laporan praktikum

1. RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Basic Biology practicum with title ’’The Iinfluence of
Temperature to organism activity’’ that arranged by :
Name
: Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum
ID
: 1114040162
Group
: III (Three)
Class
: ICP A
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was
accepted
Makassar, December 2011
Assistant Coordinator ,
Assistant,
Djumarirmanto,S.Pd.
Firdaus
ID.091404183

2. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Temperature is one factor that important for living thing, temperature
can make human die, if human can not do adaptation in enviroment, and
temperature also influence chemical reaction in the body, example if we live
in cold temperature, we always ever be urinate that was caused chemical
reaction in the body very slow, because cold temperature trouble reaction, so
also in hot temperature we always fell heat and get sweat because chemical
reaction in hot temperature work very fast or actively.
Temperature in this world always changed, and also influence
bounding oxygen, because always changed, therefore organism must have
adaptation characteristic in a new environmentally or acclimatization, if can
not adaptation in environment, and it move to place have different
temperature from the first place it can die, not only animal but all living thing
that live in the world, because temperature in different place also different,
like in mountain region, very cold and usually descend rain, and different with
beach region usually make skin brown because very heat, I don’t know why,
maybe in mountain region have many tree, meanwhile in beach region don’t
have many tree.
This practicum is done to prove warm temperature and cold
temperature influence chemical reaction in body or not, so to known about
temperature we use Cyprinus carpio and contain in warm water and see
movement operculum, then entered in fresh water and added ice cubes, then
fresh water as control for known usually, and after practicum we can know if
attempt that we do correspond to theory or not, because usually after done
practicum the result unegual with theory.

3. B. Purpose
The purpose of practicum is the students can compare the speed of used
oxygen by organisms in the different temperature.
C. Benefit
1.
To the student: known about speed of used oxygen by organisms in the
different temperature and the factor which influence the different speed of
used oxygen by organisms.
2.
To the society: can add knowledge about temperature that agree if they
will maintain fish in aquarium
3.
To the environment: maintain animal are not destroyed

4. CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one of them enviroment physical factor that appear, easily
measured and very diverse, temperature has an important in the regulating biological
activity of organism, both animal or plant. This was mainly due to temperature affects
the speed of chemical reactions in the body and determine metabolic activity,
example respiration. As metter same with other factor, temperature have time
tolerated of organism, this problem is described in the study of ecology “law of
shelford tolerance”, with relatively simple tools, experiment on influence of
respiration activity of the organism is not difficult (Tim Pengajar, 2011).
One of the clearest example of homeostasis in animals is seen in the birds and
mammals with regard to the regulation of body temperature. You will recall that only
these animals are warm-blooded. The homeostatic mechanism involved is a
temperature regulating center located in the hypothalamus of the brain. It is small
mass of nerve cells which connect with effectors at surface of the body, and it is
axtremely sensitive to changes in temperature. In man for example, it responds
differently to temperatures above and below about 98,6 degrees Fahrenheit. Let us
suppose that aroom where the temperature is 100 degrees. As soon as body
temperature increases, the temperature regulating center sends nervous impulses to
the sweat glands of the skin, causing them to secrete moisture to the outer surface of
the body (Slate, 1974).
Animals can have either a variable or a constant body temperature. An animal
whose body temperature varies with its environment is called a poikilotherm (from
the Greek poikilos, varied). In contrast, a homeotherm has a relatively constant body
temperature. For example, the largemouth bass is a poikilotherm, and the river otter
isa homeotherm. From the descriptions of ectotherms and endotherms, it might seem
that all ectotherms are poikilothermic and all endotherms are homeothermic.

5. Actually, there is no fixed relationship between the source of heat and the stability of
body temperature. For example, many ectothermic marine fishes and invertebrates
inhabit waters with such stable temperatures that their body temperature varies less
than that ofen dot herms such as humans and other mammals. Conversely, the body
temperature of a few endotherms varies considerably. For example, bats and
humming birds may periodically enter an inactive state in which they maintain a
lower body temperature. It is a common misconception that ectotherms are
"coldblooded and endotherms are "warm-blooded” Ectotherms do not necessarily
have low body temperatures. In fact, when sitting in the sun, many ectothermic
lizards have higher body temperatures than mammals. Thus, the terms cold-blooded
and warm-blooded are misleading and have been dropped from the scientific
vocabulary (Champbell, 2008).
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the
common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various
degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot. Heat spontaneously
flows from bodies of a higher temperature to bodies of lower temperature. No net
heat will be exchanged between bodies of the same temperature; such bodies are said
to be in "thermal equilibrium". The temperature of a substance varies with the
microscopic speed of the fundamental particles that it contains, raised to the second
power; that is, it is proportional to the mean kinetic energy of its particles. However
any increase in temperature upon receiving external kinetic energy as heat is also
inversely proportional to heat capacity. Temperature can be thought of as the
"concentration" of kinetic energy relative to its heat capacity. A higher heat capacity
implies a higher entropy in which to "spread out" the kinetic energy. A hot object
must at least either have a smaller heat capacity or a larger kinetic energy than a cold
object. Quantitatively, temperature is measured with thermometers, which may be
calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. Many physical properties of materials
including the phase (solid, liquid, gaseous or plasma), density, solubility, vapor
pressure, and electrical conductivity depend on the temperature. Temperature also

6. plays an important role in determining the rate and extent to which chemical reactions
occur. This is one reason why the human body has several elaborate mechanisms for
maintaining the temperature at 310 K, since temperatures only a few degrees higher
can result in harmful reactions with serious consequences. Temperature also
determines the thermal radiation emitted from a surface. One application of this effect
is the incandescent light bulb, in which a tungsten filament is electrically heated to a
temperature at which significant quantities of visible light are emitted (Anon., 2011).
Movement of water air is another feature of the physical environment. All
these factors ramify and interlock, both in water and in air movement helps to
determine the distribution of temperature, and air movement is a crucial element for
rainfall. Winds and currents also influence organisms more directly in many ways.
Innumerable land plants, among them the conifers and many grasses, are wind
pollinated. The animals in swift-flowing streams can remain there only by anchoring
themselves somehow or by making headway against the current. Most animals in
following fresh water have eggs that sink to the bottom, below the current, although
many marine animals have floating, drifting eggs (Simpson, 1965).
The mutation showed a five fold increase for a 100C rise in temperature when
reaction was made for the shortened life span at the higher temperature. Temperature
coefficient (Q10) for most developmental processes or chemical reactions is the order
of 2 or 3, so the temperature coefficient forations is somewhat higher. It has also been
found that temperature shocks (exposing organisms to sublethal but abnormally high
or low temperatures for limited periods) mutation rates. Although temperature has
been shown to influence spontaneous mutation reateses, it has been found that over a
wide range of temperatures (100C to 500C in barley and 80C to 340C drosophila) there
is no effect of temperature on X-ray-induced mutation rates. This fact, when
considered in relation to the effect of temperature alone on mutation rates, suggest a
difference in the way in which their effects are produced (Merrell, 1975).

7. CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / Date
: Monday/December 12th 2011
Time
: at 10.50 A.M until 12.30 P.M
Place
: Biology laboratory 3rd floor at FMIPA UNM
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools
a. Thermometer
b. Stopwatch
c. Beaker glass 1000 ml and 50 ml or toples
2. Material
a. Cyprinus carpio
b. Ice cubes
c. Fresh water
d. Warm water
C. Work produce
1.
Entered 2 Cyprinus carpio into becker glass contained fres water and
aclimatisation

8. 2.
Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (A) that contained
fresh water and ice cubes water (150C), and counted and write the
frequency of the movement operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.
3.
Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (B) that contained
fresh water (280C), and counted and write the frequency of the movement
operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.
4.
Took 1 Cyprinus carpio and entered into becker glass (C) that contained
warm water (400C), and counted and write the frequency of the movement
operculum every 1 minutes during 5 minutes.
Fresh water (control)
280C
Warm water
400C
5. Wrote the result observation in the table.
Cold water
150C

9. CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
Becker Temperature
Time (Minute)
Average
1
2
3
4
5
A
150C – 120C
92
90
54
46
40
64
B
280C – 280C
103
92
61
55
49
72
C
400C – 390C
50
33
23
21
21
29
B. Data analysis
Graph of movement operculum at Cyprinus carpio
Graph of movement operculum at Cyprinus carpio
110
1, 103
100
movement operculum
1.
90
Beaker A
Beaker B
Beaker C
2, 92
2, 90
1, 92
80
70
3, 61
60
50
4, 55
3, 54
1, 50
5, 49
4, 46
40
5, 40
2, 33
30
3, 23
20
0
1
2
3
time (minute)
4, 21
4
5, 21
5
6

10. 2.
The analysis from result to find average than use formula
V=
a. Becker glass A
b. Becker glass B
c. Becker glass C
C. Discussion
The first experiment we take Cyprinus carpioand fill in cold water
have temperature 150C, see movement operculum up to five minute each one
minute, and first minute it is 92, second minute it is 90, third minute it is 54,
fourth minute it is 46, and fifth minutes is 40, and finally we checked
temperature and changed as 120C. Second experiment we take Cyprinus
carpio and fill in fresh water or fish water of aqurium have temperature 280C,
see movement operculum up to five minute each one minute, and first minute
it is 103, second minute it is 92, third minute it is 61, fourth minute it is 55,
and fifth minutes is 49 finally we checked temperature and changed as 280C,
and third experiment we take Cyprinus carpioand fill in warm water have
temperature 400C, see movement operculum up to five minute each one
minute, and first minute it is 50, second minute it is 33, third minute it is 23,
fourth minute it is 21, and fifth minutes is 21, and finally we checked
temperature and changed as 390C. and on this attempt we can see, operculum
move on fresh water more a lot of and than cold water and the latest is warm
water, reverse equal with cognitive, suppose faster warm water and cold water
slows, that water high temperature therefore movement operculum frequency

11. also getting quick and if water temperature low therefore operculum
movement frequency will slow too, because oxygen content on water that
high temperature is less so to get oxygen Cyprinus carpio open and close
operculum, different with cold water done less movement operculum, but in
fresh water normal because temperature in the body same with environment.

12. CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After done practicum, we can compare the speed of used oxygen by
organisms in the different temperature, and according to the result we find
movement operculum in fresh water faster and warm water is slow, different
with the theory , in warm water movement operculum faster, cold water slow
and fresh water normal.
B. Suggestion
1. Suggestion for laboratory
I hope for next practicum tools and materials that need for practicum must
complete and better in order practicum is success.
2. Suggestion for Assistant
I hope assistant could give attention for practican about different water
3. Suggestion for the all friends
I hope all practican be carefull, and if take tools you must slow.

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anon., 2011. Temperature. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature. Accessed
at
December 16th 2011.
Champbell, Neil A, 2008. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Merrell, David J. 1975. An Introduction to Genetics. New York: Ww. Norton and
Company, inc
Simpson, George Gaylord. 1965. Life An Introduction to biology. New York:Harcourt
Slate, Audrey nelson. 1974. Principles of biology. New York: Harper and Row
Publisher
Tim Pengajar, 2011. Penuntun praktikum biologi dasar. Makassar: UNM

14. APPENDIX
1. Why happened to different movement frequency fish operculum at
different water temperature?
Because fish must done aclimatitation if find new place because
have different temperature in water and temperature determine
movement (open close) operculum.
2. What temperature in frequency have movement (open close)
operculum highest?
280C
3. What temperature in frequency have movement (open close)
operculum lowest?
400C
4. Why happened different movement (open close) frequency at fish
base according to water temperature?
Because happened different temperature in the body and extern
body, water high temperature (warm) therefore movement
operculum frequency also getting quick and if water low
temperature (cold) therefore operculum movement frequency will
slow too, because oxygen content on water that high temperature
is less so to get oxygen Cyprinus carpio open and close
operculum, different with cold water done less movement
operculum, but in fresh water normal because temperature in the
body same with environment.