NurseReview.Org - Opioid Analgesics Updates (online continuing education pharmacology)

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NurseReview.Org - Opioid Analgesics Updates (online continuing education pharmacology) - Presentation Transcript

  1. Opioid Analgesic Agents
  2. Analgesics
    • Medications that relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness
    • Painkillers
  3. Classification of Pain By Onset and Duration
    • Acute pain
      • Sudden in onset
      • Usually subsides once treated
    • Chronic pain
      • Persistent or recurring
      • Often difficult to treat
  4. Classification of Pain
    • Somatic
    • Visceral
    • Superficial
    • Vascular
    • Referred
    • Neuropathic
    • Phantom
    • Cancer
    • Psychogenic
    • Central
  5. Classification of Pain By Source
    • Vascular pain
    • Possibly originates from vascular or perivascular tissues
    • Neuropathic pain
    • Results from injury to peripheral nerve fibers or damage to the CNS
    • Superficial pain
    • Originates from skin or mucous membranes
  6. Pain Transmission Gate Theory
    • Most common and well-described
    • Uses the analogy of a gate to describe how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain
  7. Pain Transmission
    • Tissue injury causes the release of:
    • Bradykinin
    • Histamine
    • Potassium
    • Prostaglandins
    • Serotonin
      • These substances stimulate nerve endings, starting the pain process.
  8. Pain Transmission
    • There are two types of nerves stimulated:
    • “ A” fibers
    • and
    • “ C” fibers
  9. Pain Transmission
    • “ A” Fibers “C” Fibers
    • Myelin sheath No myelin sheath
    • Large fiber size Small fiber size
    • Conduct fast Conduct slowly
    • Inhibit pain Facilitate pain transmission transmission
    • Sharp and Dull and well-localized nonlocalized
  10. Pain Transmission
    • Types of pain related to proportion of “A” to “C” fibers in the damaged areas
  11. Pain Transmission
    • These pain fibers enter the spinal cord and travel up to the brain.
    • The point of spinal cord entry is the DORSAL HORN.
    • The DORSAL HORN is the location of the “GATE.”
  12. Pain Transmission
    • This gate regulates the flow of sensory impulses to the brain.
    • Closing the gate stops the impulses.
    • If no impulses are transmitted to higher centers in the brain, there is NO pain perception.
  13. Instructors may want to use EIC Image #37: Gate Theory of Pain Transmission
  14. Pain Transmission
    • Activation of large “A” fibers CLOSES gate
    • Inhibits transmission to brain
      • Limits perception of pain
  15. Pain Transmission
    • Activation of small “B” fibers OPENS gate
    • Allows impulse transmission to brain
      • Pain perception
  16. Pain Transmission
    • Gate innervated by nerve fibers from brain, allowing the brain some control over gate
    • Allows brain to:
      • Evaluate, identify, and localize the pain
      • Control the gate before the gate is open
  17. Pain Transmission
    • “T” cells
    • Cells that control the gate have a threshold
    • Impulses must overcome threshold to be sent to the brain
  18. Pain Transmission
    • Body has endogenous neurotransmitters
      • Enkephalins
      • Endorphins
    • Produced by body to fight pain
    • Bind to opioid receptors
    • Inhibit transmission of pain by closing gate
  19. Pain Transmission
    • Rubbing a painful area with massage or liniment stimulates large sensory fibers
    • Result:
      • GATE closed, recognition of pain REDUCED
      • Same pathway used by opiates
  20. Opioid Analgesics
    • Pain relievers that contain opium, derived from the opium poppy
    • or
    • chemically related to opium
      • Narcotics: very strong pain relievers
  21. Opioid Analgesics
    • codeine sulfate
    • meperidine HCl (Demerol)
    • methadone HCl (Dolophine)
    • morphine sulfate
    • propoxyphene HCl
  22. Opioid Analgesics
    • Three classifications based on their actions:
    • Agonist
    • Agonist-antagonist
    • Partial agonist
  23. Opioid Analgesics: Site of action
    • Large “A” fibers
    • Dorsal horn of spinal cord
  24. Opioid Analgesics: Mechanism of Action
    • Bind to receptors on inhibitory fibers, stimulating them
    • Prevent stimulation of the GATE
    • Prevent pain impulse transmission to the brain
  25. Opioid Analgesics: Mechanism of Action
    • Three types of opioid receptors:
    • Mu
    • Kappa
    • Delta
  26. Opioid Analgesics: Therapeutic Uses
    • Main use: to alleviate moderate to severe pain
    • Opioids are also used for:
      • Cough center suppression
      • Treatment of constipation
  27. Opioid Analgesics: Side Effects
    • Euphoria
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Respiratory depression
    • Urinary retention
    • Diaphoresis and flushing
    • Pupil constriction (miosis)
    • Constipation
  28. Opiate Antagonists
    • naloxone (Narcan)
    • naltrexone (Revia)
    • Opiate antagonists
    • Bind to opiate receptors and prevent a response
      • Used for complete or partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression
  29. Opiates: Opioid Tolerance
    • A common physiologic result of chronic opioid treatment
    • Result: larger dose of opioids are required to maintain the same level of analgesia
  30. Opiates: Physical Dependence
    • The physiologic adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid
  31. Opiates: Psychological Dependence (addiction)
    • A pattern of compulsive drug use characterized by a continued craving for an opioid and the need to use the opioid for effects other than pain relief
  32. Opiates
    • Opioid tolerance and physical dependence are expected with long-term opioid treatment and should not be confused with psychological dependence (addiction).
  33. Opiates
    • Misunderstanding of these terms leads to ineffective pain management and contributes to the problem of undertreatment.
  34. Opiates
    • Physical dependence on opioids is seen when the opioid is abruptly discontinued or when an opioid antagonist is administered.
      • Narcotic withdrawal
      • Opioid abstinence syndrome
  35. Opiates
    • Narcotic Withdrawal Opioid Abstinence Syndrome
    • Manifested as:
      • anxiety, irritability, chills and hot flashes, joint pain, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
  36. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Before beginning therapy, perform a thorough history regarding allergies, use of other medications,health history, and medical history.
    • Obtain baseline vital signs and I & O.
    • Assess for potential contraindications and drug interactions.
  37. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Perform a thorough pain assessment, including nature and type of pain, precipitating and relieving factors, remedies, and other pain treatments.
      • Assessment of pain is now being considered a “fifth vital sign.”
  38. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Be sure to medicate patients before the pain becomes severe as to provide adequate analgesia and pain control.
    • Pain management includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches. Be sure to include other interventions as indicated.
  39. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Oral forms should be taken with food to minimize gastric upset.
    • Ensure safety measures, such as keeping side rails up, to prevent injury.
    • Withhold dose and contact physician if there is a decline in the patient’s condition or if VS are abnormal—especially if respiratory rate is below 12 breaths/minute.
  40. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Follow proper administration guidelines for IM injections, including site rotation.
    • Follow proper guidelines for IV administration, including dilution, rate of administration, and so forth.
      • CHECK DOSAGES CAREFULLY
  41. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Constipation is a common side effect and may be prevented with adequate fluid and fiber intake.
    • Instruct patients to follow directions for administration carefully, and to keep a record of their pain experience and response to treatments.
    • Patients should be instructed to change positions slowly to prevent possible orthostatic hypotension.
  42. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Patients should not take other medications or OTC preparations without checking with their physician.
    • Instruct patients to notify physician for signs of allergic reaction or adverse effects.
  43. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Monitor for side effects:
    • Should VS change, patient’s condition decline, or pain continue, contact physician immediately.
    • Respiratory depression may be manifested by respiratory rate of less than 12/min, dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, or shallow breathing.
  44. Opioid Analgesics: Nursing Implications
    • Monitor for therapeutic effects:
    • Decreased complaints of pain
    • Increased periods of comfort
    • With improved activities of daily living, appetite, and sense of well-being

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