1816-1874

2.  Juan Diaz de Solis (Solis)
 First European to set foot on Argentine soil in 1516
 BUT before Europeans:
 Population of about 100,000
 Settlements in the northwest that were a part of
Inca Empire
 ALSO nomadic Indians

3. 1536: First settlement of Buenos Aires by Mendoza who
was from Paraguay, but was destroyed by Indians
 1580: Buenos Aires founded by Spaniard, Garay
 Spain establishes a permanent colony here
 Spanish brings:
 the Spanish language
 Catholicism

4.  Created by Spain in 1776
 Spain’s attempt to expand their Spanish
empire
 Countries that made up the vice-royalty:
Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia.
 Buenos Aires: the capital
 During this time Buenos Aires became a
successful port
 1806: British invasion begins
 During this time in Europe = Napoleonic Wars
 British wanted to weaken Spain’s Empire
 So….take over their South American territory

5.  San Martin: Leader
of Argentina’s fight
 1.) Natives ended up for independence
fighting off British  July 9, 1816: Argentina
invasions on their own officially declares
 2.) Spanish king independence from Spain
captured by Napoleon  FIRST independent country
in Latin America
 So…May Revolution  But the independence of
begins in 1810 the United Provinces of the
Rio de la Plata was also
 May 25, 1810: declared
Argentina creates its
own independent
government
 Succeeding battle
against the royalists
was the Battle of
Tucuman in 1812

6.  Main political issue in early years of republic:
Unitarists (favor centralization) VS. Federalists

(demanding autonomy for the regions)
 Series of Civil Wars take place:
 Paraguay escapes Buenos Aires attempt to liberate it
 So then declare independence and fall under the rule of
dictator Francia
 Artigas leads Uruguay toward independence
 But Uruguay didn’t officially achieve independence
until 1828 with British mediation
 Bolivar helps Peru achieve independence in 1828
 Peru renamed Bolivia after its liberator

7.  United Provinces dissolve = Federalists
triumphed
 1821: Rivadavia appointed chief minister
 advocated educational, social, and economic reform
 Founded University of Buenos Aires
 abolished ecclesiastical fuero & the tithe, & suppressed some
monasteries
 Greatest progress: cattle raising
 1822: Rivadavia introduces Emphyteusis
 A program that distributes public lands through long-term
leases at fixed rentals
 Result: the creation of a new & powerful estanciero
class, which was the enemy of Rivadavia’s progressive
principles

8.  1825: Rivadavia proposes constitution
 1826: he was elected President
 War with Brazil (1825-1828) over Uruguay
 Later his agent signs peace treaty that recognized Uruguay
as a part of Brazilian Empire
 He denies the treaty, but too late
 Combination of public’s resentment over constitution and treaty =
Rivadavia’s downfall
 Who doesn’t like constitution?
 federalist caudillos because they feared that strong national government
would end their power
 so…they refuse to ratify constitution & even remove their delegates from
congress
 Estancieros didn’t like constitution because they didn’t wanted to lose
land privileges
 Basically rich people who didn’t want to lose power
 1827: He resigns as president & goes into exhile = liberal program
for achieving national unity failed

9.  Rosas becomes governor of Buenos Aires in
1829
 Rosas long reign = reversal of Rivadavia’s
policies
 People saw him as young, handsome, and a
popular do-gooder
 But later becomes powerful dictator

10. ARGENTINA 1831-1845

11. IMPORTANT EVENTS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD
-Mexico: Age of Santa Anna (1821-1855)
-The Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1834)
~Charles Darwin and Robert Fitzroy Río de la
Plata, Patagonia and Tierra Del Fuego
-The United States
~1830 the „Underground Railroad‟ is established
~1831 Nat Turner‟s Slave Revolt in Southampton
County, Virginia. (anti-literacy law)
~1835 Texas declares independence from Mexico
~ Presidents: John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson, Martin Van
Buren , William Harrison, John Tyler, and James K. Polk

12. FEDERAL PACT : JANUARY 4, 1831
 signed by: Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires,
Entre Rios, and Santa Fe.
 created a federal military alliance to go against the
Unitarians.
 Purpose: the federalist wanted to create a federation of
independent provinces
 The Unitarians were against this idea
 May 31, 1831 :Federalists vs. Paz and his troops
resulted in the Unitarians defeat. Provinces of the
Unitarian League eventually joining the Federal Pact
and the Argentine Confederation.

13. THE FALKLAND ISLANDS

14. THE DISPUTE AND LUIS VERNET
 The British, Spanish, and French all claim to
basically own these islands.
 Luis Vernet approached the British and asks if it‟s
ok to build a settlement where the Spanish
settlement of Puerto Soledad used to be. He asks
for protection of the settlement if the British every
wanted to have a permanent presence there. After
making an agreement with them he continually
provides them with reports.

15. LUIS VERNET AS GOVERNOR
 Luis Vernet is proclaimed governor of the islands in
1829. Britain is NOT ok with this.
 In 1831, Luis Vernet seized three American vessels
(Breakwater, Superior and Harriet) for hunting seals
in Falklands waters. He takes their seals and then
arrests them.
 He goes to trial with them for violating restrictions
on seal hunting. He is later expelled by the USS
Lexington and the island is declared free of all
government.

16. JUAN MANUEL DE ROSAS

17. BACKGROUND INFO
 born in Buenos Aires on March 30, 1793.
 born to one of the wealthiest families of Rio de
Plata
 He came from money, like Carranza. Carranza
became a presidential dictator and Rosas becomes
a dictator as well.
 His name used to be Ortiz de Rozas but he
changes it to just Rosas.
 He starts military career at age 15.

18. CONQUEST OF THE DESERT (1833)
 The purpose: to expand and secure the
farming lands from attacks.
 The attacks were called “malones” and
were done because the indigenous
people were poor
 Thousands of square kilometers were
gained by the end of the first conquest.
 The land was then distributed to
hacendados

19. THE SUPREME CHIEF OF THE
CONFEDERATION
 At first, Rosas was just the governor of the Buenos
Aires Province from 1829 until he resigns after his 3
year term is done
 He is elected the Supreme Chief of the
Confederation in 1839.He was the last person to
have this title.
 He gains control of the ENTIRE country
 He destroys the liberty of the press, dissolves
Congress, organizes a secret police and he continues
his rule until he is overthrown in1852
 Does this remind you of something? The signs of a
dictator: destroys people‟s freedoms, makes a group of
people who only answer to him and are loyal, and gets
rid of the existing people in congress.

20. 1845
 Bernardino Rivadavia, the first president of
the United Provinces of Argentine
(1826), died under exile in Spain.
 The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took
place on the waters of the Paraná River on
November 20, 1845, between the Argentine
Confederation, under the leadership of Juan
Manuel de Rosas, and an Anglo-French fleet.

21. 1846
 The Battle of Laguna Limpia, was part of the
Argentine Civil Wars. It happened in the
southwest of the Corrientes Province,
Argentina on February 4, 1846, when the
army under Entre Ríos Province governor
Justo José de Urquiza, defeated and
captured the commander of the advanced
columns of Corrientes' army, Juan
Madariaga.

22. 1847
• Camila O’Gorman, a wealthy socialite, and Fr.
Gutiérrez, a Jesuit priest, eloped on horseback
and found refuge in Corrientes Province, which
was then under the control of Benjamín
Virasoro, hostile to the regime of Juan Manuel
de Rosas. As the scandal broke, the supporters
of Rosas suggested that she had been
kidnapped. Rosas' exiled political
opponents, and future President Domingo
Faustino Sarmiento, declared that Rosas'
tyranny was responsible for the moral corruption
of Argentine womanhood.

23. 1848
 Camila O'Gorman and Ladislao Gutierrez are
executed on the orders of Argentine dictator
Juan Manuel de Rosas.

24. 1849
• On January 10, the head of the French naval forces in
the Rio de la Plata, Admiral LePredour is ordered
France to negotiate with the Confederacy and
embarks Argentina in Montevideo to Buenos Aires.
• On April 23, Justo José de Urquiza, enacts a law
protectionism to favor the development of the
provincial economy.
• On June 9, two divisions invade Paraguayan province
of Corrientes, aim to extend the territory between
the rivers Parana and Uruguay to facilitate
communications with the Empire of Brazil.
• On July 28 Urquiza founded the Colegio de
Concepción del Uruguay.

25. 1850
 Juan Manuel de Rosas presented his
resignation to the Board of Representatives
of Buenos Aires on September 12th, even
though his term ends on March 7, 1850. His
resignation was rejected immediately.

26. 1851
• The Platine War, also known as the War against
Oribe and Rosas August 18, 1851 – February 3,
1852) was fought between the Argentine
Confederation and an alliance consisting of the
Empire of Brazil, Uruguay and the Argentine
provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes. The war
was part of a long-running contest between
Argentina and Brazil for influence over Uruguay
and Paraguay, and hegemony over the regions
bordering the Río de la Plata (River Plate). The
conflict took place in Uruguay, on the Río de la
Plata and in the northeast of Argentina (the
Platine region).

27. 1852
• The Battle of Caseros occurred on February
3, 1852, between the Army of Buenos Aires
commanded by Juan Manuel de Rosas and the
Grand Army (Ejército Grande) led by Justo José
de Urquiza. The forces of Urquiza, and governor
of Entre Ríos, defeated Rosas, who fled to the
United Kingdom. This defeat marked a sharp
division in the history of Argentina.
• Urquiza's triumph terminated at long last the 20-
years term of Rosas as Governor of Buenos Aires

28. 1853
 Urquiza sponsored the creation of the
Constitution in 1853. Its first version was
written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly
gathered in Santa Fe, and the doctrinal basis
was taken in part from the United States
Constitution.
 Argentina abolished slavery.

29. 1854
 After overthrowing Rosas, the new
constitution established a national federal
government, with the office of the President.
The term was fixed as six years, with no
possibility of reelection. The first elected
President under the constitution was Justo
José de Urquiza, but Buenos Aires seceded
from the Argentine Confederation as the
State of Buenos Aires.

30. 1855
• A treaty is signed between Buenos Aires and
Argentina by the Confederation which stated
that the interim separation of Buenos Aires does
not alter the laws of the Nation. Meanwhile, the
provinces of Cordoba, La Rioja and Salta
sanction their respective constitutions.
• On September 21 signed a friendship treaty
between Argentina and Sardinia. Opens the
passenger dock in Buenos Aires.

31. 1856
 The Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce
and Navigation of 1856 between Chile and
Argentina was the first boundary treaty
between Argentina and Chile. It established
that the boundaries should be based on (the
uti possidetis principle ) what each country
possessed before independence in 1810.
Later declared null and void.

32. 1857
 On August 5 opens with the first railway,
Porteña Argentina, that Runs between Plaza
Lavalle and Floresta.

33. Argentina
1859 – 1876
the independence wars and the early
post-colonial period of the nation
(1810 to 1880)

34. OVERVIEW
 The history of Argentina from the years 1859-
1876 are more easily viewed by looking at those
who lead the country and the events that
happened under each president.
 Leaders
 President Santiago Derqui
 President Juan E. Pedernera
 President  Bartolomé Mitre
 President  Domingo Faustino Sarmiento

35. 1859/1860
 President Urquiza‟s work in national organization
led to opposition by Buenos Aires.
 Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine
Confederation
  open war breaks out in 1859.
 Battle of Cepeda. Buenos Aires agreed to re-
enter Confederation.
 Difficulties continued, Urquiza withdrew from
battle and the presidency.

36. Santiago Derqui & Juan E.
Pedernera
 Professor Pavón, and resignation.
 President less than a  Elected as Derqui‟s
year. Vice President .
 Became constitutional  Was an interim
president after President when Derqui
Urquiza‟s mandate. resigned
 Named country  UNTIL the political
República Argentina situation forced the
 Unpopular dissolution of the office.
 Led to Battle of

37. Bartolomé Mitre
 Elected to be President in 1962
 Liberal, former Colonel and leader of the several
revolts in support of the beliefs of Buenos Aires
(defeat, Cepeda; victory, Pavón)
 Strove for: national political unity
 War of the Triple Alliance; Mitre initially names
head of the allied forces
 Founder of La Nación, one of South America‟s
leading newpapers

38. War of the Triple Alliance
 Fought 1864-1970
 Paraguay vs. the Triple Alliance
(Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay)
 Fighting began between Brazil and Paraguay with
the rest of the Triple Alliance getting involved
later.
 Devastated male population of Paraguay

39. Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
 Brought out the middle class as the pivot power of the
nation
 Inspired by New England, specially Boston
 Establish 800 education and military institutions
 5,000 km of telegraph line for improved
communications
 Built the Red Line for improved trade with England
through Buenos Aires
 UNPOPULAR
 Didn‟t fight for the Straits of Magellan from Chile
 Influx of European immigrants – yellow fever in
Buenos Aires
 Survived assassination attempt and finished term.
 Successor: Nicolás Avellaneda, his former Minister of