PLANTIN 2012 "From one map to the other: what maps can tell us about graphs (and the other way around)"

Jean-Christophe Plantin Université de Technologie de Compiègne jean-christophe.plantin@utc.fr Cartonomics.org Nedimah Workshop, DH2012, July 21. 2012 From one map to the other: what maps can tell us about graphs (and the other way around)

// Maps and graphs The object of research The method of research Alternative radiation mapping mashup Controversy mapping (Venturini after March 11. 2011 in Japan 2010) (Latour 2010) Source: blog.Safecast.org // futureperfectpublishing.com/

// 5 challenges for maps and networkgraphs (+ solutions and makedo) #1-The steps of creation #2-Temporal development #3-Subjectivity and black-boxes #4-Beyond hyperlink map #5-Image status

// Tools Navicrawler (Jacomy, Ghitalla, 2007) (Plantin 2012): -”manual” exploration -nodes labeling Gephi (Bastian et al., 2009), (Jacomy -visualization -back to the exploration, etc. et al. 2011) http://webatlas.fr/wp/navicrawler/

// Result Gephi.org // cartonomics.org

Challenge #1. The steps of creation August 2012 September 2012 October 2012 -Dangers of “self-reference” & “iconization” of the map (Casti, 2005) -The graph is created constructed and chosen amongst many possibilities

Solutions #1. • Showing the various steps of the process (easy in a dissertation, less in a scientiﬁc article) • A dynamic version of the graph

Challenge #2. Temporal development Creating the corpus March 11. 2011 August 2011 December 2011 Now ”A website graph is outdated as soon as it is made” (Girard, 2012) ”Violence of mapping” (Farinelli 2009): freezing a dynamic process

Solutions #2. • Clearly showing the temporal boundaries of the graph • Automation of the crawling process (Sack, 2007)

Challenge #3. Subjectivity and black boxes Manual crawler (Navicrawler): risk of a taylor-made corpus Automatic crawler (Issuecrawler): risk of black-boxing (Rieder, Rhöle, 2012) Issuecrawler.net

Solutions #3. • Reading the scientiﬁc articles (but sometimes not enough, eg. Brin, Page, 1998) • Double-checking with people inside the graph • Using only open-source tools? http://berlinergazette.de/symposium/learning-from-fukushima/

Challenge #4. Beyond hyperlink map -How to map non-hyperlink-related forms of online cooperation? -Web is plateform: non-crawlable networks -API research (Helmond 2012) Cosm.com

Solutions #4. • Using various methods to ground the graph (Rogers, 2009): interviews, documenting the case, “participatory research”

Challenge #5. Status of the image -Beyond the assumption of objectivity (boyd, Crawford, 2011) -Graph is an exploratory tool, not an end in itself Fr.123.rf.com

// References Bas$an, Mathieu, Sébas.en Heymann, and Mathieu Jacomy. 2009.“Gephi: An Open Source So>ware for Exploring and Manipula.ng Networks.” In Proceedings of the Third Interna2onal AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM’09), in American Journal of Sociology, pp.361–362. boyd, danah, and Kate Crawford. 2011.“Six Provoca.ons for Big Data”. Oxford Internet Ins.tute. hRp://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=1926431. Cas$, Emanuela. 2005.“Towards a Theory of Interpreta.on: Cartographic Semiosis.” Cartographica: The Interna2onal Journal for Geographic Informa2on and Geovisualiza2on 40, no. 3: 1–16. Latour, Bruno.2010. “Cogitamus. Six leRres sur les humanités scien.ﬁques.” La Découverte. Farinelli, Franco. 2009. De La Raison Cartographique. Comité des travaux historiques et scien.ﬁques. Girard, Paul.2011. “HyperText Corpus Ini.a.ve : How to Help Researchers Sieving the Web?” In Conférence Out of the Box, 9 Mai 2011, La Haye, 2011. hRp://www.medialab.sciences-‐po.fr/publica.ons/Girard-‐HCI.pdf. Helmond, Anne,2012. “Digital Methods Winterschool 2012: APIs as Interfaces to the Cloud.” Anne Helmond -‐ New Media Research Blog, March 13, 2012. hRp://www.annehelmond.nl/2012/02/13/digital-‐methods-‐winterschool-‐2012-‐apis-‐as-‐interfaces-‐to-‐the-‐cloud/. Jacomy, Mathieu, and Franck Ghitalla. 2007.Méthodologies D’analyse De Corpus En Sciences Humaines à L’aide Du Navicrawler. Paris: Fonda.on de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme. Jacomy, Mathieu, Sébas.en Heymann, Tommaso Venturini, and Mathieu Bas$an. 2011. “ForceAtlas2, A Graph Layout Algorithm for Handy Network Visualiza.on”. hRp://webatlas.fr/tempshare/ForceAtlas2_Paper.pdf. Plan$n, Jean-‐Christophe. 2012.“D’une Carte à L’autre : Le Poten.el Heuris.que De La Comparaison Entre Graphe Du Web Et Carte Géographique.” In Analyser Le Web En Sciences Humaines Et Sociales, edited by Chris.ne Barats. Paris: Armand Colin. Rieder, Bernhard, and Theo Rhöle. 2012.“Digital Methods: Five Challenges.” In Understanding Digital Humani2es, edited by David M. Berry, 67–84. Palgrave Macmillan. Rogers, Richard. 2009.The End of the Virtual: Digital Methods. Amsterdam University Press. Sack, Warren. 2007.“Picturing the Public.” In Structures of Par2cipa2on in Digital Culture, edited by Joe Karaganis. Social science research council. Venturini, Tommaso. 2010.“Diving in Magma: How to Explore Controversies with Actor-‐network Theory.” Public Understanding of Science 19, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 258–273. Fr.123.rf.com

PLANTIN 2012 "From one map to the other: what maps can tell us about graphs (and the other way around)"

by jean-christophe plantin on Jul 24, 2012

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