Smart Dust

SMART DUST Magic Dust(Tiny sensor)

WHAT WE WILL COVER !
What is smart dust
The smart dust technology
Communication with a smart dust
Listening to a dust field
Major challenges
Applications

What is Smart Dust ??
It’s a tiny sensors
A tiny dust size device with extra-ordinary capabilities .
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)‏
Nodes in Smart Dust are called Motes
Combines sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities and autonomous power supply within volume of only few millimeters.

MEMS Technology in Smart Dust
Integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators and electronics on a common silicon substrate through micro fabrication.
Fabrication
electronics – IC process technique
Micromechanical- micromachining process

Components

Smart Dust Technology
MEMS sensors
MEMS beam steering mirrors for optical transmission
MEMS corner cube retroreflector for passive optical transmission
An optical receiver
Signal processing and control circuitory
A power source based on thick film batteries and solar cells

Sensors and other devices
Micro-controller
Processor
Tiny operating system
3 KB RAM memory
1 week fully active, 2 yr @1%duty cycle
N S E W 2 Axis Magnetic Sensor 2 Axis Accelerometer Light Intensity Sensor Humidity Sensor Pressure Sensor Temperature Sensor

How Smart dust works?
Run by microcontroller
Determines the task performed by the mote
Controls power
Primary constraint of smart dust is volume
=> constraint on energy
Most of the time mote if off with only timers running
When a timer expires, it powers mote to carry out a job , then powers off.

Communicating with a Smart dust
Radio Frequency Transmission
Optical transmission technique
(Laser based Communication)

Radio Frequency Transmission
Based on the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves with a frequency range from tens of kHz to hundreds of GHz .
Multiplexing techniques: time, frequency or code-division multiplexing.
Their use leads to modulation, bandpass filtering, demodulation circuitry, and additional circuitry, all of which needs to be considered, based on power consumption.

Problems with RF comm..
Large size of antenna.
RF communication can only be achieved by using time, frequency or code division .
TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA have their own complications.

Disadvantages
Relatively high power consumption .
Thus can be used only for a short duration burst-mode communication.
Components like active beam-steering mechanism makes the design of the dust mote more complicated.

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION PASSIVE REFLECTIVE SYSTEMS ACTIVE-STEERED LASER SYSTEMS
DOES NOT require onboard light source
Uses special device called corner cube retro reflectors

Passive reflective Systems
For bidirectional communication btw mote & BTS
Light enters CCR, bounces off each of three mirrors & is reflected parallel to the direction it entered
CORNER CUBE RETRO REFLECTOR

Limitations of passive communication
Unable to communicate with each other, motes rely on central station.
Mote can be isolated from n/w if there is no clear line of sight.
System’s range cannot extend beyond 1 km

Working of a CCR
CCR requires uninterrupted line of sight .
CCR is highly directional => CCR can transmit to BTS only when CCR body diagonal points to BTS.
Can be made more omni directional by employing several CCRs oriented in diff direction

Active steered laser systems
For mote to mote communication
Uses onboard light source to send a tight collimated beam towards an intended receiver
Uses a semiconductor laser, collimating lens and beam steering micro mirrors.
Power consumption trade off btw bandwidth & range

DISADVANTAGE
High power consumption=> use of short duration burst mode communication
ADVANTAGE
High power density =>optical wireless communi over enormous long dist

Major Challenges
It is difficult to fit all these devices in a small Smart Dust both size wise and Energy wise.
With devices so small, batteries present a massive addition of weight.

Applications !!!!
Military Application
Environmental protection
identification and monitoring pollution
Habitat Monitoring
observing the behavior of animals in their natural habitat
Inventory Control smart offices

Health And Wellness Monitoring Enter human bodies and check for physiological problems VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS Glue a dust mote to each fingertips. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of the fingertip and talk to the computer on your watch Circulatory Net

Conclusion
There are many ongoing researches on Smart Dust, the main purpose will to make mote as small as possible and to make it available at a low price.
Soon we will see smart dust being used in varied application from all spans of life!

References
1.Yunbin Song: ”Optical Communication Systems for Smart Dust”.
2. J. M. Kahn, R. H. Katz, K. S. J. Pister: Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for “Smart Dust”.
3. An Introduction to Microelectromechancal System Engineering: Nadim Maluf, Kirt William
4. B.A. Warneke, M.D. Scott, B.S. Leibowitz: Distributed Wireless Sensor Network
5. http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes

Thank You
Presented by
Rohit Kumar
Roll No: 73
C.S. ‘B’
S.O.E., CUSAT

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Smart Dust

by Alien Coders on Aug 02, 2008

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Smart Dust — Presentation Transcript