ASTRINGENTS.pdf Pharmacognosy chapter 5 diploma in Pharmacy
Gills to lungs
1. Lauren Clancy ● Jenny Lee ● Allison Torlincasi ● Shèquanna Cooper http://www.dhingana.co
Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved. m/news/facts-about-
dolphins-interesting-
amazing-informati/22154
http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/0
1/14/ifs-clade/
Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda Reptilia Aves Mammalia
2. All chordates have, at some time during their life, these five
characteristics:
Inside: Endostyle
http://thecircleofblood.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/5/1/11517136/1885966_orig.gif
3. http://gillslits.blogspot.com/
Finding Nemo is a trademark of Disney/Pixar. All rights reserved.
At one point in the lifetime of chordates, the walls of the pharynx were
pierced with a longitudinal series of openings; the pharyngeal slits
• The pharyngeal slits created an opening that allowed water to enter
the pharynx
• They play no part in respiration (used to filter food particles)
• However, they have become modified in aquatic chordates and are
supported by gill arches, which contain filaments for gas exchange
• In terrestrial chordates, pharyngeal slits are only seen in embryonic
development
4. The evolution of chordates began in the water
Chordates in the Sea
Mode of respiration: gill slits
www.stfrancesvbs.com/resources_borders.html
5. http://www.arkive.org/whitetip-reef-
Chondrichthyes shark/triaenodon-obesus/image-G17580.html
External view
• The gills are located behind the head; viewed as a collection
of slit-like openings
• The gills have a rich supply of blood, where tiny blood vessels
extract oxygen from the water as it passes over the gills
• Gill filaments increase the surface area for respiration
Internal view
http://biodi • The blood vessels are located inside the filaments
dac.bio.uott
awa.ca/thu
mbnails/file • As oxygen is taken in, carbon dioxide, a gaseous waste project,
det.htm?Fil
e_name=ch
is expelled out of the bloodstream
on025b&Fil
e_type=cdr
How does water get to the gills for respiration?
http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/
coral%20reef.gif
Ram-jet ventilation Neck Musculature
• Many shark species swim with their mouths • Others, have strong neck muscles which act as a
open, allowing water to pass over the gills for pumping mechanism to pull water over the gills
respiration
• Pumping is based on a dual pump mechanism
which creates a suction with negative and positive
pressures to draw in water
http://science.howstuffworks.
com/zoology/marine-
life/great-white.htm
http://backofbeyondthent.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html
6. Chondrichthyes
www.jawshark.com/great_white_shark_animated_gifs.html
A new evolutionary change allowed chondrichthyes to have a continuous flow of water
into the mouth http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm
dsc.discovery.com/sharks/shark-anatomy.html
New adaptation: the spiracle
• A modified hole located behind the eye
• While the mouth is closed, water is able to pass through the opening
• Creates an alternate pathway for water to enter the mouth
• Once water enters the mouth, it can then pass over gill lamellae and out
the gill slits
• The spiracle also provides oxygenated blood directly
to the eye and brain
http://www.arthursclipart.org/seacreatures/coral%20reef.gif
7. Actinopterygii
http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/kids/wild_things/fish/h
• The posterior rim is flexible and ribbed owdofishbreathe.phtml
• This prevents the back flow of water
http://students.cis.uab.edu/chase29/osteichthyes.html
Water travels through the mouth of the fish, passes along the
pharynx, and out the gills
Mouth Mouth Cavity Gills Gill Cavity Gill Slits
Mouth is open Expands Expands Operculum
closes
Mouth closes Contracts Expands
Mouth Contracts Contracts Operculum
remains closed opens
8. http://www.oskole.sk/userfiles/image/Zofia/febru%C3%A1r%20-
Actinopterygii %202012/Biol%C3%B3gia/Dychanie_zivocichov_jan_html_5c3115b0.png
• The gills are supported by gill arches; a
series of loops
• Inside the arches, gill filaments contain
blood vessels
• Gas exchange occurs at the tips of the gill
filaments
• Water travels through the gaps in-
between the filaments, moving out
towards the operculum opening
• In each gill filament, blood capillaries
absorb oxygen while extracting carbon
dioxide
• Blood travels in the opposite direction of
water flow
• Helps increase efficiency
• Countercurrent flow insures a
steady oxygen absorption
http://manmonster.centerblog.net/voir-
photo?u=http://manmonster.m.a.pic.centerblog.net/o/e2820340.jpg
www.angelfire.com/home/lake/page5gif.html
9. Actinopterygii
Another revolutionary change occurred in the Actinopteryggi
New adaptation: the swim bladder
• Buoyancy organ located in the body cavity
• Developed from an out pocketing of the pharynx
or esophagus
• Contains gas (usually oxygen) which allows the
fish to maintain its depth without floating
http://crescentok.com/staff/jaskew/isr/botzo/zclass8.htm
upward or sinking
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swim_bladder.jpg
http://www.dragoart.com/tuts/5723/1/1/how-to-draw-the-ocean.htm
Animals slowly transitioned from sea to land…
Chordates in the sea and land
Mode of respiration: gill slits and/or lungs
10. Evolution and fossil records show that animals moved out of the water
and onto land
• To get food and supplies
• Avoid aquatic predators
A chordate example of this type of intermediate is…
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/amphibians/mudpuppy/
http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2723&q=325818
11. The mudpuppy has 3 different modes
Tetrapoda
http://www.savalli.us/BIO370/Anatomy/4.NecturusDissection.html
of respiration
• Skin → mudpuppies must
have moist skin to absorb
oxygen
• Gills → are mostly used
• The gills in the mudpuppy
are similar to fish gills but
differ in that they are
external and lack the hard
covering known as the
operculum
• Lungs → despite having
lungs, they are thin and
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/
showimage.cfm?File_name=AMPH022B&Fil poorly vascularized and are
used as last resort
e_type=GIF
12. Reptilia
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/reptiles/turtle-shell.htm
• The lungs of a turtle are their predominant source of respiration
– All turtles have lungs and must take in oxygen
• An adaptation is that turtles have the ability to intake oxygen
through their cloaca when they have limited respiration during
hibernation in the winter
Marine Turtles http://ecowatch.org/2011/groups-move-to-stop-
sea-turtle-deaths-from-shrimp-trawling/
Terrestrial Turtles
http://naturescrusaders.files.wordpres http://petcaregt.com/blog/wp-
s.com/2009/02/gex_green-sea- content/uploads/2010/02/pet-
turtle.jpg gopher-tortoise.jpg
http://www.rbnc.org/images/herps_page/Wood-Turtle.jpg
14. Reptilia Respiratory system of the Turtle http://www.flickr.com/photos/5957
1344@N03/5485476419/
http://sweetclipart.com/m
ultisite/sweetclipart/files/t
urtle_green.png
http://www.leadershipwithsass.com/2012/04/dont-be-a-honey-badger/
https://sites.google.com/a/cott
onwood-essentials.com/www/
Animals began to solely live on land
Chordates on land
Mode of respiration: lungs
15. Aves
Mammalia
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
http://itiswhatitispeople.bl
ogspot.com/2012/04/what-
can-you-learn-from-
blended.html
http://epicmuffinlove.deviantart.c
om/art/Look-who-I-found-
306187756
16. Aves
Mammalia
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
http://researchthetopic.wikispaces.com/Why+do+humans+need+to+breathe%3F+Part+2
http://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/respiration/deck/938492 http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/content/30/1/6/F1.large.jpg
17. Mammalia
Advancements of Terrestrial Respiratory Systems
Liem, K. and Walker, W. Functional anatomy of the vertebrates.
18. Aves
heathersanimations.com/flying1.html
• The avian lungs are a
unique respiratory system
• Birds have a very high
metabolic rate
• The unidirectional pathway
allows for birds to meet all
energy requirements
• Oxygen is absorbed
continuously while in flight
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/ritchiso/birdrespiration.html
http://www.fontscape.com/pictures/gallo/BirdsFlying.gif
http://www.thefeaturedcreature.co
m/2012/07/mr-fluffy-feathers-very-
cute-bird.html
21. Aves
http://quizlet.com/2213010/ch-42-circulation-gas-exchange-ap-bio-flash-cards/
Inhalation http://srqjet.blogspot.com/2010/09/puff
• Fresh air flows down the trachea bypasses the lungs y-pigeon.html
• It enters the posterior air sacs. While simultaneously the anterior
sacs fill with stale air from the lungs
Exhalation
• Fresh air moves out of the posterior air sacs into the lungs and
through the parabronchi
• The stale air from anterior air sacs exits the body via the trachea
It take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the air to pass
through and out of the system of the bird
22. Mammalia
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=BCE&name=72217.jpg
• Air enters through the nose
or mouth
• Travels down the pharynx,
past the epiglottis, into the
larynx
• It moves down the trachea,
which branches into two
bronchi that lead to each
lung
• The bronchi branch in to
CO2 CO2 O2 O2 bronchioles
• The bronchioles lead into the
alveolar ducts that end
CO2 O2 alveoli sacs
http://www.photolyrics.ru/vyaz.html
23. Mammalia
http://163.16.28.248/bio/activelearner/44/ch44c8.html
• The alveoli are the sites at which gas exchanges
occurs
• The thin walled capillaries allow for the exchange of
gases
High Low concentration
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/public-
• The alveoli diffuses oxygen into the blood through the
health-assessment-
overview/html/module3/s5.html capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in to the alveoli
24. Mammalia
http://www.yogacharm.net/yogalx/2011/0615/article_1874_2.html
• During in inhalation the rib
cage muscles and diaphragm
contract to increase the lung
volume
• Pressure drops and air flows
into the lungs
High Low concentration
• The relaxation of these
muscles causes an increase
in air pressure that forces the
air out of lungs through the
nose and mouth
http://jpkc.scezju.com/slx/showindex/281/102
25. Although lungs developed in chordates,
mammalia animals continued to live in water
Chordates back in the Sea
Mode of respiration: lungs
Whales
http://jessperna.com/images/coloring_book_illustrations/humpback_whale_coloring_page_large.gif
Dolphins
http://www.delfinpedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/delfind.gif
26. Mammilla
Evolution from land to water
• cetaceans evolved from the modern
hippo http://dir.coolclips.com/N
ature/Animals/Mammals/
Hippopotamus/hippopota
http://potolki27.ru/images/view/63
– Whales
mus_wb028826.html
– Dolphins
– Porpoises
• Obligated Marine Mammals
– Cannot survive on land
– Find more food in the sea than land
– Freed from legs
• Over the course of evolution… http://gerberbabycontest.net/at-pic-cute-dolphin-giving-birth/4.bp.blogspot.com*_k-
uzaP4Gx6M*SMEImnoG0KI*AAAAAAAACN8*l2huZMKvNGc*s400*dolphin5.jpg/
– Bodies became more tapered and
streamlined
– Their tail replaced by a pair of horizontal,
propeller like flukes
– Front limbs fused together
http://missmazurek15.pbworks.com/w/page/36537156/Chris
27. Mammilla
Adaptations of the Respiratory System
http://www.gettyimages.com/det
ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling-
whale-spouting-water-from-
royalty-free-illustration/75488996
http://www.veezzle.com/photo/1103598/Humpback-Whale-......Blow-holes
http://www.traveloutreach.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Bottlenose_Dolphin1.jpg
28. Mammilla
http://www.gettyimages.com/det
ail/illustration/cartoon-smiling-
whale-spouting-water-from-
royalty-free-illustration/75488996
• Breathing begins with blowhole or
blowholes
http://www.wallpapershdi.com/wallpaper/996/dolphin-wallpaper-1440x900-
• Breathing at the surface of the
widescreen.html
water
• Small region of the head is
required to break the surface
of the water to breathe in air
http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=84#.UMI4oaxR2So
• Contains the nasal plug
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
29. Mammilla
• Dolphins can empty and refill its blowhole
in less than a fifth of a second
• The dolphin forcefully "chuffs" or exhales
when first surfacing for air to clear the
recessed blowhole area of water http://www.appuntidigitali.i
t/3677/il-sonar-militare-
http://cartoon-icio.ru/image.php?id=87009 rende-sordi-i-delfini/
• Immediately followed by inhalation of
fresh air, the blowhole closes again
• Water in a dolphin’s blowhole will drown
the dolphin
http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
30. Mammilla
in Whales
• At the surface of the water, whales open their
blowhole or blowholes
– Exhale air explosively through their blowhole
• Exhaled air from the blowhole is called the
http://www.elhogarnatural.com/cetaceos/Caperea%20marginata.htm
blow
– Forms a gusher or a bushy stream of misty air
and vapor
• Immediately followed by inhalation
of fresh air, and the blowhole
http://www.estanbul.com/mavi-balina-70272.html or blowholes close again
• Water in a whale’s blowhole
will drown the whale
http://www.i-creative.cz/wp-
content/uploads/2012/03/velryby1.jpg
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
33. Mammilla
Pbs.org
• Contain a lot more alveoli than humans lungs
• Lungs are made up of two layers of capillaries
• The pulmonary tissue proper contains a generous
supply of myoelastic fibers
– Better elasticity
http://33m.lista.cl/posts/imagenes/1498371
9/Ballenas-_Belleza-Animal_.html
– The pleurae are thick and elastic
http://heathersanimations.com/fish1.htm
• The bronchial tubes are lined with muscular tissue
• The alveoli is cut off from the rest of the lung
http://www.arthursclipart.org/colorinbook/color/coral%20reef%205.gif
34. Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Tetrapoda
Common Name “Cartilagenous Fishes” “Ray Finned Fish” “Four-Footed"
Representatives sharks, skates, rays tuna, cod, frog, mudpuppy
clownfish
Respiratory System gills gills covered by gills and/or lungs
operculum
Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Common Name Reptile Bird Mammal
Representatives turtles & tortoises crow, pigeon, human, cow, pig,
lizards & snakes robin, mouse, rat,
crocodiles, alligators, sparrow, seal, dolphin, whale,
dinosaurs ostrich bat, sloth,
elephant, rhinoceros,
monkey
Respiratory System no gills, well dev. lungs, air sacs ~ 1 lungs
lungs, ribcage way flow of oxygen
35. References
1. Brylske, A. Humans and whales [Internet]. Parkville, MO: Florida Institute of Technology;
2006; 2012 Nov 26. Available from http://www.dtmag.com/Stories/Dive%20Physiology/01-04-Feature.htm.
2. Chordates [Internet]. Monroe County, NY: Monroe County Women's Disability Network;
2000; 2012 Dec 3. Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.
3. Chondrichthyes: sharks, skates, and rays [Internet]. Montgomery County, MD: Montgomery
College; 2005; 2012 Nov 23; Available from: http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/biotp/Chondrichthyes.html.
4. Corey, T. Whales [Internet]. Narragansett, RI: University of Rhode Island; 2009; 2012 Nov
20. Available from http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/factsheets/whales01.html.
5. Jonna, R. Actinopterygii [Internet]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology; 2004; 2012 Nov 23; Available from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Actinopterygii/.
6. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies. 413 p.
7. Kardong K. 2012.Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies.417 p.
8. Kardong K. 2012. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill Companies. 426-20 p.
9. Mudppy [Internet]. Chicago, IL: The World Association; 2001; 2012 Nov 30. Available from
http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy.
10. Onno, G.T. Dolphins- the oracles of the sea [Internet]. Redwood Shores, CA: Oracle
education Foundation; 1998; 2012 Nov 20. Available from http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/respiratory-system.html.
11. Respiratory system [Internet]. Davidson, NC: Davidson College; 2012; 2012 Dec 1.
Available from http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Pleasants/resp.htm.
12. Respiratory System [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc; 2012; 2012 Dec. 1. Available
from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0.
13. Speer, B, Waggoner B. Introduction to the Chordata [Internet]. New York, NY: Berkley
College; 2000; 2012 Dec 3; Available from: http://www.mcwdn.org/Animals/Chordate.html.
14. Venes, D. 2009. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis
Company.
15. Weisler, G.P. All about sea turtles [Internet]. Winnipeg, CA: University of Manitoba; 2005;
2012 Dec 1. Available from: http://www.orf.org/turtles.htm.
Oxygen diffuses from air capillaries into the nearby blood capillaries which in turn diffuse carbon dioxide into the air capillaries.
Based on DNA analysis, the closet ancestral animal is the hippo.Tested the deer, camels, pigs, cows, and hippos. Cetaceans- sea monsters. Mammals most fully adapted to aquatic life.Give birth to youth without laying eggs-> Young are nursed by milk produced by the mother.Warm blooded.Porpoises- small dolphins.Obligated Marine MammalsThe internal organs of whales would be crushed by their own weight if brought on to land for an extended period. More food in the sea = grew large (free from legs = no limit to their size).
Oxygenis one of the main sources of energy in the body Dolphins have to rise to the surface more frequently than whales to breathe. When they are underwater, they hold their breath.When they are out of breath, they return to the surface to take in more fresh air.Babies are born under water and must be pushed to the surface, by the mother, so that they can take a breath.
Unlike other mammals who breathe through their nose, dolphins, whales, and porpoises breathe through the blowholes.Located at the top of their head.A reason for this difference is that the blowhole will facilitate the breathing at the surface of the water. Since the blowhole is at the top of the head, only a small region of the head is required to break the surface of the water to inhale air.
This breathing pattern takes only a fraction of a second for small cetaceans like dolphins and porpoises, but it may take a few seconds for larger whales. Blowholes are covered by muscular flaps that keep water from entering them when the whale is under water. In the relaxed state, the flap covers the blowhole. A blowhole leads to the whale's trachea and then to its lungs.
The lungs of dolphins are not significantly larger or smaller than the land mammals. Obviously, the size of the lungs does not determine the amount of oxygen that can be stored and utilized.Alveoli = air cells Most mammals have only one layer of capillary.Greater surface area = gas exchange can occur more quickly/increases the efficiency of gas exchange.