The Overlooked Head Injury

Roger N. Braden, Esq., R.N.Chairman of Annual Northern Kentucky Traumatic Brain Injury Conference Sutton Rankin Law, PLC 130 Dudley Road, Suite 250 Edgewood, KY 41017 rbraden@suttonrankinlaw.com www.kybraininjuryattorney.com

What is the Brain?

Centers for Disease Control andPrevention Dept. of Health and Human Services Children’s Health Act of 2000

Centers for Disease ControlBrain Injuries in the U.S.An estimated 1.5 million people sustain a TBI annually.(2001)5.3 Million currently living in the U.S. with TBI

Brain Injuries in the U.S. 2 million seen annually in ER for TBI – 25% admitted (2005) A TBI occurs every 7 seconds A TBI related death occurs every 5 minutes 200,000 people are killed or injured annually 80,000 Americans experience onset of long-term disability from TBI 50,000+ die annually from TBI 75% are mild TBI

Brain Injuries in Ohio Ohio does not currently have a TBI tracking system in place Estimated 118,760 live with residual effects of TBI 7,300+ hospitalized annually 142% increase in sports/recreation related TBIs over a 7 year period in 18 and younger March 2011 – House Bill 143

Brain Injuries in Kentucky Approximately 212,000 to 250,000 Kentuckians live with TBI Kentucky’s TBI rate is twice the national average 1 in 5 households affected by TBI #1 killer based on population

Brain Injuries in Indiana Over 150,000 living with TBI 6,100 injuries occur annually

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Progressive degenerative disease found in individuals who have been subjected to multiple concussions and other forms of head injury  Dementia pugilistica (boxing)  Degeneration of tissue and accumulation of tau protein  Memory loss, aggression, confusion and depression - within months to decades later Chris Henry – July 2010

ABI vs. TBI Acquired Brain Injury  Sustained during one’s lifetime  Includes stroke, trauma or tumor  Excludes neuro-degenerative disorders and brain injuries sustained at birth Traumatic Brain Injury  Caused by external force  Can involve damage to scalp and skull  Falls, accidents, violence

Shaken Baby Syndrome(Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma) Form of child abuse Generally diagnosed from a triad of symptoms:  Retina hemorrhage  Subdural hematoma  Brain swelling In majority of cases - no signs of external trauma Estimated death rates in infants - 15% to 38% Usual mechanism of injury - rotational acceleration of the head

Shaken Baby Syndrome From 2001 - 2005: 8-10 children in Ohio died each year 150 children are seriously injured Ohio - Claire’s Law - ORC 3701.63, 11/30/2007 OHIO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SHAKEN BABY SYNDROME PROGRAM 246 N. HIGH STREET COLUMBUS, OHIO 614-728-0773 FAX: 614-564-2442 Sbs@odh.ohio.gov

Shaken Baby Syndrome Kentucky  HB 285 (May 27, 2010) NationallySarah Jane Brain Foundation 339 Fifth Avenue, Suite 405 New York, NY 10016 (212) 576-1180patrick@TheBrainProject.org

Military/Veterans U.S. MILITARY CASUALTY STATISTICS: OPERATION NEW DAWN, OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM, AND OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM, Congressional Research Service, September 28, 2010 TBI signature injury for Iraq and Afghanistan wars TBI cases in military from 2000 to part of 2010 - 178,876 300,000 have suffered concussions

Age GroupsAge groups most likely to sustain a TBI: - Children 0-4 years - Adolescents 15-19 years - Adults 65 years and olderMales twice as likely as females to have TBIMales 15 to 24 have highest rate of TBI

Injury Categories Motor vehicle accidents - 44% Falls – 26%  #1 cause of TBI in ages 1-4 and 65 and over Assaults and firearms - 17% Sports and recreation - 13%

Prison Statistics More than 2,000,000 people in U.S. prisons and jails 25-87% of prisoners have history of TBI TBI experience mental health problems Female inmates convicted of a violent crime are more likely to have suffered TBI prior to committing crime

Disability/Medical Costs $73.7 billion in 2010 for stroke-related medical costs and disability $60.0 billion in 2000 for medical and disability-related costs for TBI

Types of Brain Injuries Severe traumatic brain injury  GCS score 3-8  Rancho los Amigos scale Think life care planner!

Types of Brain Injuries Moderate Brain Injury  Length of stay at least 48 hours  GCS score 9-12 or higher  Operative cranial lesion  Abnormal findings Think life care planner!

Types of Brain Injuries Mild Brain injury  An injury to the head as a result of blunt trauma or acceleration or deceleration forces that result in one or more of the following conditions that are observed or self-reported:  Transient confusion, disorientation, or impaired consciousness;  Dysfunction of memory around the time of injury;  Loss of consciousness lasting less than 30 seconds

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury TBI - “The Silent epidemic” Accounts for at least 75% of all TBIs in the U.S. Can cause long-term or permanent impairments and disabilities Difficulty returning to work to routine, daily activities and may be unable to return to work for many weeks or months Costs the nation nearly $17 billion annually

Post Concussive Syndrome Misleading Affected individuals need not have suffered a loss of consciousness No criteria in the etiology of post concussive syndrome

Polytrauma/Disease Multiple trauma Psychological processes/illness Behavior risk factors Pre-existing conditions

From Bone to Brain Skull – upper / lower Cerebrospinal fluid – maintains uniform pressure within brain and spinal cord Meninges  Arachnoid  Dura mater  Pia mater

From Bone to Brain Subdural Hematoma  Under dia mater of between dura mater and arachnoid Epidural Hematoma  Outside dura mater Subarachnoid Hemorrhage  Under arachnoid Cerebro-vascular  Involves cerebrum and blood vessels supplying it

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Frontal lobe  Planning, organizing, problem solving, selective attention, personality and “higher cognitive functions” including behavior and emotions

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Parietal Lobe (2)  Controls sensation, touch, pressure, judgment of texture, weight, size, shape  Right side damage may cause visuo-spatial deficits  Left side damage may interrupt person’s ability to understand spoken/written language

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Temporal lobe (2)  Distinguishes different smells and sounds; sorts new information; major role in short-term memory  Right side injury may cause issues with visual memory (people, photographs)  Left side injury may case issues with verbal memory (recalling names, certain words, phrases)

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Occipital lobe  Process visual information, colors, shapes

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Cerebellum  Coordinates movement, balance and muscle coordination  Damage may result in ataxia and can interfere with a person’s ability to walk, talk, eat and perform self care tasks

Knowing the Brain’s Anatomy Brain stem  Connects brain to spinal cord  Neurological functions include those necessary for survival (breathing, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure) and for arousal (awake and alert)  Most cranial nerves come from the brainstem  Pathway for all fiber tracts passing up and down from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the highest part of the brain

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Neurons - cells that constitute nerve tissue; Have the property of transmitting and receiving nerve impulses Dendrites - branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell Glial cells - does not conduct electrical impulses, but supports them and insulates neurons

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Forebrain  Anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing vertebrae brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain including the cerebral hemisphere and the thalamus and hypothalamus

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Midbrain  Middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing vertebrae brain; or  Corresponding part of the adult brain that includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing corpora quadrigemina and surrounds the aqueduct of sylvius connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Hindbrain  posterior division of the three primary divisions of the developing vertebrae brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain that includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Thalamus  serves as a relay station to and from the cerebral cortex, and functioning especially sensation and arousal

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Hypothalamus  Temperature control issues, edema, vomiting, nausea, irritability, psychiatric problems, rage, laughing, crying, excessive sexuality, antisocial behavior, hallucinations, coma, somnolence, excessive salivation, bradycardia

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Pituitary gland  regulates the many hormones that control various functions and organs in the body  Controlled by hypothalamus

Knowing the Brain’s Physiology Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)  Responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress - corticosteroids-cortisol- catecholamines-epinephrine.

History CDC – Many healthcare providers fail to recognize the potential impact of mild TBI No physical injury Facial injury – increases suspicion of head/brain injury X-ray/MRI/CT normal Delay in treatment Didn’t hit head, wasn’t unconscious

Rehabilitation Critical care / stabilization Acute care Acute rehabilitation Sub-acute rehabilitation Long term / Post acute rehabilitation Specialized rehabilitation Continuing support

Glasgow Coma ScaleInvolves three determinants: - Eye opening - Verbal responses - Motor response (movement)

Glasgow Coma ScaleScoring Score 13 – 15 Mild brain injury Score 9 – 12 Moderate brain injury Score 8 or less Severe Brain injury

Other Scales Rancho Los Amigos scale Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory

Imaging X-ray CT MRI fMRI EEG PET scan SPECT scan MMPI

Testing Neuropsychological Testing Blood Tests Ultrasound Thermography Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Electronystagmography (ENG)

Testing Evoked potentials (a/k/a evoke responses)  Auditory evoked potentials  Visual evoked potentials Intrathecal contrast –enhanced CT scans (cisternogrphy) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Fractional anistrophy (FA) QEEG brain topography

Testing Quantitative EEG Cerebral Angiography Transcranial doppler ultrasound

Help! I need somebody…..Brain Injury Association of Brain Injury Association ofAmerica Ohio(703) 761-0750 (614) 481-7100www.biausa.org www.biaoh.orgBrain Injury Association of Brain Injury Alliance ofIndiana Kentucky(317) 356-7722 (502) 493-0609www.biausa.org/indiana www.biak.us

The Overlooked Head Injury

by Julie Fronk on Nov 21, 2011

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The Overlooked Head Injury — Presentation Transcript