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USC                      Elevated glucocorticoids among intimate partner violence
 UNIVERSITY
OF SOUTHERN                    victims: a biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease
 CALIFORNIA



                                                                  James M. DeCarli, PhD Candidate, MPH, MPA, CHES
                   Keck School of Medicine & Department of Psychology-Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
   Introduction                                            Results
    Chronic stress has been found to be a
    contributing factor to structural changes in the             Behavioral Phases-Cycle of Violence                      In Alzheimer’s disease, the hippocampus is the
    hippocampus and amygdala.                                2. Violent Incident Phase:         3. Honeymoon              most affected structure of the brain in terms of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Stress
                                                             Tension release by the abuser      Phase: Abuser             pathology and synaptic and neuronal loss
                                                             through physical, sexual, or       forgives. Abuser and
    While structural changes of the hippocampus              emotional psychological assault.   victim believe it will
                                                                                                                          (Hyman, 1984).                                                                               Hyperglucocorticoids      ApoE
    have been associated with an increased risk of                                              never happen again.
                                                           1. Tension Building Phase:           Emotional and             Elevated glucocorticoids in Alzheimer’s disease                                              Neurodegeneration
    Alzheimer’s disease, no studies have implicated        Tension builds between the           symbolic bond begin.                                                                                                (Human & Animal Studies)
    association between neuroplasticity of these           couple. The abuser uses                                        have also been shown to be a function of
                                                           verbal, emotional, or physical                                                                                                                •Impulsive
    brain regions among victims of intimate partner                                                                       apolipoprotein (ApoE), suggesting a potential                                   behaviors
                                                           threats.                                                                                                                                                        Atrophy &
    violence compared to those neurological effects                                                                       association between Alzheimer’s disease and                            IPV                                           Alzheimer’s
                                                                                                                                                                                                       •Misperceived    Neuroplasticity of
    observed in Alzheimer’s disease.                                                                                      chronic stress (Sapolsky, 1996).                                                Emotions       Hippocampus &
                                                                                                                                                                                                        •Aggression         Amygdala
    The purpose of this review was to establish a            Physiological Outcomes From Each Phase                       Studies of Alzheimer’s disease show the                                      Depression
    needs assessment to determine an association                                                                          greatest percentage of brain structure loss are                                               Impaired memory
                                                                      Tension         Violent     Honeymoon                                                                                                                   & LTP
    between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and                    Building Phase Incident Phase    Phase
                                                                                                                          found among the amygdala (Smith, 1999).                                       PTSD
    Alzheimer’s disease, to be used for further study.      Victim      Fear      Repeated Stress   PTSD                                Neurological Associations
                                                            Abuser    Anxiety     Repeated Stress Depression
    Research questions:                                                                                                        Stress           Alzheimer’s Disease            IPV
                                                                                                                         Hyperglucocorticoids   Hyperclucocorticoids   Hyperglucocorticoids
                                                                                                                                                (Association-ApoE)
    1. Does chronic stress from Emotional &                   Cycle Repeats Overtime: Allostatic Load
       Psychological Abuse due to Intimate Partner
                                                                                                                              Atrophy of
                                                                                                                            Hippocampus
                                                                                                                                                    Atrophy of
                                                                                                                                                   Hippocampus
                                                                                                                                                                           Atrophy of
                                                                                                                                                                          Hippocampus
                                                                                                                                                                                               Conclusions
       Violence contribute to structural changes                                                                          Impaired Memory        Impaired Memory        Impaired Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chronic stress from Emotional & Psychological
       within the hippocampus?                                                                                                                                         Depression & PTSD
                                                                                                                                                                                              Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence contributes to
                                                                                                                                                                                              structural changes within the hippocampus.
    2. Are structural changes of the hippocampus                                                                          Chronic effects of stress, due to
       associated with an increased risk of                                                                               hyperglucocorticoids, include memory decrease,
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Structural changes of the hippocampus are
       Alzheimer’s disease?                                  Repeat stress and restraint stress, fear anxiety,            hippocampal atrophy and neuroplasticity
                                                                                                                                                                                              associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s
                                                             PTSD, and depression have been observed in                   (Sapolsky, 1996).
                                                                                                                                                                                              disease.
   Methods                                                   those exposed to emotional and psychological
                                                             abuse in intimate partner violence cycles.                   Hippocampal lesions impair memory & long term
                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Neurobehavioral characteristics of emotional and
   Descriptive systematic review of neurobehavioral          These outcomes have been found associated                    potentiation (Luine et al, 1994), and new learning
                                                                                                                                                                                              psychological abuse in intimate partner violence
   physiology, and intimate partner violence literature:     with structural plasticity of the hippocampus                of memory in human and animal studies (Arbel et
                                                                                                                                                                                              mirrors neuronal atrophy and impaired memory also
                                                             (Margarinos, 1997).                                          al, 1994).
                                                                                                                                                                                              observed in Alzheimer’s Disease.
   1. Neural imaging of hippocampal atrophy among
     victims of Intimate Partner Violence and                fMRI studies have linked abuse, PTSD and                     Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have
                                                                                                                                                                                              The results of this review will provide a foundation to
     Alzheimer’s Disease;                                    neuronal loss (DeBellis et al, 2000)                         been shown to decrease during chronic stress
                                                                                                                                                                                              design and evaluate cognitive behavioral
                                                                                                                          (Smith et al, 1995). Reduction of BDNF may be
                                                                                                                                                                                              interventions to reduce prevalence of intimate
   2. Chronic affect of glucocorticoids on memory;           Those exposed to Intimate Partner Violence                   associated with release of glucocorticoids and
                                                                                                                                                                                              partner violence, where outcome measures
                                                             share common behavioural outcomes of those                   serotonin 5HT receptor stimulation (Vaidya et al,
                                                                                                                                                                                              evaluating neurological changes to measure efficacy
   3. Neurobehavioral characteristics of victims of          observed who have hippocampal and amygdala                   1997). Decrease in serotonin 5HT receptor
                                                                                                                                                                                              using functional magnetic resonance a baseline to
      Intimate Partner Violence compared to those            lesions, such as impulsive behaviours,                       binding within hippocampus is also associated
                                                                                                                                                                                              view Alzheimer’s Disease causality from a
      diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease.                    misperceived emotions, and aggression.                       with atrophy in CA3 region (McEwen et al, 1997).
                                                                                                                                                                                              multidisciplinary approach.

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Pnirs Poster Final June 10 2005

  • 1. USC Elevated glucocorticoids among intimate partner violence UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN victims: a biomarker for Alzheimer’s Disease CALIFORNIA James M. DeCarli, PhD Candidate, MPH, MPA, CHES Keck School of Medicine & Department of Psychology-Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA Introduction Results Chronic stress has been found to be a contributing factor to structural changes in the Behavioral Phases-Cycle of Violence In Alzheimer’s disease, the hippocampus is the hippocampus and amygdala. 2. Violent Incident Phase: 3. Honeymoon most affected structure of the brain in terms of Stress Tension release by the abuser Phase: Abuser pathology and synaptic and neuronal loss through physical, sexual, or forgives. Abuser and While structural changes of the hippocampus emotional psychological assault. victim believe it will (Hyman, 1984). Hyperglucocorticoids ApoE have been associated with an increased risk of never happen again. 1. Tension Building Phase: Emotional and Elevated glucocorticoids in Alzheimer’s disease Neurodegeneration Alzheimer’s disease, no studies have implicated Tension builds between the symbolic bond begin. (Human & Animal Studies) association between neuroplasticity of these couple. The abuser uses have also been shown to be a function of verbal, emotional, or physical •Impulsive brain regions among victims of intimate partner apolipoprotein (ApoE), suggesting a potential behaviors threats. Atrophy & violence compared to those neurological effects association between Alzheimer’s disease and IPV Alzheimer’s •Misperceived Neuroplasticity of observed in Alzheimer’s disease. chronic stress (Sapolsky, 1996). Emotions Hippocampus & •Aggression Amygdala The purpose of this review was to establish a Physiological Outcomes From Each Phase Studies of Alzheimer’s disease show the Depression needs assessment to determine an association greatest percentage of brain structure loss are Impaired memory Tension Violent Honeymoon & LTP between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Building Phase Incident Phase Phase found among the amygdala (Smith, 1999). PTSD Alzheimer’s disease, to be used for further study. Victim Fear Repeated Stress PTSD Neurological Associations Abuser Anxiety Repeated Stress Depression Research questions: Stress Alzheimer’s Disease IPV Hyperglucocorticoids Hyperclucocorticoids Hyperglucocorticoids (Association-ApoE) 1. Does chronic stress from Emotional & Cycle Repeats Overtime: Allostatic Load Psychological Abuse due to Intimate Partner Atrophy of Hippocampus Atrophy of Hippocampus Atrophy of Hippocampus Conclusions Violence contribute to structural changes Impaired Memory Impaired Memory Impaired Memory 1. Chronic stress from Emotional & Psychological within the hippocampus? Depression & PTSD Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence contributes to structural changes within the hippocampus. 2. Are structural changes of the hippocampus Chronic effects of stress, due to associated with an increased risk of hyperglucocorticoids, include memory decrease, 2. Structural changes of the hippocampus are Alzheimer’s disease? Repeat stress and restraint stress, fear anxiety, hippocampal atrophy and neuroplasticity associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s PTSD, and depression have been observed in (Sapolsky, 1996). disease. Methods those exposed to emotional and psychological abuse in intimate partner violence cycles. Hippocampal lesions impair memory & long term 3. Neurobehavioral characteristics of emotional and Descriptive systematic review of neurobehavioral These outcomes have been found associated potentiation (Luine et al, 1994), and new learning psychological abuse in intimate partner violence physiology, and intimate partner violence literature: with structural plasticity of the hippocampus of memory in human and animal studies (Arbel et mirrors neuronal atrophy and impaired memory also (Margarinos, 1997). al, 1994). observed in Alzheimer’s Disease. 1. Neural imaging of hippocampal atrophy among victims of Intimate Partner Violence and fMRI studies have linked abuse, PTSD and Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have The results of this review will provide a foundation to Alzheimer’s Disease; neuronal loss (DeBellis et al, 2000) been shown to decrease during chronic stress design and evaluate cognitive behavioral (Smith et al, 1995). Reduction of BDNF may be interventions to reduce prevalence of intimate 2. Chronic affect of glucocorticoids on memory; Those exposed to Intimate Partner Violence associated with release of glucocorticoids and partner violence, where outcome measures share common behavioural outcomes of those serotonin 5HT receptor stimulation (Vaidya et al, evaluating neurological changes to measure efficacy 3. Neurobehavioral characteristics of victims of observed who have hippocampal and amygdala 1997). Decrease in serotonin 5HT receptor using functional magnetic resonance a baseline to Intimate Partner Violence compared to those lesions, such as impulsive behaviours, binding within hippocampus is also associated view Alzheimer’s Disease causality from a diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. misperceived emotions, and aggression. with atrophy in CA3 region (McEwen et al, 1997). multidisciplinary approach.