1. Got Sugar?
May 22, 2012
Jamie Morris, Katelyn Foster,
Mary Jo Brady

2. Obesity on the Rise

3. Obesity Resolution
 Low Fat Diets: The USDA, AMA, and AHA call for dietary fat
reduction
 Food Pyramid restructure promoting more carbohydrates and less
fat
1992

4. Prevalence of Obesity Compared to
Percent Calories from Fat Among US
Adults
Percent %
Year

5. It’s Not the Fat
What happens when you cut the fat?
• Taste Bad
• Shorter shelf life
Low-fat processed food means substitution with carbohydrate…
Which carbohydrate?
Either:
• High fructose corn syrup (55% fructose)
• Sucrose (50% fructose)
i.e: Nabisco Snackwells® Oreos (-2g fat, +13g CHO (+4g sugars))

6. Sugar Consumption Trend
•By recent
USDA
estimates,
about 1/4 of the
calories
consumed by
the average
American is in
the form of
added sugars,
and most of
that is HFCS

7. What is HFCS?
Glucose Fructose
+
= HFSC
Glucose Fructose
= Sucrose
(table sugar)

8. Glucose vs. Fructose
Your body metabolizes fructose in a much different way than glucose
 After eating fructose, 100 % of the metabolic burden rests on your
liver. But with glucose, your liver has to break down only 20 percent.
 Every cell in your body, including your brain, utilizes glucose. Therefore,
much of it is "burned up" immediately after you consume it. By contrast,
fructose is turned into free fatty acids, VLDL, and triglycerides, which get
stored as fat.
 Glucose suppresses the hunger hormone ghrelin and stimulates leptin,
which suppresses your appetite. Fructose has no effect on ghrelin and
interferes with your brain's communication with leptin, resulting in
overeating.
 People are consuming fructose in enormous quantities, which has
made the negative effects much more profound.

9. Glucose
24 calories 120 calories 96 calories
(about 2 slices of bread)
24 liver calories
Glucose
ATP ADP
Liver G-6-P Glycogen Organs
Muscles
Pyruvate
body
Acetyl CoA TCA ATP CO2
VLDL / Fat
Citrate
(0.5 calories)

10. Sucrose
120 calories
Liver Organs, Muscles, Body
Glucose (50%) 12 48
Fructose (50%) 60 0
• When you eat 120 calories of glucose, less than one calorie is stored as fat. 120
calories of fructose results in 40 calories being stored as fat.
Consuming fructose is essentially consuming fat!

11. The Other Sugar:
High Fructose Corn Syrup
• High fructose corn syrup entered the American food supply in 1975 just
as the nations obesity rate started to soar
• We Consume, on Average, 42 Pounds per Person per Year
• The food and beverage industry doesn't want you to realize how truly
pervasive HFCS is in your diet -- not just from soft drinks and juices, but
also in salad dressings and condiments and virtually every processed
food. The introduction of HFCS into the Western diet has been a multi-
billion dollar boom for the corn industry.
Reasons Why Manufacturers Likes HFCS:
• Produces a longer shelf life of foods than cane sugar
• Addicting
• It is cheaper than cane sugar
• Sweeter than table sugar

12. Secular trend in fructose
consumption
 Natural consumption of fruits and vegetables
 •15 gm/day
 Prior to WWII (estimated):
 •16-24 gm/day
 1977-1978 (USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey):
 •37 gm/day (8% of total caloric intake)
 1994 (NHANES III):
 •54.7 gm/day (10.2% of total caloric intake)
 Adolescents:
 •72.8 gm/day (12.1% of total caloric intake)
 •25% consumed at least 15% of calories from fructose
Bray, Am J Clin Nutr 86:895, 2007; Vos et al. Medscape Med J 10:160, 2008

13. Supersize Me!

14. Curtailing soft drinks limits
childhood obesity
James et al. BMJ 328:1237, 2004

15. Conclusion
 Since 1980 obesity has significantly risen, right after
HFCS was introduced to our diet
 100% of the metabolism of fructose is dependent on
your liver, where most of it gets stored as fat
 Fructose has no effect on ghrelin and interferes with
your brains communication with leptin, resulting in
overeating
 We are consuming fructose in enormous quantities,
which has made the negative effects much more profound

16. Health Affects
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Osteoarthritis (a degeneration of cartilage and its underlying
bone within a joint)
• Dyslipidemia (high total cholesterol or high levels of
triglycerides)
• Type 2 diabetes
• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Gallbladder disease
• Sleep apnea and respiratory problems
• Some cancers (pancreas, kidney, prostate, endometrial,
breast, and colon)
• Tooth decay (anaerobic metabolism)

17. Sugar Shockers!
So how much exactly is a gram of sugar? One teaspoon of granulated
sugar equals 4 grams of sugar
Fat Free: Nesquick Fat Free Chocolate Milk: 16 ounces = 54
grams sugar, 300 calories
99% Fat Free: Yoplait Original 99% fat free, Lemon Burst: 6 ounces
= 31 grams sugar, 180 calories
Skinny Cow Low-fat Ice Cream Cone
Low Fat: (different flavors): 1 cone = 19 grams
sugar, 150 calories
SoBe Green Tea: 16 ounces = 50 grams sugar, 200 calories
Healthy: Snapple Iced Tea, Peach, Lemon, or Raspberry: 16 ounces =46-50 grams sugar,
200 calories
http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/sugar-shockers-foods-surprisingly-high-in-sugar

18. Citations:
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=A0oG7hepyalPImAAFG5XNyoA
?p=koolaid+mustache&fr=slv8-hptb5&fr2=piv-
http://www.google.com/search?q=cartoon+images+of+tooth+decay&um=1&hl=
en&gbv=2&tbm=isch&ei=4sypT62jEOWJ6AHA4qjMBA&start=63&sa=N
www.ncsl.org/issues.../obesity-statistics-in-
the-united-states.aspx
http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/world-obesity-stats-2
010/http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=196
http://runews.rockefeller.edu/index.php?
page=engine&id=237
Sugar: The Bitter Truth. Robert H. Lustig,
Professor of Pediatrics at UCSF