Psychiatric Disorders: History. Classification. Prevalence. Comorbidity. Epidemiology.

Definition of psychiatric disorder History. Classification. Prevalence. Comorbidity. Epidemiology.

Definition DSM criteria of abnormal behavior: “ behavior is considered as abnormal if it is A statistically rare, deviates from society's unwritten rules (norms), it is counter-productive to theindividual and affectsindividual'smental well-being”  Statistically rare behavior  Statistically rare behavior  Statistically rare behavior  Deviates from the norm  Deviates from the norm  Deviates from the norm  It's counter-productive  It's counter productive  It's counter productive  Affects the mental well-being  Affects the mental well-being  Affects the mental well-being Normal Abnormal Normal

Definition DSM criteria of abnormal behavior: “ behavior is considered as abnormal if it is A statistically rare, deviates from society's unwritten rules (norms), it is counter-productive to theindividual and affectsindividual'smental well-being” Neuroscience: “ Mental disordersarea diversegroup of brain disordersthat primarily affect emotion, higher cognition and executivefunction” Philosopher: “There is no such thing as mental illness in any culture, and that there could not be, because the very notion of mental illness is based on a fundamental mistake or set of mistakes.” Wikipedia: “ Mental disorder or mental illness are terms used to refer to a psychological or physiological pattern that occurs in an individual and is usually associated with distress or disability that isnot expected aspart of normal development or culture”

Diagnostic Systems Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Last Version: IV-TR Covers only Mental Disorders International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Publisher: World Health Organization Last Version: 10 Covers all medical diagnosis (chapter 5: mental disorders)

ICD-10 [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems] International Classification System. Coding of all kind of diseases and mental disorders. 22 Categories Examples:  Certain infectious and parasitic diseases  Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism  Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases  Mental and behavioural disorders  Diseases of the nervous system  Diseases of the eye and adnexa  Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

DSM Categorical classification system  Mood disorders  Factitious disorders 16 Main Categories:  Impulse-control  Anxiety disorders  Disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, disorders not childhood, or adolescence  Somatoform disorders elsewhere classified  Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other  Sleep Disorders  Adjustment disorders cognitive disorders  Dissociative disorders  Mental disorders due to a general medical  Sexual and gender identity condition not elsewhere classified disorder  Substance-related disorders  Eating disorders  Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders  Personality disorders Example: Major Depressive Episode. 5 or more of these symptoms / 2 weeks: • Depressed mood most of the day • Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all • Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain • Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day • Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day • Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt nearly every day • Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day • Recurrent thoughts of death

Diagnostic Systems DSM Example  Multi-axial system − Axis I: Clinical, developmental and learning disorders − Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation Axis I: Major Depressive Disorder − Axis III: Medical conditions and physical disorders. Axis II: None − Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental factors Axis III: Cancer contributing to the disorder Axis IV: His mother died 2 weeks − Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (on a scale ago from 100 to 0) Axis V: 80%

The Timeline... DSM-V is expected. Ideally it will include International International Statistical experimental criterion Classification of Classification of sets aiming at Causes of Death Diseases, Injuries and incorporating new adopted in Paris. Causes of Death (v.6). DSM-II. No DSM-IV. genetic and Little mention of Contains a whole major Conservative neurobiological Mental Disorders section for mental differences to Revision of findings disorders. the DSM-I DSM-III 1893 1918 1948 1952 1968 1980 1994 2000 2011 Statistical Manual First DSM. Focused for the use of DSM-III. Use on diagnosis. Brief DSM-IV-TR. Institutions for the of field-tested descriptions of each Text is Insane. 22 criteria to disorder. Influenced revised, but categories, mainly achieve from psychoanalytic the diagnostic referred to the reliability. No thinking criteria are somatic causes of theories of not behavioral disorders aetiology

Criticism of DSM Use of categories  DSM uses categories, but drugs do not respect the boundaries of the disorders.  Many disorders are better conceptualized as dimensional traits. Normal Abnormal/ Mental Disorder  Different levels of symptoms. More or less severe cases.  “Not Otherwise Specified”category is used very often! Co-morbidity Alarge fraction of patients qualifies for multiple diagnoses. Possible explanations: Shared genetic risk factors Errors in splitting symptoms between different disorders

Mental Disorders and Neuroscience Need for integration of Neuroscience into DSM-V  Arbitrary boundaries between mental and neurological disorders.  Overlapping practice patterns between neurology and psychiatry.  Use of neurological techniques in order to treat mental disorders (e.g. deep brain stimulation)  Both treat higher brain functions (e.g. autism, Alzheimer's disease, ADHD)  Biological basis of many mental disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)  Need to build a new dimensional diagnostic system.  Ultimate goal: a diagnostic classification system for mental disorders based not only on symptomatology but also on aetiology and pathophysiology of the disorders.

How can Neuroscience help? Neurogenetics  Significant influence of genes (twin studies/ adoption studies etc) Many studies tried to identify the role of genetic factors in development of disorders.  Interaction between multiple genetic factors that cause a common symptom in different mental disorders (e.g. gene catechol-O-methyltransferase => metabolism of neurotransmitters like dopamine=> schizophrenia-like symptoms)  Newtechnologies will provide complete information about the exact genetic factors

How can Neuroscience help? Neuroimaging  Anatomical abnormalities (e.g. less gray matter in schizophrenics) Future diagnostic classifications  Contribution to experimental therapies a. Localization of abnormal activations b. Direct therapy in these brain regions (e.g. Experimental treatment of depression with stimulation of cingulate cortex)

How can Neuroscience help? Example: Phenylketonuria [1 in 15,000 births] autosomal recessive genetic disorder →deficiency in the PAH enzyme Discovery of phenylketones in urine of some mentally retarded individuals  Anatomical differences (brain size ~80%of normal)  1950: More specific reports  White matter abnormalities (spongy change)  Pallor of myelin staining  Demyelination  Demyalination is caused after the birth  More accurate detection of PKU  Dietary Therapy (lowin phenylalanine)  Today: Animal Models

Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Europe Prevalence rates of mental disorders in 6 E.U. Countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain Lifetime Prevalence Total Males Females Any Mental Disorder 25,00% 21.8% 28.1% Any Mood Disorder 14,00% 9.5% 18.2% Any Anxiety Disorder 13.6% 9.5% 17.5% Any Alcohol Disorder 5.2% 9.3% 1.4% Total Males Females Major Depression 12.8% 8.9% 16.5% Dysthymia 4.1% 2.6% 5.6% GAD 2.8% 2.0% 3.6% Social Phobia 2.4% 1.9% 2.9% Specific Phobia 7.7% 4.9% 10.3% PTSD 1.9% 0.9% 2.9% Agoraphobia 0.9% 0.6% 1.1% Panic Disorder 2.1% 1.6% 2.5% Alcohol Abuse 4.1% 7.4% 1.0% Alcohol Dependence 1.1% 1.8% 0.4% ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators

Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Europe Prevalence rates of mental disorders in 6 E.U. Countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain 12-month Prevalence Declining rates with age Age Group 18-24 13.7% 25-34 11.2% 35-49 9.6% 50-64 9.8% >65 5.8% Higher rates for unmarried/ divorced Marital Status Married 8.7% Previously married 10.9% Never married 11.8% ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators

Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Europe Prevalence rates of mental disorders in 6 E.U. Countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain 12-month Prevalence Higher rates for higher education levels Education Any Mental Disorder Any Alcohol Disorder 0-4 Years 8.9% 0.2% 5-8 Years 7.0% 0.5% 9-12 Years 9.1% 0.9% >13 Years 9.0% 1.2% Higher rates in urban areas Urbanicity Rural 8.6% Mid-size urban 9.9% Large Urban 10.5% ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators

Prevalence of major psychiatric disorders Example: Depression  Depression ranks 5th across women and 7th across men as a cause of morbidity (World Bank, 1993)  WHO: in 2020 depression will be the second most important cause of disability.  The cultural background is likely to determine whether depression will be experienced and expressed in psychological and emotional terms or in physical terms. Bhugra & Mastrogianni, 2004

Prevalence of major psychiatric disorders Example: Depression  WHO, 1996: 10.4%received a “current depressive episode” diagnosis  Co-morbidity: Depression, Anxiety, Alcohol Misuse or Dependence, Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Differences in prevalence across cultures/ countries i. Different levels of awareness and recognition ii. Popular perceptions about the role of doctor in each country iii. Different pathways to health system (i.e. medical care must be paid in Nigeria) iv. Social stigma v. Methodological Issues (lack of appropriate instruments) Bhugra & Mastrogianni, 2004

Prevalence of major psychiatric disorders Example: Depression – Ethnic Minorities  USA  No differences between African Americans and White Americans (when demographic, sociocultural and socio-economic factors are controlled)  Puerto Ricans: higher depression rates  Asian Americans: lower prevalence of depression  UK  In general, higher prevalence rates of depression on minority groups  African-Caribbean women: higher prevalence of depression  Punjabis: more depressive ideas Bhugra & Mastrogianni, 2004

Prevalence of major psychiatric disorders Example: Depression – Diagnosis  Depression is under-recognized throughout the world. Primary care physicians detect only 50%of the cases  UK  Asians: visit their practitioner more frequently, but is less likely to have their psychological difficulties identified (complaints about somatic symptoms)  Indian women: 17%recognition  USA  Physicians are less likely to detect depression among African American and Hispanic patients  Australia  Asians: lower rate of diagnosis (similar rate of self-reported symptoms)

Prevalence of major psychiatric disorders Example: Depression – Diagnosis

Summary Two main categorical systems:  DSM (mental disorders)  ICD (diseases and mental disorders) Need for integration of Neuroscience in the future versions of these categorical systems  Diagnosis  Treatment  Future Studying Prevalence & Epidemiology  450 million people suffer from mental disorders  Most common: mood disorders  More women than men  Development during youth  Urban Areas > Rural Areas  Different rates around the world  Social factors (culture, language, minorities etc)

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Psychiatric Disorders: History. Classification. Prevalence. Comorbidity. Epidemiology.

by Dimitris Agorastos on Oct 22, 2008

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Psychiatric Disorders: History. Classification. Prevalence. Comorbidity. Epidemiology. — Presentation Transcript