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影像處理軟體概念解析
內容摘錄自 游閔州 photoshop解構二 (通用gimp的概念)
推薦游老師的這本書!
1.影像的構成
 在gimp(photoshop)中,所有影像都是由像素所構成,將影像放大到最
大後,可以清楚看出影像是由很多個不同顏色的方格所組成的。影像
檔案的大小,取決於這些方格的數量,也就是像素的數量
 檔案大小與列印尺寸:雖然像素多少是決定檔案大小的關鍵,但像素
的多少並不會影響列印出來的尺寸,因為 gimp(photoshop)分開設定了
檔案大小與列印尺寸。右邊是檔案大小與列印尺寸的關係。
 台灣的印刷作業多以像素/英吋為標準算法,一般印刷品質的需求是
300~350像素/英吋,稱為300~350 dpi的解析度。
 如果只是家裡的印表機列印,解析度不需到300dpi,大約有100~200
dpi就夠了(螢幕解析度只到72dpi)
 但若是設計網頁,只需要在像素欄位裡設定所需要的寬度及高度的像
素值即可,不需要理會文件尺寸的設定,除非要將設計好的網頁列印
或輸出時,才需要更改文件的長寬數值以符合列印尺寸需求。
2.色彩模式
 RGB色彩:屬於色光體系的色彩模型,電腦與電視所使用的映像管式或液晶顯
示器所顯示的顏色,就是屬於RGB三原色所構成的,這也是最能發揮
photoshop功能的色彩模式。
 CMYK色彩:屬於色料體系(顏料)的色彩模式,也就是四色印刷所使用的顏色
模式,當要製作印刷用檔案時,最好存成TIF檔或EPS檔,這些都是印刷廠絕
對能夠支援的檔案格式.但在Photoshop中,有些濾鏡特效並不適用於CMYK
檔案格式。此外, CMYK顏色的廣度與鮮豔程度遠遠不及RGB色彩,因此將
RGB色彩轉為CMYK時,會有所偏差。
 灰階:只有明度,而完全沒有彩度的顏色模式,也就是利用黑白構成的顏色
模式。
 索引色:此模式紀錄的圖像色彩最多只能容納256色,由於大幅減少所需紀錄
的顏色資訊,因此可以有效降低檔案大小,在儲存Gif圖檔時,一定會使用到
索引色模式。由於所有顏色都是由個別的色彩資訊所組成,所以無法看到分
色的色版。
 Gimp只有三種色彩模式:RGB、灰階與索引色(獨缺CMYK模式)
2.常用的檔案格式介紹
 Psd檔:是photoshop的檔案格式,gimp軟體也可通用。檔案特性:可紀錄gimp或
photoshop中所有功能設定,包含圖層、色版及路徑。此格式可將圖層資訊一併存於檔
案中,基本上是一個備份用的檔案格式,不適合拿去輸出用,避免印刷廠把圖層拿來修
改成為別人的作品使用。如果在gimp軟體,存成原生檔格式xcf也可以紀錄圖層特性,
下次開啟還能繼續編輯。
 Jpeg檔:是一種非常具有彈性的壓縮格式,專門為相片而設計的壓縮方法,支援
CMYK與RGB跟灰階模式,壓縮比可以1~100,若設定為80左右,則幾乎不會影響到圖
像的品質,是目前網路也可以支援的影像格式之一,但並不支援去背功能。
 Gif檔:對於顏色少的影像是不錯的選擇,它最多只能容納256色,也可以利用gif檔製
作去背的檔案與gif動畫。
 Png檔:是adobe公司針對網路用圖像所新開發的檔案格式,企圖取代現今廣泛被使
用的gif與jpeg格式。此格式結合了gif與jpeg的特性,採用破壞較少的壓縮方式,也可
以製作精美的去背影像,是功能強大的網路用檔案格式。
3.縮放影像大小
 影像是由像素(pixel)所構成的,那麼一張500萬像素要變大為1000萬像素,多餘的像
素是如何產生的呢?Gimp(photoshop)是用”插點”方式使影像放大,也就是在畫素和
畫素之間插入新的畫素來增大影像尺寸。
2x2 3x3 200x200(運用影像插點製作漸層)
 雖然photoshop放大影像能力不錯,但是用小圖來作影像處理或拿去放大印刷絕對不是好事。一般
A4尺寸大小的印刷,需要300dpi左右,如果是超級大輸出尺寸的海報,不需要這樣高的解析度。儘
量一開始就找好足夠解析度的影像來編輯 ,寧可事後大圖縮小,也不要小圖強制放大。
4.選取範圍
 在photoshop中,最基本與重要的的功能就是選取範圍,製作選取範圍的技術,就是
學習photoshop最大的課題,影像合成說穿了就是剪跟貼的遊戲,操控好選取範圍就
能操控好photoshop。
 選取方法:
幾何選取工具
自由選取工具(套索工具)
智慧選取工具(魔術棒工具)
顏色選取工具
剪刀選取工具
前景選取工具
路徑工具(鋼筆繪製貝茲曲線)
(封閉路徑可轉為選取區域)
色版(後面會再詳細解析)
5.色版
 原理:我們將光線射入菱鏡中,會發生色散,並產生如彩虹般的顏色,所有的顏色都
是由RGB三色光所構成,因此每個影像是由R、G、B三個色板所組成,讓光線經過這
三個色版濾色。
 RGB色版中的白色是讓光線通過,黑色是擋住光線,灰色則是讓光線過去一半。
 RGB色版有256階之多,當光線(白色光),透過這三個色版濾色後,才能組成一個RGB
的影像與顏色,每個色版有256階層次,因此RGB影像可以表現256x256x256個顏色。
 CMYK是印刷色, CMYK四色的顏料,分別經過四個色版,將顏色顯示出
來,如右圖。
 RGB色版的黑色是遮住光線,因為沒有光線所以產生黑色,而CMYK的顏
色是將顏料加上去或印下去,而產生顏色。這是色光與色料的差別。
 CMYK因為是印刷色(色料),顏色數不會比RGB的色光多。 CMYK的每一
個色版都有101階層次(0~100), CMYK總共可以表現101x101x101x101
個顏色,不過實際印刷時能不能表現這麼多層次是很有問題的。
 未來在photoshop製作印刷稿時,建議一開始就直接用RGB模式。因為
在圖層混合或是調整顏色時,多少會破壞到影像的色階,使用CMYK調
色時,色階只有100階,色階的破壞會更明顯,層次會不夠順;RGB調
色的話,色階有256階,會比較有破壞空間,即使破壞一半的明暗層次,
也仍有128階,依然比CMYK的100階還多。
 等圖片處理好後,如果要印刷用,再轉為CMYK即可,這樣比一開始就
使用cmyk作圖,能保留更多層次與細節。

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影像處理軟體概念解析