Fotocurado Dental

Polimerización por luz Curado por luz Fotocurado

1970

1970 1978

Fotoiniciador Compuesto capaz de producir una especie reactiva al absorver luz Este luego puede catalizar reacciones En odontología: polimerización

DL-Camforquinona Cristalino-amarillento O O C10H14O2

Halógenas

Halógenas Arco Plasma

Halógenas Arco Plasma LASER

Halógenas Arco Plasma LASER LED

Halógenas Bombillo halógeno de cuarzo tungsteno Filamento tungsteno Bombillo cuarzo Gas halógeno

Filtros BANDA AZUL INFRAROJO CALOR

Tubo Guía

Lámpara de Arco de Plasma

energía Electrodo Electrodo

energía Electrodo Electrodo Campo Plasma y luz

Filtros BANDA AZUL INFRAROJO CALOR

L A SER

L A S E R

L ight A mpliﬁcation by S timulated E mision of R adiation

energía argón cámara luz lente

L E D

L ight Emitting Diode

Anodo Luz Diodo Cobertor plástico Cátodo Conductores

Anodo Nitrito de Galio Luz Diodo Cobertor plástico Cátodo Conductores

Nitrito de Galio

Nitrito de Galio Luz Azul

Longitud de onda 450-500nm

100 veces más

100 veces más Sin calor

100 veces más Sin calor Sin abanico

100 veces más Sin calor Sin abanico Bateria

TÉCNICAS DE CURADO

TÉCNICAS DE CURADO Contínua Discontinua

Contínua Continuo uniforme En grada Pulsación de alta intensidad Rampa

Intensidad de Luz Uniforme Continuo TIEMPO

Intensidad de Luz TIEMPO Grada

Intensidad de Luz TIEMPO Rampa

Pulsación de alta intensidad Intensidad de Luz TIEMPO

Discontinua • Se le llama también curado suave • Utiliza una pulsación retardada • Solo es disponible en lámparas de luz halógena

Intensidad de Luz Pulsación retardada TIEMPO

Resistencia vs Poder de Salida Muy poco poder Mucho poder Curado incompleto Polimeros cortos Restauración débil Mas fragil Resistencia en tension Poder ideal Curado Completo Restauracion fuerte Densidad de Poder

Fotocurado

Energia de Curado Energía Julios ( J ) 1 watt-1 seg

16 Julios

400-500 nm 400mw/cm2 40 seg

400-500 nm 400mw/cm2 40 seg 16 Julios

400-500 nm 40s x 400mw/cm2 26.6s x 600mw/cm2 20s x 800mw/cm2 13.4s x 1200mw/cm2

400-500 nm 40s x 400mw/cm2 26.6s x 600mw/cm2 16 Julios 20s x 800mw/cm2 13.4s x 1200mw/cm2

Mayor intensidad Mayor profundidad

Campo Espectral

Absorcion de fotoiniciador Halógeno 375 400 425 450 475 500 Emision espectral

Absorcion de fotoiniciador LED 375 400 425 450 475 500 Emision espectral

Absorcion de fotoiniciador Plasma 375 400 425 450 475 500 Emision espectral

Absorcion de fotoiniciador Láser 375 400 425 450 475 500 Emision espectral

Factor C

Dirección de la contracción por polimerización Vista Lateral Vista Superior 1/7 3/5 5/3 6/2 7/1

Factores

Exposición

400-500 nm 400mw/cm2 40 seg

400-500 nm 400mw/cm2 40 seg 16 Julios

Intensidad

Punta o ﬁbra optica

Baja en Intensidad de Poder 400 mW 5 mm 300 mW 10 mm 200 mW

Temperatura

Distancia

Distancia 500 mW 500 mW 400 mW 200 mW

Angulo

Luz es bloqueda a este punto

Grosor

Ferreto, Lafuente; IADR’08 110 107 88 92 66 77 VHN 44 57 Opuesto Opuesto luz luz 22 0 XT-Elipar Valux-Elipar 3 mm

Aire

Aire 50-500µm

Curado a través de otra superﬁcie

Color de resina

Fotoiniciadores

Calor

100 watts

100 watts 500 mw

100 watts 500 mw 0.5% 99.5%

100 watts 500 mw 0.5% 99.5% utilizado calor

Potential Retinal Hazards of Visible-light Photopolymerization Units K. D. SATROM1, M. A. MORRIS2, and L. P. CRIGGER3 Dental Investigation Service, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas 78235; 2Department of Ophthalmology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284; and 3USAF Dental Clinic Ramstein, Ramstein AFB, West Germany, APO, New York 09012- 5431 We evaluated the potential for retinal damage, both thermal and pho- mor, lens, and vitreous body) to the retina and can be asso- tochemical, from commercially available visible-light photopolymer- ciated with three types of retinal damage (Ham, 1983): Structural ization units. The spectral radiance profiles of 11 visible-light damage is caused by sonic transients and is associated only photopolymerization units were measured by means of a spectrora- with mode-locked or Q-switched lasers; the other two types of diometer and the results weighted according to the American Confer- ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Blue Light Hazard damage are thermal and photochemical and can be caused by Function and Thermal Hazard Function. The values were then inte- any high-intensity light source. Thermal damage results from grated by means of the proposed ACGIH hazardformulae, so that we exposure to light sources of power levels and duration suffi- could determine the maximum permissible exposure (tMAX) duration cient to raise the retinal temperature 100C or more above am- for each light. This calculation assumed a worst-case condition of bient. Photochemical damage results from short wavelength direct vision of the light source from a distance of 25 cm. The results light at power levels below that required for thermal damage indicate that there is no thermal hazard to the retina. The tMAX du- (Ham et al., 1979). ration values for the photochemical (blue light) hazard to the retina The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for rangedfrom 2.4 minutes per day (for the most hazardous unit) to 16.0 retinal damage from commercially available visible-light pho- minutes per day (for the least hazardous). None of these hazard times is short enough to be of concern unless the individual operator elects topolymerization units. to focus on the light source or the reflected output from these visible- light photopolymerization units for an extended period of time. Materials and methods. J Dent Res 66(3):731-736, March, 1987 Visible-light photopolymerization units from 11 manufac- turers were evaluated (see Table 1). For all units with a vari- able intensity control, measurements were made at the highest Introduction. intensity setting. A Pritchard 1980b Spectroradiometer (Photo Research Division, Kollmorgen, Burbank, CA) was used to Recently, several articles have mentioned the potential for ret- measure spectral radiance from 370 nm to 730 nm, in 10-nm inal damage from the light emitted by visible-light photopoly- increments. For infra-red measurements, a black detector cal- merization units (Pollack and Lewis, 1981; Benedetto and orimeter, consisting of a black detector thermocouple con- Antonson, 1984; Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and nected to a Keithley 148 nanovoltmeter (Keithley Instruments, Equipment, 1985 and 1986; Ellingson et al., 1986). Visible- Inc., Cleveland, OH), was used to measure the energy output light-cured resins are an outgrowth of the ultraviolet (UV) light- of the light. Measurements were made without filters between cured resins and are single-paste systems possessing photo- the light and detector, and then with a Schott KG-3 infra-red initiators that absorb light in the 420-to-450-nanometer (nm) blocking glass filter (Schott Optical Glass, Duryea, PA), which range. Polymerization is induced by the production of free blocks virtually all light below 300 nm and above 700 nm and radicals. The visible-light photopolymerization units designed transmits approximately 80% of the visible light from 300 nm to initiate polymerization are high-intensity light sources with to 700 nm. A Ralph Gerbands Co. shutter (Ralph Gerbands outputs concentrated in the 400-to-550-nm region (primarily Co., Arlington, MA) was used on the light to control exposure the blue portion) of the visible spectrum. duration. Several measurements were made for each condition. Light within the spectral range of from 400 nm to 1400 nm Using these data, we calculated the integrated infra-red ra- is transmitted through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous hu- diance in the following manner: The energy measured without the KG-3 filter equals the sum of all visible and infra-red energy. The energy measured with the filter is 80% (the mean Received for publication May 14, 1986 visible transmittance) of the total energy minus all the light Accepted for publication October 17, 1986 energy above 700 nm, since this is the - 3 db cut-off point of 'Present address: 7338 Walling Lane, Dallas, TX 75231 Address reprint requests to the USAF Dental Investigation Service, the filter. The ratio of infra-red to visible energy can thus be USAF SAM/NGD, Brooks AFB, Texas 78235. calculated. If r is the ratio of filtered light energy to unfiltered This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an light energy, then the ratio of infra-red to visible energy is: agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States 0.8 - r Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor k= any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes r any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any The integrated visible radiance was determined by use of the information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents results of the spectroradiometric measurements from 370 to that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, 700 nm. Multiplying this by k yields the total integrated infra- trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute red radiance. This result was used for hazard calculations re- or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United quiring infra-red measurements, assuming a mean weighting States Government or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. factor of 0.5. The spectral radiance profiles of each light were The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily weighted according to the potential of its component wave- state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency, lengths to produce retinal damage, by use of the American contractor, or subcontractor thereof. Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Downloaded from http://jdr.sagepub.com by David Lafuente on June 10, 2009 731

ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Blue Light Hazard Thermal Hazard Photopolymerization The Function andPotential Retinal Hazards of Visible-light Function. Units values were then integrated by means of the proposed ACGIH hazardformulae, so that we K. D. SATROM1, M. A. MORRIS2, and L. P. CRIGGER3 could determine the maximum permissible exposure (tMAX) duration Dental Investigation Service, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas 78235; 2Department of Ophthalmology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284; and 3USAF Dental Clinic Ramstein, Ramstein AFB, West Germany, APO, New York 09012- 5431 for each light. This calculation assumed a worst-case condition of We evaluated the potential for retinal damage, both thermal and photochemical, from commercially available visible-light photopolymer- mor, lens, and vitreous body) to the retina and can be associated with three types of retinal damage (Ham, 1983): Structural direct vision of the light source from a distance of 25 cm. The results ization units. The spectral radiance profiles of 11 visible-light photopolymerization units were measured by means of a spectroradiometer and the results weighted according to the American Confer- ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Blue Light Hazard damage is caused by sonic transients and is associated only with mode-locked or Q-switched lasers; the other two types of damage are thermal and photochemical and can be caused by indicate that there is no thermal hazard to the retina. The tMAX du- Function and Thermal Hazard Function. The values were then integrated by means of the proposed ACGIH hazardformulae, so that we could determine the maximum permissible exposure (tMAX) duration any high-intensity light source. Thermal damage results from exposure to light sources of power levels and duration suffi- cient to raise the retinal temperature 100C or more above am- ration values for the photochemical (blue light) hazard to the retina for each light. This calculation assumed a worst-case condition of bient. Photochemical damage results from short wavelength direct vision of the light source from a distance of 25 cm. The results light at power levels below that required for thermal damage indicate that there is no thermal hazard to the retina. The tMAX du- (Ham et al., 1979). ration values for the photochemical (blue light) hazard to the retina The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for rangedfrom 2.4 minutes per day (for the most hazardous unit) to 16.0 rangedfrom 2.4 minutes per day (for the most hazardous unit) to 16.0 minutes per day (for the least hazardous). None of these hazard times is short enough to be of concern unless the individual operator elects to focus on the light source or the reflected output from these visible- retinal damage from commercially available visible-light photopolymerization units. minutes per day (for the least hazardous). None of these hazard times light photopolymerization units for an extended period of time. Materials and methods. J Dent Res 66(3):731-736, March, 1987 Visible-light photopolymerization units from 11 manufac- turers were evaluated (see Table 1). For all units with a vari- is short enough to be of concern unless the individual operator elects Introduction. able intensity control, measurements were made at the highest intensity setting. A Pritchard 1980b Spectroradiometer (Photo Research Division, Kollmorgen, Burbank, CA) was used to to focus on the light source or the reflected output from these visible- Recently, several articles have mentioned the potential for ret- measure spectral radiance from 370 nm to 730 nm, in 10-nm inal damage from the light emitted by visible-light photopoly- increments. For infra-red measurements, a black detector cal- merization units (Pollack and Lewis, 1981; Benedetto and orimeter, consisting of a black detector thermocouple con- Antonson, 1984; Council on Dental Materials, Instruments and nected to a Keithley 148 nanovoltmeter (Keithley Instruments, light photopolymerization units for an extended period of time. Equipment, 1985 and 1986; Ellingson et al., 1986). Visible- light-cured resins are an outgrowth of the ultraviolet (UV) light- cured resins and are single-paste systems possessing photo- Inc., Cleveland, OH), was used to measure the energy output of the light. Measurements were made without filters between the light and detector, and then with a Schott KG-3 infra-red initiators that absorb light in the 420-to-450-nanometer (nm) blocking glass filter (Schott Optical Glass, Duryea, PA), which range. Polymerization is induced by the production of free blocks virtually all light below 300 nm and above 700 nm and radicals. The visible-light photopolymerization units designed transmits approximately 80% of the visible light from 300 nm to initiate polymerization are high-intensity light sources with to 700 nm. A Ralph Gerbands Co. shutter (Ralph Gerbands outputs concentrated in the 400-to-550-nm region (primarily Co., Arlington, MA) was used on the light to control exposure J Dent Res 66(3):731-736, March, 1987 the blue portion) of the visible spectrum. Light within the spectral range of from 400 nm to 1400 nm is transmitted through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous hu- duration. Several measurements were made for each condition. Using these data, we calculated the integrated infra-red radiance in the following manner: The energy measured without the KG-3 filter equals the sum of all visible and infra-red energy. The energy measured with the filter is 80% (the mean Received for publication May 14, 1986 visible transmittance) of the total energy minus all the light Accepted for publication October 17, 1986 energy above 700 nm, since this is the - 3 db cut-off point of 'Present address: 7338 Walling Lane, Dallas, TX 75231 Address reprint requests to the USAF Dental Investigation Service, the filter. The ratio of infra-red to visible energy can thus be Introduction. USAF SAM/NGD, Brooks AFB, Texas 78235. calculated. If r is the ratio of filtered light energy to unfiltered This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an light energy, then the ratio of infra-red to visible energy is: agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States 0.8 - r Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor k= any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes r any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any The integrated visible radiance was determined by use of the information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents results of the spectroradiometric measurements from 370 to that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, 700 nm. Multiplying this by k yields the total integrated infra- red radiance. This result was used for hazard calculations re- Recently, several articles have mentioned the potential for ret- trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United quiring infra-red measurements, assuming a mean weighting States Government or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. factor of 0.5. The spectral radiance profiles of each light were The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily weighted according to the potential of its component wave- state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency, lengths to produce retinal damage, by use of the American inal damage from the light emitted by visible-light photopoly- contractor, or subcontractor thereof. Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Downloaded from http://jdr.sagepub.com by David Lafuente on June 10, 2009 731

Fotocurado Dental

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