2. Which of the following is not
dependent on learning?
A) Crawling
B) Teaching a dog to shake hands
C) Knowing your name
D) Salivating at the sound of a can opener

3. The stage in classical conditioning
where the researcher tries to
establish an association between
two stimuli is known as
A) Spontaneous recovery
B) The pairing stage
C) The extinction stage
D) The acquisition stage

4. Which of the following is not an
important factor when establishing a
token economy?
A) The learner must know how many tokens may be
earned
B) The learner must know how tokens can be lost
C) The learner must know how many tokens are
needed for exchange
D) The learner must know what sort of tokens will be
used

5. Which of the following statements
regarding spontaneous recovery in
classical conditioning is false?
A) Spontaneous recovery involves the reappearance of
the unconditioned response
B) Spontaneous recovery only occurs after a rest period
C) Spontaneous recovery does not always occur
D) When spontaneous recovery occurs the response is
usually weaker than it was originally

6. Which of the following is a
difference between classical and
operant conditioning?
A) In classical conditioning the learner is active, while the
operant conditioning the learner is passive
B) In classical conditioning stimulus generalisation
occurs, whereas this does not occur in operant conditioning
C) In classical conditioning the time between the stimulus and
response can be greater that operant conditioning
D) In classical conditioning the response occurs after the
stimulus, while in operant conditioning the response occurs
before presentation of the stimulus

7. Which of the following is a
difference between classical
conditioning and one-trial learning?
A) One-trial learning requires repeated association
between two stimuli
B) Stimulus generalisation is less likely to occur in
classical conditioning
C) Extinction is less likely to occur in one-trial learning
D) All of the above

8. Thorndike’s work into trial and error
learning involved cats being placed
in a puzzle box. The cats had to
learn to operate in their environment
to escape. Thorndike found that
A) The amount of time taken for the cats to escape
increased
B) The amount of time taken for the cats to escape
decreased
C) The number of incorrect responses the cat made
increased
D) There would be no change in the number of
correct responses

9. Which psychologist is famous for
their work on the influence on
observational learning on
aggressive behaviour
A) Harlow
B) Skinner
C) Watson
D) Bandura

10. In experiments conducted into
insight learning, when the solution is
tried and the answer to the problem
is obtained, this is known as
A) Preparation
B) Incubation
C) Insightful experience
D) Verification

11. Watson and Rayner’s work with
Little Albert demonstrated that a fear
response could be conditioned.
What stimulus was Little Albert
originally conditioned to fear?
A) A loud gong
B) Cotton balls
C) A white rat
D) A snake

12. Psychologists do not look upon
Watson and Raynor’s work
favourably in terms of ethical
standards. Why is this so?
A) The child was too young to be experimented on
B) Albert’s full name has been published in too
many textbooks
C) His fear response was not extinguished
D) They physically harmed him during the
experiment

13. In Psychological research, the term
‘random allocation’ refers to
A) Every member of the sample having an equal chance of
being in the control or experimental group
B) Every member of the population having an equal chance of
being in the sample
C) Every member of the population having an equal chance of
being in the control or experimental group
D) Every member of the sample having an equal chance of
being in the population

14. Research into learned helplessness
by Seligman discovered that dogs
that have not control over avoiding
and electric shock would
A) Try to escape the shock every time, even if it
was unavoidable
B) Try to escape the shock around half the time
C) Eventually give up on trying to avoid the
shock altogether
D) Consistently react differently depending on
the dog

15. Which of the following sampling
techniques provides the best
chance for obtaining a sample that
is representative of the population?
A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Random allocation

16. Which of the following is the
quickest and easiest method for
obtaining a sample
A) Random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Random allocation

17. Participants have the right to
remove their results at the
conclusion of an experiment if they
not wish for them to be included.
This is an example of
A) Debriefing
B) Withdrawal rights
C) Confidentiality
D) Informed consent

18. Which of the following must be met
for informed consent to have been
given?
A) Participants are made aware of the risks
involved
B) Participants are made aware of their rights
C) Participants sign a form that gives their
permission to be involved
D) All of the above must be adhered to

19. Ethical principles are an important
part of psychological research.
What are they?
A) Moral principles and standards
B) Rules that govern research
C) Rights that protect participants
D) All of the above are correct answers

20. _____ is an active information
processing system which
receives, organises, stores and
recovers information
A) Sensory memory
B) Echoic memory
C) Memory
D) Elaborative rehearsal

21. Memory can be considered as
having three main processes;
encoding, _______ and _____
A) Storage and retrieval
B) Maintenance and storage
C) Organisation and storage
D) Recall and organisation

22. The three ways in which memory
can be tested are
A) elaboration, rehearsal and recall
B) Free recall, serial recall and cued recall
C) Recall, reception and re-learning
D) Recall, recognition and re-learning

23. Sensory memory, ______ and
_____ are considered to be the
three different memory
types, according to the information
processing theory
A) Working memory, short term memory
B) Short term memory, long term memory
C) Echoic memory, iconic memory
D) Tactile memory, long term memory

24. Visual sensory memory is called
______ memory and auditory
sensory memory is called _____
memory.
A) Echoic; iconic
B) Visual; auditory
C) Tactile; olfactory
D) Echoic; auditory

25. Short term memory is defined as
having limited_______ and limited
______
A) storage; duration
B) Time; working
C) Capacity; storage
D) Capacity; duration

26. ______ rehearsal is the process
of linking new information wit
existing information in memory
A) Maintenance
B) Elaborative
C) Decorative
D) Linking

27. Declarative and procedural
memories are the components of
_______. Declarative memory can
be divided into ______ memory and
_____ memory
A) Short term; procedural; episodic
B) Episodic; Declarative; long term
C) Semantic; episodic; Long term
D) Long term; episodic; semantic

28. ______ is considered the most
sensitive form of memory
retention
A) Episodic
B) Recognition
C) Relearning
D) Recall

29. Short term memory is said to last
around _____ and to be able to
contain ______ bits of information.
A) 20 seconds; 9
B) 20 seconds; 5
C) 20-30 seconds; 7+ 2
D) 20-30 seconds; 5+ 2

30. Information in long term memory is
stored in relation to its _____. The
collections of items in memory and
the links between them are
called_____
A) meaning; semantic network
B) Relevance; nuerons
C) Links; ganglions
D) Importance; relevance to self

31. In recalling a list of items in
sequence with each item only heard
once we are most likely to
remember the ______ items on the
list and the _______ items from the
list.
A) Interesting; last
B) First; last
C) First; middle
D) Middle; last

32. The _____ is a representation of the
rate of forgetting over time. In
general, the most rapid forgetting
happens ______ after the learning
has taken place.
A) Forgetting graph; within the first 4 hours
B) Forgetting curve; within 20 minutes
C) Forgetting curve; within the first hour
D) Forgetting theory; within the first half hour

33. The general word for significant
memory loss is______
A) Antergrade amnesia
B) Amnesia
C) Retrograde amnesia
D) Forgetting

34. _____ involves memory loss of
events after the injury or illness
occurred.
A) Retrograde
B) Retroactive
C) Proactive
D) Anterograde

35. Alzheimer's disease involves _____
memory disturbance and generally
begins with _____ amnesia with
____amnesia happening later in the
development of the disease
A) complete; retrograde; retroactive
B) Progressive; anterograde; retrograde
C) Progressive; retrograde; anterograde
D) Complete; anterograde; retrograde

36. The decay theory of forgetting
suggests that the memory trace
fades with _______
A) Boredom
B) Disuse
C) Over time
D) sleep

37. ______ theory suggests that
forgetting can be caused by the
use of insufficient ______ cues
at the time of encoding.
A) Decay; use
B) Retrieval Failure; retrieval
C) Dependent; independent
D) Decay; boredom

38. In the tip of the tongue
phenomenon, we are most likely to
remember ______ and _____ of a
word without being able to recall the
word itself.
A) beginning; sound
B) Context; end
C) Ending; sound
D) Sound; shape

39. There are two types of possible
interference in memory. Retroactive
interference is when ______
information interferes with _____
information.
A) interesting; boring
B) Boring; interesting
C) Old; new
D) New; old

40. Some people believe that forgetting
occurs when unpleasant memories
are placed in the unconscious mind
to prevent them from being
remembered. This is known
as_____
A) Repression or motivated forgetting
B) Motivated forgetting or suppression
C) Suppression
D) blocking

41. In general, how well we remember
information relates to the number of
______ cues we can place on it
during the _____ process.
A) cues; storage
B) Linking; organisation
C) Retrieval; encoding
D) Memory; reception

42. _____ refers to the surrounding
environment in which learning takes
place. ______ refers to the
physiological, psychological and
emotional condition we are in at the
time of learning.
A) State; context
B) Feeling; surrounding
C) Context; state
D) Boredom; concentration level

43. A mnemonic device is a
technique or to used to______
A) Make learning fun
B) Link memories
C) Complicate encoding
D) Improve memory

44. _______involves constructing a
story using items that need to be
remembered.
A) Story telling
B) Narrative chaining
C) Linking
D) Peg word method

45. The method of loci involves
imagining a ______ visual scene
and visualising items to be
remembered in the scene.
A) Strange
B) Distant
C) Familiar
D) Common

46. The ______ method involves
using the first letter of each word
in the phrase to make a
pronounceable word.
A)Acronyms
B) Acrostic
C) Peg word method
D) Narrative chaining

47. The least sensitive measure of
retention is
A) Recognition
B) Relearning
C) Recall
D) Reflection

48. At age 36, Lauren went surfing for the first time since she was a teenager.
Although it was almost 20 years since she had been on a surfboard, Lauren
found that she could still surf quite well.
Lauren’s knowledge and skills about surfing have been stored in her
______________ memory
A) Episodic
B) Procedural
C) Semantic
D) Declarative

49. Lucy arrives at a friend’s party where she doesn’t know
anyone except the hostess who invited her. Despite her friend
introducing Lucy to at least half a dozen of her friends
immediately after she arrives, within half an hour, Lucy can
only remember the name of the first few friends she met.
Lucy’s ability to remember only the names of the first few
people she met suggests and example of the_____________
A) Recency effect
B) Limited capacity of the echoic
memory
C) Cocktail party phenomenon
D) Primacy effect

50. In performing the mental arithmetic to add
17+6+29+8, we use our ________________ memory.
A) Echoic
B) Iconic
C) Long-term
D) working

51. In operant conditioning, the reinforcer
should be given
A) After the desired response
B) At the same time as the desired
response
C) Before the desired response
D) All of the above are correct, because the
correct timing of the reinforcer always
depends on the kind of response that is
being conditioned

52. In the experiment conducted by Watson &
Rayner (1920), when little Albert showed a fear
response to white fur on the collar of a coat, it
was a demonstration of
A) Spontaneous recovery
B) Extinction
C) Stimulus generalisation
D) Stimulus discrimination

53. An ethical principle that appears to have been
disregarded in this research by Watson and
Rayner is
A) Confidentially
B) Informed consent
C) Withdrawal rights
D) All of the above are correct

54. In order to avoid her mothers constant nagging. Sophie
empties her laundry hamper first thing every Saturday
morning.
Sophie’s behaviour of emptying her laundry hamper is
A) Positively reinforced behaviour
B) Negatively reinforced behaviour
C) Punished behaviour
D) Classical conditioning

55. Alan became violently ill the first time he ever ate oysters
and could not contemplating eating an oyster for the rest
of his life. This is an example of ___________ and the
unconditioned stimulus would have been__________
A) Operant conditioning; the oyster
B) One-trial learning; the bacteria in the
oyster
C) One-trial learning; vomiting
D) One-trial learning; the oyster

56. A researcher has two groups of participants. He gives
caffeinated coffee to one group of participants before
asking them to learn and then recall 50 four-letter
nouns. To the other group of participants, he gives
decaffeinated coffee and then asks them to learn and
recall the same 50 four- letter nouns.
In this research, caffeine is
A) A confounding variable
B) The dependent variable
C) The independent variable
D) A placebo

57. The control group in the research from the
previous slide would be
A) All coffee drinkers
B) The participants who drank caffeinated coffee
C) The participants who drank decaffeinated
coffee
D) The population form which the participants
were selected

58. The results of an experiment showed a difference in
the mean scores of experimental group and the control
group. The experimenter conducted a test of
significance on the results and obtained a significance
level of p<.001
A) The results of the experiment are important
B) The likelihood of the difference of the difference in the mean
scores occurring by chance is extremely high
C) The hypothesis of the experiment is not supported
D) If the experiment were to be repeated, then there is a strong
likelihood that a similar difference in the mean scores of the
groups will be obtained.

59. THE END