Russian Revolution; Economic Background

The Russian Revolution 1815-1924 Session III The Industrial Revolution, Evolution of Capitalism & Spread of Socialism, 1801-1914 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Major Topics I.Economic Developments Economic Theory The Industrial Revolution II.The Labor Movement:Trade Unions III.A Philosophy for Labor: Karl Marx IV. The Development of Socialism The First International Anarchism, Syndicalism, and Revisionism The Second International Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Economic Developments Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Economic Developments “Puﬃng Billy” 1813 for Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne (not retired until 1862) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Review of Economics Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Walt Whitman Rostow 1916-2003 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 The Five Stages 1. Traditional Societies Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 The Five Stages 1. Traditional Societies 2. Pre-conditions to Take-oﬀ Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 The Five Stages 1. Traditional Societies 2. Pre-conditions to Take-oﬀ 3. Take-oﬀ Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 The Five Stages 1. Traditional Societies 2. Pre-conditions to Take-oﬀ 3. Take-oﬀ 4. Drive to Maturity Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WW Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth; A Non-Communist Manifesto.1960 The Five Stages 1. Traditional Societies 2. Pre-conditions to Take-oﬀ 3. Take-oﬀ 4. Drive to Maturity 5. Age of High Mass Consumption Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Four Stages domestic product 50 37.5 25 12.5 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Four Stages domestic product 50 37.5 25 12.5 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 | traditional society | … to Peter’s reforms Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Four Stages domestic product 50 37.5 25 12.5 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 | traditional society | | pre-conditions to take-oﬀ | … to Peter’s reforms 1700-1885 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Four Stages domestic product 50 37.5 25 12.5 0 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 | traditional society | | pre-conditions to take-oﬀ | | take-oﬀ| … to Peter’s reforms 1700-1885 1885-1900 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Economically--Two Europes Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia and Britain, 1830-1890 Russian GNP British GNP 30 22.5 15 7.5 0 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia and Britain, 1830-1890 Russian GNP British GNP 30 22.5 15 7.5 0 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 | the Long Depression | 1873--------------------1896 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Panics and Boom Times Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Panics and Boom Times • during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated capitalism...is engaged perpetually in a process of creative destruction … it uses up its old forms and creates new ones… inevitably accompanied by a high degree of social hardship Joseph Schumpeter Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Panics and Boom Times • during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated • the Americas and Eastern Europe were a source of raw materials, agricultural exports, markets and investment for Western Europe capitalism...is engaged perpetually in a process of creative destruction … it uses up its old forms and creates new ones… inevitably accompanied by a high degree of social hardship Joseph Schumpeter Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Panics and Boom Times • during the nineteenth century the global economy became more and more integrated • the Americas and Eastern Europe were a source of raw materials, agricultural exports, markets and investment for Western Europe capitalism...is engaged perpetually • during the period 1815-1896, in spite of in a process of creative destruction panics, especially the “hungry ‘40s” and the … it uses up its old forms and “long depression, 1873-1896; the overall creates new ones… inevitably trend was up and living standards accompanied by a high degree of improved in the industrial world social hardship Joseph Schumpeter Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Industrial Revolution Tuesday, September 29, 2009

A word about the term “industrial revolution.” Economic historians have rebelled at it. They emphasize the length of Britain’s experience. Any change over decades, or centuries, is better called an evolution. However valid that is for Britain, those countries which followed had a much more rapid experience of the transition from agricultural to industrial society. And the pace shows no signs of abating. Hence Toﬄer’s term, Futureshock. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Rostow’s Stages 3-5; Britain vs Russia Britain Russia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Rostow’s Stages 3-5; Britain vs Russia Britain Russia Stage 3- Take-oﬀ 1783-1802 (19 years) 1885-1900 (15 years) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Britain vs Russia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Britain vs Russia Private Enterprise Consumer & Heavy Industry 18th & early 19th c.s textile mills water power Arkwright’s “Water Frame” Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny” Crompton’s “Mule steam & iron Watt’s 1762 engine for pumping out coal mines iron mills, “puddling” transportation, canals, iron bridges, railroads--”Puﬃng Billy” (1813-1862) Robert Fulton’s “Clermont” (1807) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Britain vs Russia Private Enterprise Government Consumer & Heavy Infrastructure Industry & Military 18th & early 19th c.s early & mid-19th c. textile mills railroads water power Skt-Peterburg-Tsarskoe Arkwright’s “Water Frame” Selo (1836-37) to Moscow Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny” (1851) Crompton’s “Mule steamships steam & iron K.N. Bird’s “Elizabeth” Watt’s 1762 engine for pumping (1815) Admiralty Shipyard, out coal mines A.A. Schilder’s submarine iron mills, “puddling” (1834) Russia’s 1st all metal transportation, canals, iron ship bridges, railroads--”Puﬃng locomotives Billy” (1813-1862) Robert Fulton’s N.I. Putilov “the Russian “Clermont” (1807) Krupp” 1870s, built cannon next Tuesday, September 29, 2009

government and industrialization: subsidies and tariffs • List’s “National System” had brought to Prussia the Zollverein (tariff union) and the railway network which aided German unification • Russia had always favored the state leading economic development and after 1870 all European states followed suit with state encouragement of development and commerce • initially they tended to follow Britain’s policy of free trade • during the long depression all but Britain, Belgium and Holland reverted Friedrich List (1789-1866) to protectionism Prussian Minister Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Early Economists Adam Smith 1723-1790 The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Early Economists Thomas Robert Malthus 1766-1834 Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Early Economists David Ricardo 1772-1823 Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians” Robert Owen 1771-1858 Welsh industrialist’ social reformer New Lanark, 1800 New Harmony, IN, 1826 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians” Count de Saint-Simon 1760-1825 technocracy, capitalists and scientists the new ruling class only wrote, never tried Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Early Socialists-Marx’s “Utopians” Charles Fourier 1772-1837 communes ca"ed phalanxes tried in France and America in the 1830s & ‘40s Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution The Krupp works, Essen, 1905 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Steel production--post 1850’s Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) Sir William Siemens (1823-1883) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892) founder of Siemens A. G. father of electrical engineering Tuesday, September 29, 2009

communication--telegraphy, 1842 telegraph lines in 1891 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

communication--telephony, 1870s Alexander Bell’s patent, 1876 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

communication--telephony, 1870s Alexander Bell’s patent, 1876 Tivadar Puskas--”hallom! Boston, 1877 Edison Co., London, 1879 Swedish telephone, 1896 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Technical Education Science room at the Technical School, Finsbury, London, 1884 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

communication--print technology The Miehle P.P. & Mfg. Co., 1905 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Chemical industry BASF - Badische Analin und Soda-Fabrik, 1865 • by 1900, Germany dominated the world market for synthetic dyes • the three major firms, BASF, Bayer & Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes • the five smaller, led by AGFA, concentrated on high quality specialty dyes • in 1913 these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply and sold 80% of their production abroad Indigo production at BASF, 1890 • the three majors began to expand into other areas such as pharmaceuticals, photographic film, fertilizers, explosives and munitions Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The internal combustion engine • 1860-a Belgian, Lenoir, produced the first gasoline internal combustion engine to be made in significant numbers • 1876-Nikolaus Otto gave his name to the four stroke cycle, illustrated, right 1.Intake • 1885-Karl Benz built his own four 2. Compression stroke engine used in the first 3. Combustion & automobiles in production Expansion 4. Exhaust Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels The Match Trust Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conﬂicts The Match Trust In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, ﬁrst in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conﬂicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, ﬁrst in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conﬂicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust • expanding their operations In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, ﬁrst in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust • expanding their operations In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new • avoiding duplication of effort Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust • expanding their operations In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new • avoiding duplication of effort Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, • lowering cost of production absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust • expanding their operations In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new • avoiding duplication of effort Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, • lowering cost of production absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They • dividing markets were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Business Combinations: Trusts and Cartels • survivors of capitalism’s early competition sought to avoid further conflicts • through trusts and cartels they aimed at: The Match Trust • expanding their operations In 1843 two Quakers, May & Bryant, formed a partnership to import the new • avoiding duplication of effort Swedish “Lucifer” matches. Their sales grew and they expanded, first in Britain and then throughout the empire, • lowering cost of production absorbing rivals. In 1861 they began manufacturing their own product. They • dividing markets were the target of the London matchgirls strike of 1888 which won important • avoiding price cutting competition improvements in working conditions and pay for the mostly female workforce. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Monopoly--Negative or Positive? • trusts and cartels were unpopular because they were often exploitative and caused tragedy in individual cases • thus they were the targets of socialist critics of capitalism • but in the last decades of the 19th century they also played a positive role. They : • made possible the introduction of new technology • eliminated much inefficiency and duplication of effort • contemporaries did not easily perceive these benefits Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Types of Capitalists Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Types of Capitalists • industrial capitalists • factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Types of Capitalists • industrial capitalists • factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings) • comprador capitalists • merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Types of Capitalists • industrial capitalists • factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings) • comprador capitalists • merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family • ﬁnance capitalists • bankers, insurers, stockbrokers: the Rothchilds, Bleichröder, Lloyds, Barings Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Types of Capitalists • industrial capitalists • factory owners: Robert Owen, Friedrich Engels, Alfred Krupp, N.I.Putilov, Bryant & Mays (the match kings) • comprador capitalists • merchants: HEIC (the British East India Co.), how Bryant and Mays began, the Stroganov family • ﬁnance capitalists • bankers, insurers, stockbrokers: the Rothchilds, Bleichröder, Lloyds, Barings • rentier capitalists • property owners who take no active part in managing their assets: absentee landowners, stock and bond holders--Marx’s “parasites Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Azovsko-Donskoy Bank • 1871-opened in Taganrog for ﬁnancing trade and granting loans • mid 1880s-largest bank in Russia • end of the 1890s-one of ﬁve largest national banks in the world • 1903-moved to Skt Peterburg • 73 branches • 1917-controlled 90 companies • 1909-1914--share value rose from 20 to 50 million roubles Skt-Peterburg headquarters built 1907-1909 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

European Bourses-Stock Exchanges Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Labor Movement: Trade Unions Tolpuddle Martyrs Day, 2005 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

classic tensions Tuesday, September 29, 2009

classic tensions Direct Action vs political work (strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

classic tensions Direct Action vs political work (strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections) Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands Tuesday, September 29, 2009

classic tensions Direct Action vs political work (strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections) Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands (wages, hours, work rules) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

classic tensions Direct Action vs political work (strikes, sabotage) (parties, elections) Seeking piecemeal, moderate gains vs radical demands (wages, hours, work rules) (ultimately, revolution) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Challenges Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Challenges The “Peterloo Massacre” the Duke of Wellington sends in cavalry to break up a mass meeting at St Peter’s Field, Manchester, 1819 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) • 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) • 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day • 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) • 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day • 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response. • reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) • 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day • 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response. • reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east • by the last quarter of the 19th century unions were legal everywhere but often crippled by laws restricting their most eﬀective tactics Tuesday, September 29, 2009

gradual legalization of unions • after 1815, all public assemblies were suspected of revolutionary tendencies and usually harshly suppressed, e.g.,the “Peterloo Massacre”(1819) • 1834--in Britain, the least reactionary state, the Tolpuddle Martyrs, six Dorsetshire agricultural laborers, were transported to Australia. Their “crime”? Forming an Agricultural Benevolent Society and swearing to refuse to work for less than 10 shillings a day • 1840s--the Chartist Movement with its demands for the eight hour day and the right to form trade unions was a response. • reforms spread slowly across Europe from west to east • by the last quarter of the 19th century unions were legal everywhere but often crippled by laws restricting their most eﬀective tactics • in Alexander III’s Russia the police inﬁltrated the unions as with the case of Father Gapon in 1905 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Tolpuddle, Then & Now Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred: Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred: 1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred: 1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police 1889--London; dock workers won signiﬁcant gains with disciplined tactics Tuesday, September 29, 2009

unions increase in size and militancy originally unions were benevolent societies, small in membership, representing the better-educated, better-paid workers of the skilled trades their main purpose: assistance to members with unemployment and accident insurance plus death beneﬁts they were cautious with their funds and reluctant to use the strike in the 1880s, during the downturn, unions spread to less skilled workers, became more militant, and several bitter strikes occurred: 1886--Charleroi, Belgium; glass workers and miners battled police 1889--London; dock workers won signiﬁcant gains with disciplined tactics 1896--Hamburg; harbor workers failed to match their British counterparts’ success due to employers’ associations resistance Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions and Political Parties Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD often there were rival parties reﬂecting diﬀerent ideologies Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD often there were rival parties reﬂecting diﬀerent ideologies in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD often there were rival parties reﬂecting diﬀerent ideologies in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage) other parties called themselves Christian Socialist Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Unions form political parties • as representative government spread from west to east, the newly legal unions tended to form political parties to advance their interest the strongest of these was the Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) (1863) Germany’s oldest political party not all the labor parties were Marxian socialist, as was the SPD often there were rival parties reﬂecting diﬀerent ideologies in France, for example, there was a movement called Syndicalism which was militant (origin of the term: sabotage) other parties called themselves Christian Socialist all aimed at improving the status of the working class Tuesday, September 29, 2009

A Philosophy for Labor: Karl Marx Tuesday, September 29, 2009

A Philosophy for Labor: Karl Marx 1818-1883 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

[Marx’s] prominence among socialists was largely the result of the increasing respect felt for The Communist Manifesto. As Harold Laski once wrote, this was … seen to be the ﬁrst document of its kind to give a direction and a philosophy to what had before been little more than an inchoate protest against injustice;… it can be said to have created the modern socialist movement, which until now had been run by self-educated cranks. Craig, pp. 272-73 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx, the Man Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children 1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children 1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children 1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children 1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer “mail order PhD” from University of Jena Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the early years, 1818-1843 born into a bourgeois family, the third of seven children 1824, his father, Herschel Mordechai Marx, converted to Lutheranism to be able to practice law Karl and his sibs were baptized although both their grandfathers were rabbis he changed from law to philosophy while at several universities, arrested for disorderly conduct, disciple of Bruno Bauer “mail order PhD” from University of Jena editor of the Rheinische Zeitung in Cologne, 1841-43, until censors drove him to emigrate Marx’s Geburtshaus, Trier, Rhenish Prussia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

marriage 1837, against the wishes of Marx’s parents, Karl (19) and Jenny (23) became engaged Jenny’s grandfather had been Chief of Staff for Frederick the Great her half brother would be Prussian Minister of the Interior in the 1850s 1843, Jenny and Karl eloped to Paris and despite many crushing hardships maintained a lifelong devoted marriage Jenny von Westphalen, (1814-1881) picture, 1840 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

political refugee, 1843-50 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

political refugee, 1843-50 he met his lifelong collaborator, Engels, in Paris, 1844 both were political radicals who often ﬂed from the police during the 1840s together they wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 at the outbreak of the revolutions he returned to Germany with hope for the revolution there Engels often aided Marx ﬁnancially from his income from the family textile mills in Manchester Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the famous collaboration begins their ﬁrst joint work, a pamphlet, “The Holy Family” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

against the “Young Hegelians” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

against the “Young Hegelians” The holy family or Critique of the Critical Criticism ____________ Against Bruno Bauer & Consorts _____________ by Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx _____________________________ Frankfurt on the Main River Literary Institute 1845 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Unholy Family Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Unholy Family Helena Delmuth Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances two children were stillborn in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances two children were stillborn son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances two children were stillborn son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms Engels lent the money to bury him in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances two children were stillborn son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms Engels lent the money to bury him Karl sat in the reading room of the British Museum researching Capital (vol. 1, 1867) in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

family and later life after the failure of 1848, the Marx family returned to London the 1850s saw their most desperate economic circumstances two children were stillborn son Edgar (1847-1855) died in Karl’s arms Engels lent the money to bury him Karl sat in the reading room of the British Museum researching Capital (vol. 1, 1867) 1883, he died, two years after his wife in happier times Laura, Eleanor, daughter Jenny Friedrich, Karl (1860) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

1871-Great Hopes for the Paris Commune • following the French defeat, Paris radicals rebelled against the bourgeois national government • they declared a workers commune and executed hostages • Marx and Engels hoped this marked the beginning of the World Revolution • 1871-Marx writes The Civil War in France • the memory of the bloody repression ﬁred class hatreds Commune prisoners being marched to Versailles from a contemporary illustrated magazine Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“The Young Marx” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“The Young Marx” A 20th century, post-Stalinist, “new look” at Marx Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem • Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem • Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba • Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem • Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba • Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation • radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem • Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba • Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation • radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism • it was necessary to go back to the early writings, the “Young Marx,” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“Re-branding” a failed ideology • the 1960s--the New Left of Europe and the U.S. faced a huge problem • Marxism had divided into warring camps: USSR & its satellites vs Red China, vs various Third World movements, most notably Cuba • Stalin had been a huge embarrassment to the “faithful” when our CIA published Khrushchev’s private denunciation • radical students and their Marxist professors blamed Lenin and the Russian tradition of authoritarian government for Stalinism, a distortion of Marxism • it was necessary to go back to the early writings, the “Young Marx,” • this was true Marxism which, if followed, really would bring about “the workers’ paradise” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Ideas of the “Young Marx” • his admirersand “communitarian” humanistic believe they are more • his principal inﬂuence at this time was Ludwig Feuerbach, atheist and materialist • early writings include: • Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 • The German Ideology (both published posthumously) • The Holy Family (1845) • Eleven Theses on Feuerbach (1845) • The Poverty of Philosophy (1847) • The Communist Manifesto (1848) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) • Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after the coup of 2 December 1851 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) • Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after the coup of 2 December 1851 • the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) • Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after the coup of 2 December 1851 • the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx • “Hegel remarks somewhere that a" great world- historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the ﬁrst time as tragedy, the second time as farce.” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (1852) • Marx wrote this mocking pamphlet after the coup of 2 December 1851 • the stated intention: “to demonstrate how the class stru%le in France created circumstances … that made it possible for a grotesque mediocrity to play a hero’s part.”--Marx • “Hegel remarks somewhere that a" great world- historic facts and personages appear, so to speak, twice. He forgot to add: the ﬁrst time as tragedy, the second time as farce.” • “Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted 'om the past.” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marxism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

WORKERS OF EVERY LAND UNITE HAIL THE INTERNATIONAL WORKERS ARMY Marxism ONLY BY SEIZING THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION BY THE RED ARMY RSFSR= Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Materialistic Interpretation of History Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“We found Hegel standing on his head…” • the materialistic interpretation of history reverses Hegelian idealist philosophy • for Hegel’s dialectic of ideas, Marx substitutes dialectical materialism • ideas don’t give birth to material reality, physical reality gives birth to ideas • change, i.e., history advances through “the negation (Aufhebung) of the negation” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Dialectics • the term originated with the Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea, ca. 490 B.C. • it is a form of argumentation Thesis<¬>Antithesis yields • Hegelian dialectics describes how ideas Synthesis change through conﬂict leading to synthesis • Marx’s dialectical materialism describes how opposing classes struggle and create historic change as new classes emerge Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Class Struggle Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Class Struggle The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, ﬁrst sentence after prologue) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Class Struggle The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, first sentence after prologue) Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re- constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Class Struggle The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. (page 1, first sentence after prologue) Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re- constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It ... has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous “cash payment” ... for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation ... Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Four Epochs Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Four Epochs • PRE-CLASSICAL • THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans • ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen • TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Four Epochs • PRE-CLASSICAL • THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans • ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen • TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms • SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL • priests and patricians • plebeans • fall of the Roman Empire (ﬁfth century) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Four Epochs • PRE-CLASSICAL • THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans • ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen • TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms • SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL • priests and patricians • plebeans • fall of the Roman Empire (ﬁfth century) • FEUDAL • clergy and lords • peasantry • Commercial, Industrial & Democratic Revolutions (16th-18th c) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Four Epochs • PRE-CLASSICAL • THESIS = OPPRESSORS: chiefs & shamans • ANTITHESIS = OPPRESSED : tribesmen • TERMINAL EVENT: foundation of the River Kingdoms • SYNTHESIS = CLASSICAL • priests and patricians • plebeans • fall of the Roman Empire (ﬁfth century) • FEUDAL • clergy and lords • peasantry • Commercial, Industrial & Democratic Revolutions (16th-18th c) • CAPITALIST • bourgeoisie • proletariat • World Revolution (1917-?) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

“The bourgeoisie are preparing their own gravediggers” Marx & Engels, The Communist Manifesto • as industrialization spreads and replaces the agrarian economy, the “panics” will become deeper and longer • more small shopkeepers, farmers and artisans will be ruined and forced into the ranks of the proletariat • businesses become bigger and fewer • as the “immiseration of the working class” becomes greater, so will their numbers • the bourgeoisie richer, but fewer • ﬁnally, a tipping point is reached and the World Revolution breaks out, beginning in the most advanced industrialized states, Germany, Belgium, Britain Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx’s Critique of the Gotha Program, 1875 • 1891--not published until long after Marx’s death in 1883 • he criticised the SPD agenda at the Gotha Congress as not revolutionary enough • it is his only statement on the future: I.World Revolution II.“dictatorship of the proletariat” III.“the state shall wither away” IV.communism Marx and Lasalle Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marxism Comes to Russia Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marxism Comes to Russia Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Kazan Cathedral, Skt-Peterburg from a 19th century postcard Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations • some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations • some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian • Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations • some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian • Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile • a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red ﬂag. The demonstrators oﬀered resistance to the police. Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations • some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian • Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile • a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red ﬂag. The demonstrators oﬀered resistance to the police. • 31 arrests; 5 sentenced to katorga 10-15 years, 10 to Siberian exile, 3 including Potapov to 5 years incarceration in a monastery Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russia’s First Political Demonstration December 6, 1876 • organized and conducted by Zemlya i Volya and workers organizations • some 400 people gathered in the cathedral square and sang the Marsei"aise in Russian • Georgi Plekhanov, organizer and chief speaker, indicted autocracy and defended the views of Chernishevsky, then in exile • a worker, Ia. Potapov, waived the red ﬂag. The demonstrators oﬀered resistance to the police. • 31 arrests; 5 sentenced to katorga 10-15 years, 10 to Siberian exile, 3 including Potapov to 5 years incarceration in a monastery • it was at this demonstration that Vera Figner became radicalized Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Father of Russian Marxism • switched from a military college to a mining institute. dropped after two years • Narodnik who continued to believe with them in mass movements rather than small revolutionary terrorist groups • 1880-after 2 arrests ﬂed to Switzerland never to return until 1917 • 1883-with Vera Zasulich and Pavel Axelrod founded the Emancipation of Labor group, Russia’s ﬁrst Marxists • 1885-developed the constitution for the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party • his most famous early follower was V.I. Lenin Georgi V. Plekhanov 1856-1918 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party • created to oppose narodnichestvo, the revolutionary populism of the narodniki • based on Marxism, the party ignored Russia’s agrarian economy and based its faith on the role of Russia’s then small industrial proletariat • illegal throughout its early years, all nine delegates to the ﬁrst congress were arrested by the imperial police • the second congress in Brussels/London would become famous for the Bolshevik/Menshevik split Minutes of the Second Congress • members thereafter would describe their party of the RSDLP allegiance as the RSDLP (B) or RSDLP (M) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Development of Socialism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Development of Socialism Socialist band marching through Hyde Park, 1896 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The First Workingman’s International, 1864-1876 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

International Workingmen’s Association (1864-1876) • Marx gave the inaugural address and statement of principles in London • subsequent congresses were held in : • Geneva(1866)--the 8 hour day becomes a fundamental demand • Lausanne (1867)--Proudonhists vs Blanquists • Brussels (1868)--Marx gains supporters • the Hague/New York(1872--showdown with the Anarchists • Philadelphia (1876)--disagreements led to disbandment • prominent but not dominant, Marx had to vie with Mikhail Bakunin • both agreed on the need for a revolutionary elite, but on little else Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Internationale Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Internationale • June,1871-the original lyrics were composed by Eugene Pottier, a survivor of the Paris Commune • he intended them to be sung to the tune of the Marse"aise • Its original French refrain is C'est la lutte finale/ Groupons-nous et demain/ L'Internationale/ Sera le genre humain. (Freely translated: "This is the final struggle/ Let us group together and tomorrow/ The Internationale/ Will be the human race.") • 1888-the current melody was composed by Pierre De Geyter, in time for it to become the anthem of the Second International • the anarchists also claimed it • it is sung with the right fist clenched and raised, a salute of the Left which predates the Fascists’ and Nazis’ • 1902-Arkady Kots translated to Russian in time for the Revolution of 1905 • C'est la lutte finale/ Groupons-nous et demain/ L'Internationale/ Sera le genre humain Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Bakunin addressing a meeting of the IWA in Basel, 1869 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 • Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 • Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa • I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the ﬁnal year) a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 • Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa • I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the ﬁnal year) • this textbook was the same, nationwide a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 • Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa • I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the ﬁnal year) • this textbook was the same, nationwide • by high school all history and political science instruction was in Russian regardless of the local language a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

How Ukrainian students learned this material in 1972 • Oct-Dec, 1972--I was an exchange teacher in the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa • I observed classes from kindergarten- 10th grade (then, the ﬁnal year) • this textbook was the same, nationwide • by high school all history and political science instruction was in Russian regardless of the local language • the level, if not the veracity, of the historical material being presented was much more demanding than what we were presenting in America a page from 10th grade text, Novaya Historia (Modern History) Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Anarchism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (1814-1876) • noble birth, a junior oﬃcer in the army, resigned his commission in 1835 • studied philosophy in Moscow, inﬂuenced by Westernizers, especially Alexander Herzen • 1842-left for Dresden, then Paris where he met George Sand, Proudhon, and Marx • deported from France for criticizing Russia’s oppression of Poland • 1849-arrested in Dresden for his participation in the Czech revolution of 1848, handed over to Russia, imprisoned • 1857-sent to a Siberian labor camp, katorga the young Bakunin • 1861-escaped to western Europe Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Anarchism in the late 19th century the ﬁrst self-proclaimed anarchist was Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865). It was his Philosophy of Poverty that Marx ridiculed in 1847. but the great leader of the anarchists now was Mikhail Bakunin his group called themselves Mutualists and approved of “propaganda of the deed,” terrrorism they believed such acts by hard core revolutionaries would inspire the masses of proletarians to seize “the means of production” they applauded the assassination of Alexander II and encouraged similar acts against rulers and industrialists Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away” Marx was contemptuous of the lack of system and general “wooliness” of the anarchists’ declarations Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Marx versus Bakunin each detested the other personally Bakunin hated Marx’s authoritarianism he saw correctly that a successful Marxist revolution would leave the political and economic institutions which he hated untouched, even if they were in other hands he believed that the dictatorship of the proletariat would be as oppressive as the bourgeois order and that the state would never “wither away” Marx was contemptuous of the lack of system and general “wooliness” of the anarchists’ declarations he had a genuine horror of the ill-prepared acts of individual terrorism that the anarchists admired Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Anarchism after the First International 1873, expulsion from the First International, engineered by Marx: the International, weakened by the conﬂict, broke up in 1876 the anarchist philosophy continued to attract individuals French socialists, dissatisﬁed with caution after 1871, were attracted to “propaganda of the deed” to avenge the bloody suppression of the Paris Commune Italy and Spain, where rural classes were the most depressed and backward in western Europe, were especially open to the creed German-American anarchist, Johann Most, “Dynamost,” inspired Emma Goldman and her lover, Alexander Berkman, to gain fame during the Homestead Strike, 1892 a series of heads of state were assassinated by anarchists, including McKinley, 1901 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Syndicalism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Georges Sorel (1847-1922) • French Syndicalist founder bourgeois, engineer graduate of the Ecole Polytechnique, director of public works 1892, retiring to write, favored Bakunin’s anarcho-collectivism over Marxism believed that force and “direct action” e.g., the strike, boycotts and sabotage, were necessary for change to occur anti-nationalist, anti-capitalist, he admired Charles Maurras, Action Française, Lenin and Mussolini for attacking bourgeois democracy most famous for Reﬂections on Violence, 1908 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Revisionism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Despite the anarcho-syndicalist preference for direct action as opposed to political maneuver, the main tendency in European socialism was political, and, by the 1890s, Socialist parties had been organized in most countries, were vying for popular support in national and local elections, and...were having considerable success. Most of these parties were Marxist….[This] did not mean that the parties … were … united and harmonious, for they often developed splinter groups…[E]ven before Engels’s death in 1895 a profound division was looming …. Craig, p.283 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the revisionist controversy for some time leading socialist and trade union leaders had been uneasy there was a gap between Marx’s predictions and the realities of European economic development “Peasants do not sink; Burgertum (the bourgeoisie) does not disappear; crises do not grow ever longer; misery and serfdom do not increase.”-- Eduard Bernstein the co"apse of the capitalist system was not imminent the Socialist parties must change their tactics if not their goals “… rescue socialism 'om the barricades”--G.B. Shaw Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD 1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; ﬁrst to Switzerland, then Britain Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD 1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; ﬁrst to Switzerland, then Britain in London he was close to Engels Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD 1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; ﬁrst to Switzerland, then Britain in London he was close to Engels 1880-1890, edited the magazine Sozialdemokrat Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) German social democratic politician, SPD member, founder of evolutionary socialism born in Berlin to Jewish parents began politics as an opponent to the Lassalleans in 1872 1875, helped plan the Gotha party congress of the SPD 1878, exiled by Bismarck’s anti-Socialist legislation; ﬁrst to Switzerland, then Britain in London he was close to Engels 1880-1890, edited the magazine Sozialdemokrat 1896-1899, published a series of articles and books which led to the revisionism debate in the SPD Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the appeal of revisionism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the appeal of revisionism revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the appeal of revisionism revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and ﬁle members Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the appeal of revisionism revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and ﬁle members party doctrinaires opposed gradualism because it would weaken revolutionary fervor or“dull the edge of the class struggle” Tuesday, September 29, 2009

the appeal of revisionism revisionist ideas appealed to those tired of negative parliamentary tactics the trade-union wing of the socialist movement had long resented the hard-liners’ stance against “bread and butter” gains desired by the rank and ﬁle members party doctrinaires opposed gradualism because it would weaken revolutionary fervor or“dull the edge of the class struggle” the rising level of real wages and the general prosperity of Europe in the years before 1914 added to the force of Bernstein’s message Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924 Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality” Tsarist Police Picture, 1895 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924 Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality” in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling Tsarist Police Picture, 1895 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924 Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality” in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling Socialist parties must become disciplined elites of professional revolutionaries Tsarist Police Picture, 1895 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Vladimir Illych Ulyanov (Lenin) 1870-1924 Russia’s famous hard-liner led the attack on such a “trade-union mentality” in the 1902 pamphlet, echoing Chernyshevsky’s title, “What Is to Be Done?” (Что Делать?), he eschewed politics, gradualism and logrolling Socialist parties must become disciplined elites of professional revolutionaries give workers not what they want but what they should want Tsarist Police Picture, 1895 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Second International, 1889-1917 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

14 July 1889-1917 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

14 July 1889-1917 revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries Tuesday, September 29, 2009

14 July 1889-1917 revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day Tuesday, September 29, 2009

14 July 1889-1917 revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day famous delegates include: August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, the Liebknechts (father and son), Rosa Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, Jean Jaures, V. I. Lenin, G. Plekhanov, Victor Adler, James Connolly Tuesday, September 29, 2009

14 July 1889-1917 revived the congresses of socialist parties and labor organizations beginning in Paris with delegates from 20 countries proclaimed 1 May as an international working-class holiday and 8 March as International Women’s Day famous delegates include: August Bebel, Karl Kautsky, the Liebknechts (father and son), Rosa Luxembourg, Clara Zetkin, Jean Jaures, V. I. Lenin, G. Plekhanov, Victor Adler, James Connolly the Second International essentially was a casualty of the war because in spite of paciﬁst talk, only a minority of socialist delegates voted against the conﬂict Tuesday, September 29, 2009

French Socialist Anti-militarism Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The International had no common policy with respect to means of preventing conﬂict if it should actually materialize; and when the great crisis of 1914 came, although the International Socialist Bureau sought to coordinate the tactics to be followed by the national parties, its eﬀorts were defeated by the forces of patriotism, which proved as seductive to the socialists as to the bourgeoisie. The [Second] international did not survive the war that followed. Craig, p. 285 Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Russian Revolution; Economic Background

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