Chapter 5 Enzymes Lesson 2 - Characteristics of enzymes

Enzymes found at home

Biological washing powders

Enzyme power!

Qn : How would enzymes help to clean clothes with stains on them? Qn: Can any enzyme be used in biological washing powders?

* Characteristics of enzymes

Some characteristics of enzymes learnt earlier….
Enzymes
alter the rates of reaction
are specific
are required in minute amounts

Effect of temperature on enzyme action Note : For every increase in 10 °C in temperature, the rate of reaction doubles (until the optimum temp. is reached) (temp. at which enzyme is most active) denaturation

Why does enzyme activity increase as temperature increase?
All particles are in constant random motion
In a reaction, enzyme and substrate molecules move and collide with each other at random
Increasing temperature would increase the kinetic energy supplied to the reacting molecules
When the reacting molecules move faster, the substrate and enzyme molecules collide with each other more often
The rate of enzyme-substrate complex formation increases
However enzyme activity only increases till the optimum temperature

Why does enzyme activity decrease at higher temperature?
All enzymes are made of proteins
In most proteins the chains of amino acids are coiled or folded up to give the protein a 3D shape
The coils are held in place by weak H-bonds
An increase in temperature increases the vibrations in the atoms of the enzyme
At higher temperatures, the vibrations become so violent they break the bonds in the enzyme
The protein is said to be denatured

Denaturation
Results in the loss of the enzyme’s active site
Substrates are therefore unable to fit into the active site and no reaction will occur
pH changes (alkali or acid) also bring about denaturation

Effects of pH on enzyme action (optimum pH) (enzyme activity ↓ )

Points to note on pH:
Different enzymes work best in different optimum pH
Extreme changes in pH causes denaturation
Maximum activity at optimum pH (pH on either side causes activity to decrease)

Different enzymes = different optimum pH

Reaction rate vs substrate concentration curve What do you observe?

Limiting factor
Definition:
Any factor that directly affects the rate at which a process (e.g. chemical reaction) occurs if its quantity is changed
Note: If quantity of the factor is increased , the rate of the process increases

[substrate] ↑ ; rate of reaction ↑ till X Further ↑ ; no ↑ in rate [saturation of enzymes (limiting factor); amt. of products formed per unit time is the same] More enzyme more products formed per unit time till Y (enzyme conc. becomes the limiting factor)

Co-enzymes
Non-protein organic compounds
Some enzymes require it to bind to them before they can catalyse reactions
B complex vitamins are essential components of many co-enzymes

Applying study tip (mneumonics)
In pairs, list all the characteristics of enzymes and come up with a suitable mneumonics.
e.g. specific = S
alter reaction rate = A …..
Using first letter of the various characteristics to form a phrase…

Summary (Using Mnemonics)
Characteristics of enzymes
S
M
R
T
C
A
p
E
pecific (lock and key hypothesis) inute amounts (renewable) eversible reactions emperature o-enzymes may be needed lter rates of chemical reactions (lowers activation energy) H nzyme & substrate concentrations

Overview Biological Molecules Water and Living Organisms Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins Enzymes Lock & Key hypothesis Mode of Action Factors affecting enzyme reactions Speed up chemical Rxn Not chemically altered at the end Of Rxn Lowering Activation Energy Specificity Temperature pH

Quiz…
After observing some biological washing powders, it was noted that some brands recommend that clothes be washed at low temperatures (<45ºC). Why?
Enzymes are affected by temperature. Regulating temperature ensures that the enzymes work within its temperature range to prevent denaturation.

Quiz
Why is it that some washing powders are able to endure higher temperatures?
Different enzymes used; different enzymes have different temperature range i.e. different optimum temperature as well!
What purpose are higher temperatures for?
To remove tougher stains, e.g. oil stains

Chapter 5 Enzymes Lesson 2 - Characteristics of enzymes

by j3di79

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Chapter 5 Enzymes Lesson 2 - Characteristics of enzymes Presentation Transcript