First Aid
Training

aims of first aid
Preserve Life
Prevent Worsening
Promote Recovery

the airway

emergency action plan
DANGER?
Make sure it is safe for
YES
you to give help.
Remove
NO
Danger
Response?
History YES Make the scene safe.
Shout and gently shake or
Find out what has happened. Do not take risks.
tap the casualty.
NO
Help!
Signs and Symptoms Shout for help, but don’t
How does the patient feel or look?
leave the casualty yet.
Try to work out what’s wrong.
Airway
Treatment
Open the airway by
Remember – If you’re not sure, always seek
tilting the head back
professional medical advice.
and lifting the chin.
Normal Secondary Survey
Breathing? YES Check for bleeding, injuries and clues
(see your first aid book).
Look, listen and feel
for no more than 10
seconds.
Recovery Position
If you’re not sure if
breathing is normal, treat it
Recovery Position (see book).
as though it is not.
Dial 999 if not already done.
NO Monitor Airway and Breathing.
Keep the casualty Warm.
Dial 999
Now
(If not already done)
Resuscitation
 Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths.
 Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths.
30 to 2  Only stop to recheck the patient if they start breathing normally
– otherwise do not interrupt resuscitation.
 If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 2 minutes
to prevent fatigue.

priorities of treatment
Primary Survey
A B
Airway Breathing
Secondary Survey
B
Bleeding (or burns)
B
Bones

resuscitation
D anger
R esponse
A irway
B reathing

Causes of unconsciousness
F ainting
I mbalance of heat
Shock
H ead Injury
Stroke
Heart Attack
A sphyxia
Poisoning
E pilepsy
Diabetes

levels of consciousness
A lert
Confused
V oice Inappropriate words
Utters sounds
No verbal response
P ain Localises pain
Responds only
U nresponsive

secondary survey
Primary Survey First! – D.R.A.B.
Bleeding or Burns
Head and Neck
Shoulders and Chest
Abdomen and Pelvis
Legs and Arms
Pockets and Clues
Recovery Position

head injuries
Compression
Concussion
Unconsciousness for a short Could have a history of
period, followed by an recent head injury with
increase in levels of apparent recovery, but then
response and recovery. deteriorates
Short term memory loss Levels of response become
worse as condition develops
(particularly of the incident).
Confusion, irritability.
Mild, general headache. Intense headache.
Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin.
Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing.
(Pressure on the respiratory
control area of the brain)
Rapid, weak pulse. Slow, strong pulse.
(Blood diverts away from the (Caused by raised blood
extremities) pressure)
Normal pupils, reacting to One or both pupils dilate as
light. pressure increases on the
brain.
Possible nausea or vomiting Condition becomes worse.
on recovery. Fits may occur. No recovery.

compression

pupils

pupils

pupils

the respiratory system

the respiratory system
Alveoli

collapsed lung

hypoxia – the causes
External Suffocation,Drowning,
High Altitude
Tongue, Vomit, Choking,
Airway
Strangulation, Hanging, Burns,
Anaphylaxis, Disease.
Breathing Crushing, Collapsed Lung, Chest
Injury, Poisons, Asthma, Disease,
Illness.
Heart Attack, Angina, Bleeding,
Circulation
Poisons, Anaemia.
Stroke, Head Injury, Drug
Control
Overdose/Poisons, Spinal Injury,
Centre
Electric Shock.

hypoxia – signs and symptoms
Pale, Cold, Clammy / Cyanosis
Nausea / Vomiting
Increase In Pulse Rate
Weak Pulse
Increase in Breathing Rate /
Short of Breath
Dizziness / Confusion
Lowered Levels of Response

the circulatory system

the heart – blood flow
To the
From
Body
the
Body
To the
Lungs
From
the
Lungs
Left
Atrium
Right
Atrium
Right Left
Ventricle Ventricle

the heart

a typical heart attack

electrical impulses of the heart

Shock –normal circulation

Hypovolaemic Shock

cardiogenic shock

fainting
Handbrake!!

anaphylactic shock

anaphylaxis
Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.

types of wound
C ontusion
A brasion
L aceration
I ncision
P uncture
G un Shot
A mputation
D egloved

fractured wrist

eye / face laceration

finger laceration

Fingertip amputation

puncture wound

blood loss
Dilate
Blood
Vessels
Constrict
140
Heart 120
Rate
100
80
Blood
Pressure
10% 20% 30% 40%
Blood Loss

treatment of bleeding
S it or Lay
E xamine
E levate
P ressure

severity of burns
S ize
C ause
A ge
L ocation
Depth

burns – estimating the area

laceration

dislocated kneecap

burns

burns treatment
1 COOL!
2 REMOVE
3 DRESS

the skeleton

the spine
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Fused
Sacral

types of fracture
Closed
Open
Complicated
Green Stick

types of wound
P ain
L oss of power
U natural movement
S welling or bruising
Deformity
I rregularity
C repitus
T enderness

open fracture

open fracture
Note the poor aseptic technique!

open fractured wrist

sprains and strains
R est
Ice
C ompression
E levation

body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

body temperature
0F 0C
109.4 43
Unconsciousness / fitting.
Heat 107.6 42 Confused / restless.
Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.
105.8 41
Stroke Strong bounding pulse.
104 40 Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.
Heat Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.
102.2 39
Pale sweaty skin.
Exhaustion 100.4 38 Nausea / loss of appetite.
98.6 37 Normal Body Temperature
Normal
96.8 36
95 35 Shivering
Mild 34 Fatigue, Slurred speech
93.2
Confusion, forgetfulness
Hypothermia 91.4 33
Shivering stops, muscle rigidity
89.6 32 Very slow, very weak pulse
31 Noticeable drowsiness
87.8
30 Severe reduction in response levels
86
Unconsciousness
84.2 29 Dilated pupils
Severe 82.4 28 Pulse undetectable
Hypothermia 80.6 27 Appearance of death
78.8 26
77 25
Death
75.2 24

the digestive system

diabetes
High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar
Slow Fast
Onset
Levels of
Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly
response
Pale, cold, sweaty
Skin Dry and Warm
Deep sighing
Breathing Shallow and rapid
breaths
Rapid
Pulse Rapid
Excessive urination
Other
May be confused
Very thirsty
symptoms
for drunkenness
Hunger
Fruity smell on breath

moving and handling
An average adult weighs 60 to 70kg!
For most women, reduce weight by one third
Reduce weight by 10% for twisting 45o
Reduce weight by 20% for twisting 90 o
Assumptions:
The load is grasped in both hands.
The handler is in a stable body position
The lift takes place in reasonable working conditions

moving and handling
Chin up as Keep your
you lift back upright
Bend with
your knees
not your
back
Keep the
Feet apart to
load as close
give you
to your body
balance
as possible