What Is Motivation

Slide 1: motivation Presented by M. Danish Saleem M. Jahanzaib Taimor Tariq Ali Khan Waqas Yousuf Junaid Zamir 1

Slide 2: What is motivation? a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior 2

Slide 3: Theories of Motivation • Instinct Theory • Drive Theory • Incentive Theory • Arousal Theory • Maslow’s Humanistic Theory • Cognitive Theory 3

Slide 4: Instinct Theory What is Instinct ? Behavior that is inherited by all members of the species 4

Slide 5: Instinct Theory (Williams James 1890) • Developed theory to explain human behavior • People could modify their behavior by learning and experiences • Theory Disappeared In America but continued in European Zoologists called ethnologists 5

Slide 6: Drive Theory (Woodworth 1918) • Internal forces that push us towards doing something Homeostasis (Walter Cannon 1939) Tendency to keep a constant or balanced internal state 6

Slide 7: Incentive Theory • Pull the individual towards some goal 7

Slide 8: Arousal Theory • state of being awake / excited Optimum level of Arousal We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal Arousal and Performance We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal Sensation Seeking Sensation seeking focuses on the need for new and varied experiences 8

Slide 9: Leadership ’ Motivation 9

Slide 10: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs  begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied  then higher-level safety needs become active  then psychological needs become active 10

Slide 11: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst 11

Slide 12: Motivation ’ Dedication ’ Success 12

Slide 13: Cognitive Theory • Cognitive motivation – Individual learn that certain behaviors lead to certain goods they develop cognitive expectancy that motivate them to exhibit those behavior 13

Slide 14: Cognitive Theory • Expectancy value – Julian rotter developed this theory in 1954. He argued that behavior is the result of our expectations of achieving goals and the value that those goals have for us. We are motivated to maximize the value of our behavior choice • Attributes – The cognitive process of determining the motives of someone’s behavior 14

Slide 15: Biological Motives • Hunger • Eating Disorder • Thirst 15

Slide 16: Clip 16

Slide 17: Motivation-Hunger  Hunger is a complicated motivation; people eat only because they need food. 17

Slide 18: Eating Disorders  Anorexia Nervosa  when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve  usually an adolescent female  Bulimia Nervosa  disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise 18

Slide 19: Thirst • Thirst is the basic instinct of humans or animals to drink. • Thirst motivation, is like that of hunger 19

Slide 20: Stimulus Motives • Sensory Stimuliation • Exploration & Curosity • Competence 20

Slide 21: Sensory Stimuliation • It is excitement or motivation to learn or do something • Being excited or motivated through the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting. 21

Slide 22: Curiosity and Exploration Berlyne (1966) Curiosity Curiosity is defined as a need, thirst or desire for knowledge Exploration Exploration refers to all activities concerned with gathering information about the environment. 22

Slide 23: Competence • Competence is the ability to perform some task. Incompetence is its opposite Intrinsic Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades Extrinsic Extrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide. 23

Slide 24: Learned Social Motives • Achievement • Power • Affiliation 24

Slide 25: Achievement • Desire for significant accomplishment • Reflects achievement concerns  for mastery of things, people, or ideas  for attaining a high standard 25

Slide 26: Power • It is the desire to control or exert influence 26

Slide 27: Affiliation • to describe a partnership between two or more parties 27

Slide 28: ThanKyou Now the door is open for questions? 28