THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2005 IPA
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
pb td Ê∂ cÔkgqG /
Plosive
m µ n = ≠ N –
Nasal
ı r R
Trill
| «
v
Tap or Flap
F B f v T D s z S Z ßΩ çJxVXÂ ©? hH
Fricative
ÒL
Lateral
fricative
√ ® ’ j ˜
Approximant
l  ¥ K
Lateral
approximant
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS
Front Central Back
Clicks Ejectives
Voiced implosives
i y ÈË ¨u
∫
> Close
’
Bilabial Examples:
Bilabial
IY U
˘ Î p’
Dental Bilabial
Dental/alveolar
eP e∏ Øo
˙ t’
! Close-mid
(Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar
´
¯ ƒ k’
Palatoalveolar Velar Velar
E{ ‰ øO
≤ Ï s’
ò
Open-mid
Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative
å
œ
OTHER SYMBOLS
a” AÅ
Open
∑ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Û Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
w Voiced labial-velar approximant » Voiced alveolar lateral flap to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Á Voiced labial-palatal approximant Í Simultaneous S and x SUPRASEGMENTALS
Ì Voiceless epiglottal fricative \" Primary stress
Æ
¿ Voiced epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations
(
kp ts Secondary stress
can be represented by two symbols
ÆfoUn´\"tIS´n
÷ Epiglottal plosive
(
joined by a tie bar if necessary.
… e…
Long
Ú eÚ
N( Half-long
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
* e*
9 n9 d9 ª bª aª 1 Dental t 1 d1 Extra-short
Voiceless Breathy voiced
˘ Minor (foot) group
3 s3 t 3 0 b0 a0 ¡ Apical t ¡ d¡
≤
Voiced Creaky voiced
Major (intonation) group
Ó tÓ dÓ £ t £ d£ 4 Laminal t 4 d4 .
Aspirated Linguolabial
®i.œkt
Syllable break
7 More rounded O7 W tW dW ) Nasalized e) ≈
Labialized
Linking (absence of a break)
¶ O¶ ∆ t∆ d∆ ˆ Nasal release dˆ
Less rounded Palatalized
™ u™ ◊ t◊ d◊ ¬ Lateral release d¬ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
ˆ
Advanced Velarized LEVEL CONTOUR
e _ â e ä
2 e2 ≥ Pharyngealized t≥ d≥ } No audible release d} Extra
Rising
or
Retracted high or
e! ê e$ ë
· e· ù Velarized or pharyngealized :
High Falling
Centralized
e@ î e% ü High
+ Mid-centralized e+ 6 e6 ( ®6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Mid rising
e~ ô efi ï
Raised Low
Low
` n` § e§ ( B§ = voiced bilabial approximant) rising
e— û e& ñ$
Syllabic Lowered Extra Rising-
low falling
8 e8 5 e5 Õ ã
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root Downstep Global rise
± ´± a± ∞ e∞ õ Ã
Upstep Global fall
Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root