corey, T. Whales [Internet]. Narragansett, RI: University of Rhode Island; 2009; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/whales01.html. 5. Jonna, R. Actinopterygii [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; 2004; 2012 Nov 23; Available from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinopterygii/. 6. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies. 413 p. 7. Kardong K. 2012.Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.417 p. 8. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies. 426-20 p. 9. Mudppy [Internet]. Chicago, IL: The World Association; 2001; 2012 Nov 30. Available from http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy. 10. Onno, G.T. Dolphins- the oracles of the sea [Internet]. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle education Foundation; 1998; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html. 11. Respiratory system [Internet]. Davidson, NC: Davidson College; 2012; 2012 Dec 1. Available from http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Pleasants/resp.htm. 12. Respiratory System [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc; 2012; 2012 Dec. 1. Available from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0. 13. Speer, B, Waggoner B. Introduction to the Chordata [Internet]. New York, NY: Berkley College; 2000; 2012 Dec 3; Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html. 14. Venes, D. 2009. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company. 15. Weisler, G.P. All about sea turtles [Internet]. Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba; 2005; 2012 Dec 1. Available from: http://www.orf.org/turtles.htm.

Editor's Notes

  1. Oxygen diffuses from air capillaries into the nearby blood capillaries which in turn diffuse carbon dioxide into the air capillaries.
  2. Based on DNA analysis, the closet ancestral animal is the hippo.Tested the deer, camels, pigs, cows, and hippos. Cetaceans- sea monsters. Mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life.Give birth to youth without laying eggs-> Young are nursed by milk produced by the mother.Warm blooded.Porpoises- small dolphins.Obligated Marine MammalsThe internal organs of whales would be crushed by their own weight if brought on to land for an extended period. More food in the sea = grew large (free from legs = no limit to their size).
  3. Oxygenis one of the main sources of energy in the body Dolphins have to rise to the surface more frequently than whales to breathe. When they are underwater, they hold their breath.When they are out of breath, they return to the surface to take in more fresh air.Babies are born under water and must be pushed to the surface, by the mother, so that they can take a breath.
  4. Unlike other mammals who breathe through their nose, dolphins, whales, and porpoises breathe through the blowholes.Located at the top of their head.A reason for this difference is that the blowhole will facilitate the breathing at the surface of the water. Since the blowhole is at the top of the head, only a small region of the head is required to break the surface of the water to inhale air.
  5. This breathing pattern takes only a fraction of a second for small cetaceans like dolphins and porpoises, but it may take a few seconds for larger whales. Blowholes are covered by muscular flaps that keep water from entering them when the whale is under water. In the relaxed state, the flap covers the blowhole. A blowhole leads to the whale's trachea and then to its lungs.
  6. The lungs of dolphins are not significantly larger or smaller than the land mammals. Obviously, the size of the lungs does not determine the amount of oxygen that can be stored and utilized.Alveoli = air cells Most mammals have only one layer of capillary.Greater surface area = gas exchange can occur more quickly/increases the efficiency of gas exchange.