Benjamin Bach Shaun Abraham Elizabeth Arnold Fisher Jared Dupree 12/7/2007 Hydrogen Fuel Cell

AGENDA Background Industry Drivers Application Types & Potential Transportation Portable Stationary Product Application Timeline Current Developments in Columbia Questions

Background

Industry Drivers

Application Types & Potential

Transportation

Portable

Stationary

Product Application Timeline

Current Developments in Columbia

Questions

Hydrogen In Electricity Out Byproducts – Water, Heat What is a Fuel Cell?

Hydrogen In

Electricity Out

Byproducts – Water, Heat

How do Fuel Cells work?

Sources of Hydrogen www.minihydrogen.dk

Hydrogen Production Today US Department of Energy

Components of a Fuel Cell System National Institute of Standards & Technology INVERTER HYDROGEN RICH GAS FUEL INPUT HEAT RECOVERY Heat used for Fuel Reforming Additional Heat FUEL CELL Fuel Reformer Converts to Hydrogen OXYGEN (AIR) AC POWER OUTPUT DC POWER OUTPUT WATER

Examples of Fuel Cell Applications

Low or No dangerous emissions Higher efficiencies Constant and consistent power No Moving Parts Portable fuel cell systems much lighter than batteries Smaller than regular batteries Benefits of Fuel Cells

Low or No dangerous emissions

Higher efficiencies

Constant and consistent power

No Moving Parts

Portable fuel cell systems much lighter than batteries

Smaller than regular batteries

Transportation and storage of fuels (Hydrogen gas) Lack of Infrastructure Energy needed to produce Hydrogen from Water Large amounts of hydrogen needed to meet energy needs Consumer mistrust High Cost Currently do not have hydrogen production capacity Intolerability to freezing temperatures Limitations of Fuel Cells

Transportation and storage of fuels (Hydrogen gas)

Lack of Infrastructure

Energy needed to produce Hydrogen from Water

Large amounts of hydrogen needed to meet energy needs

Consumer mistrust

High Cost

Currently do not have hydrogen production capacity

Intolerability to freezing temperatures

Who is involved? Based on 2006 data

World Fuel Cell Activity PWC Survey 2006

Industry Leaders PWC Survey 2006

Industry Gross Revenue PWC Survey 2007

Industry Gross Revenue U.S. Census Bureau 2002 & PWC 2007

Industry Success Factors INFRASTRUCTURE & STORAGE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION US/South Korea Nuclear Hydrogen Program Example Nuclear Hydrogen Joint Development Center in Daejeon & San Diego Heat electrolysis at 800ºC (today 150ºC) Heat Water H 2

INFRA-STRUCTURE & STORAGE Hydro Linde Aral Research Leaders Japan Germany USA H 2 Economy Case Study: Iceland HYTHANE Fuel (20% H 2 , 80% Gas)

Types of Application R & D Global private sector research Fuel Cell Industry Research – SC Export Consortium

Transportation 400 fuel cell powered vehicle prototypes worldwide (BMW, Daihatsu, DaimlerChrysler, Fiat, Ford, GM, Honda, Hyundai, MAN/Neoplan, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan/Renault, PSA, Suzuki, Toyota, VW/Audi) US H 2 daily production capacity fuels 20 million cars (243 million passenger vehicles registered in US) SolarToday.org/H2Mobility.org

400 fuel cell powered vehicle prototypes worldwide

(BMW, Daihatsu, DaimlerChrysler, Fiat, Ford, GM, Honda, Hyundai, MAN/Neoplan, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan/Renault, PSA, Suzuki, Toyota, VW/Audi)

US H 2 daily production capacity fuels 20 million cars

(243 million passenger vehicles registered in US)

Cost Analysis Cost of producing Hydrogen: $1.5 to $3.5 per kg Without compression, storage or delivery costs Highly dependent on natural gas, electricity prices and economies of scale Estimated cost at pump: $20 per kg 1kg of Hydrogen = Energy content of 1gal gasoline (at 2x efficiency) Effective cost at pump: $10 per kg Price of average hydrogen powered car (internal combustion): Sticker + $50,000 50,000 miles cost of H 2 car above regular car: $61,667 (Assumption: 30 miles/gal at $3/gal gasoline) SolarToday.org/MSN.com

Cost of producing Hydrogen: $1.5 to $3.5 per kg

Without compression, storage or delivery costs

Highly dependent on natural gas, electricity prices and economies of scale

Estimated cost at pump: $20 per kg

1kg of Hydrogen = Energy content of 1gal gasoline (at 2x efficiency)

Effective cost at pump: $10 per kg

Price of average hydrogen powered car (internal combustion): Sticker + $50,000

50,000 miles cost of H 2 car above regular car: $61,667

(Assumption: 30 miles/gal at $3/gal gasoline)

Where to fill up your hydrogen car? 299 H 2 stations worldwide 117,000 petroleum stations in US

Future Outlook Average Annual Expected Sales of PEMFC/SPFC for Light-Duty Vehicles @ $10,000 per fuel cell = 730,000 vehicles Fuel Cell Industry Research – SC Export Consortium

Average Annual Expected Sales of PEMFC/SPFC for Light-Duty Vehicles

Portable: Military Applications Current Products: Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Current Status: 26 models in current use Future Market: DoD investing 1.9 billion in (UAS) next 5 years Benefits: Low noise, Low heat Run time double compared to alternatives Source: Millenium Cell (2007)

Current Products:

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Current Status:

26 models in current use

Future Market:

DoD investing 1.9 billion in (UAS) next 5 years

Benefits:

Low noise, Low heat

Run time double compared to alternatives

Source: Millenium Cell (2007)

Portable: Military Applications Current Products: Soldier Power (72-hour, 30-50 watt power source) Current Status: ProPack C-50 Future Market: Estimated 200 million dollar annual market. Benefits: Lighter in weight Less expensive compared to alternatives. Source: Millenium Cell (2007)

Current Products:

Soldier Power

(72-hour, 30-50 watt power source)

Current Status:

ProPack C-50

Future Market:

Estimated 200 million dollar annual market.

Benefits:

Lighter in weight

Less expensive compared to alternatives.

Source: Millenium Cell (2007)

Portable: Emergency Response Current Products: Extended Runtime Adapter Current Status: XRT (Jadoo Power) In commercialization. Future Market: Hurricane Katrina pushed demands for more reliable energy sources for first responders. Benefits: Lightweight, extended runtime. Source: Jadoo Power (2007)

Current Products:

Extended Runtime Adapter

Current Status:

XRT (Jadoo Power)

In commercialization.

Future Market:

Hurricane Katrina pushed demands

for more reliable energy sources for first responders.

Benefits:

Lightweight, extended runtime.

Source: Jadoo Power (2007)

Portable: Consumer Future Products: Laptops, cell phones, mobile devices. Current Status: In developmental, R&D Stages Numerous prototypes. Future Market: Dependent upon fuel cell technology growth compared to battery technology. Benefits: Lightweight, extended runtime. Source: Jadoo Power (2007)

Future Products:

Laptops, cell phones, mobile devices.

Current Status:

In developmental, R&D Stages

Numerous prototypes.

Future Market:

Dependent upon fuel cell technology growth

compared to battery technology.

Benefits:

Lightweight, extended runtime.

Source: Jadoo Power (2007)

Stationary Market Current Products: Back-up generators (industrial, small-business) Distributed Power Current Status: 98 million dollar market (2006) Future Market: Expected to reach 16.9 billion by 2012. Benefits: Reliability, low-maintenance, longer operating life. Source: Ballard Power (2007), Winter Green Research (2006)

Current Products:

Back-up generators (industrial, small-business)

Distributed Power

Current Status:

98 million dollar market (2006)

Future Market:

Expected to reach 16.9 billion by 2012.

Benefits:

Reliability, low-maintenance, longer operating life.

Source: Ballard Power (2007), Winter Green Research (2006)

Product Application Timeline Stationary Portable Transportation 2007 2007 2007 2010 - 2015 2010 - 2015 2010 - 2015 2020 - 2030

Stationary

Portable

Transportation

H 2 Fuel Cells in Columbia, SC Current Projects Innovista Fuel Cell South Palmetto Fuel Cell Technologies USC Fuel Cell Research Group USC Fuel Cell Bus Project (liquid hydrogen refueling station 2008-2009)

Current Projects

Innovista

Fuel Cell South

Palmetto Fuel Cell Technologies

USC Fuel Cell Research Group

USC Fuel Cell Bus Project (liquid hydrogen refueling station 2008-2009)

QUESTIONS? "Water will be the coal of the future," Jules Verne (1874) Pennsylvania State University