Betty Neuman’s Systems Model

“ Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client.”

METAPARADIGM

Person an open system that works together with other parts of its body as it interact with the environment a dynamic composite of the interrelationship of five variables: (1.) physiological, (2.) psychological, (3.) sociocultural, (4.) developmental, and (5.) spiritual has protective mechanisms for the basic structure, and maintains client’s system stability: (1.) flexible line of defense, (2.) normal line of defense, and (3.) lines of resistance

an open system that works together with other parts of its body as it interact with the environment

a dynamic composite of the interrelationship of five variables: (1.) physiological, (2.) psychological, (3.) sociocultural, (4.) developmental, and (5.) spiritual

has protective mechanisms for the basic structure, and maintains client’s system stability: (1.) flexible line of defense, (2.) normal line of defense, and (3.) lines of resistance

CORE Lines of Resistance Normal Line of Defense Flexible Line of Defense CORE Normal Line of Defense Normal Line of Defense Normal Line of Defense

Health dynamic condition equated with stability of normal line of defense Wellness exists when all the part or system of person works harmoniously

dynamic condition

equated with stability of normal line of defense

Wellness exists when all the part or system of person works harmoniously

CORE Flexible Line of Defense Normal Line of Defense Lines of Resistance Health Health Health Health Health Health CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness

Environment can be internal, external, and created force (stressors) that interacts with a person’s state of health has the potential to alter or improve stability of systems

can be internal, external, and created force (stressors) that interacts with a person’s state of health

has the potential to alter or improve stability of systems

CORE S T R E S S O R S Extrapersonal S T R E S S O R S Lines of Resistance Normal Line of Defense Flexible Line of Defense Intrapersonal Interpersonal Extrapersonal Intrapersonal Interpersonal Extrapersonal Intrapersonal Interpersonal Extrapersonal Intrapersonal CORE

Nursing a unique profession hat requires holistic approach – considers all factors affecting a client’s health aims to promote optimal wellness to its client through retention, attainment, or maintenance of the stability of client’s system

a unique profession hat requires holistic approach – considers all factors affecting a client’s health

aims to promote optimal wellness to its client through retention, attainment, or maintenance of the stability of client’s system

Nursing (cont.) nurse helps the different levels of clientele: individual, family, and groups in achieving and maintaining an optimal wellness through intervention with the goal of reducing stress factors and its adverse effects to the optimal functioning of an individual in any given situation nursing consists of intervention modalities of prevention which can be: ( 1.) primary, (2.) secondary, (3.) tertiary

nurse helps the different levels of clientele: individual, family, and groups in achieving and maintaining an optimal wellness through intervention with the goal of reducing stress factors and its adverse effects to the optimal functioning of an individual in any given situation

nursing consists of intervention modalities of prevention which can be: ( 1.) primary, (2.) secondary, (3.) tertiary

CORE Normal Line of Defense (Secondary Prevention) Lines of Resistance (Tertiary Prevention) Health Health Health Health Health Health Flexible Line of Defense (Primary Prevention) CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness CORE Harmony Stability Balance Health Wellness

Once an individual is exposed to stress, the flexible line of defense will be “alarmed” to protect the normal (solid) line of defense to keep the system free from stressor reactions. However, if this individual is continuously exposed to stress and if the flexible line of defense is unable anymore to cope up with the stressors, the normal line of defense will be altered. If this happens, there will be a threat to the wall that protects the basic structure of the individual and therefore causing instability of the systems and illness develops.

Normal Line of Defense CORE S T R E S S O R S (Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Extrapersonal) I L L N E S S Flexible Line of Defense Lines of Resistance CORE

Sample Situation: Mr. Yoso is a 38 year-old business executive. His colleagues describe him as hard working, perfectionist, and very dedicated to work. His day starts by leaving the house very early from Laguna to Makati and begins work by delegating various tasks with firm expectations and deadlines that somewhat impossible to meet. He usually responds with pressure and intimidating remarks for works not perfectly done. He smokes and drinks alcohol whenever he is stressed. Recently, the company experienced continuous dropped in their sells and his bosses started to put blame to him.

Mr. Yoso is a 38 year-old business executive. His colleagues describe him as hard working, perfectionist, and very dedicated to work. His day starts by leaving the house very early from Laguna to Makati and begins work by delegating various tasks with firm expectations and deadlines that somewhat impossible to meet. He usually responds with pressure and intimidating remarks for works not perfectly done. He smokes and drinks alcohol whenever he is stressed. Recently, the company experienced continuous dropped in their sells and his bosses started to put blame to him.

continuation… Mr. Yoso began exhibiting weird mannerisms and behaviors that appear strange to his family and people around him. He misses breakfast and lunch very often and sleeps very late at night while doing work. He has no time anymore for his family and focuses to hard on meeting deadlines and his preconceived objectives. Because of these weird changes in him, the company decided to temporarily relieve him from his position as executive manager. A week later, he started to have periods of mania and depression. His family becomes worried and called up the hospital to seek assistance after he locked himself in the room, refusing to eat, and most of the time quiet and staring blankly on the wall. Later, he developed pneumonia.

Mr. Yoso began exhibiting weird mannerisms and behaviors that appear strange to his family and people around him. He misses breakfast and lunch very often and sleeps very late at night while doing work. He has no time anymore for his family and focuses to hard on meeting deadlines and his preconceived objectives. Because of these weird changes in him, the company decided to temporarily relieve him from his position as executive manager. A week later, he started to have periods of mania and depression. His family becomes worried and called up the hospital to seek assistance after he locked himself in the room, refusing to eat, and most of the time quiet and staring blankly on the wall. Later, he developed pneumonia.

Using Neuman’s System Model in the above situation, the identified possible stressors that contributed to Mr. Yoso’s condition were as follows: work, personality, and attitude. Mr. Yoso is not anymore able to handle the stressors and that had caused the “breakdown” of his lines of defense. Without seeking help from his family and friends, he was not able to maintain his flexible line of defense and brought instability to his system. (The diagram on the next page shows the effect of the stress in his lines of defense and the corresponding prevention that might have or may be done to prevent illness/or complications from occurring.)

CORE Effects on Normal Line of Defense: exhibiting weird mannerisms and behaviors periods of mania and depression Tertiary Prevention Re-assessing patient’s ability to independently perform and maintain variables of health. Regular consult to psychologist. Maintaining client’s support system Secondary Prevention Medication (to treat symptoms) Opportunities to verbalize feelings and concerns Effects on Lines of Resistance: weakened immune response developed pneumonia Primary Prevention: Stress management activities Relaxation techniques Anger-management techniques Smoking cessation Effects on Flexible Line of Defense: sleeps very late at night misses breakfast and lunch responds with pressure and intimidating remarks for works not perfectly done smokes and drinks alcohol whenever he is stressed Work-related stressors CORE

Effects on Normal Line of Defense:

exhibiting weird mannerisms and behaviors

periods of mania and depression

Tertiary Prevention

Re-assessing patient’s ability to independently perform and maintain variables of health.

Regular consult to psychologist.

Maintaining client’s support system

Secondary Prevention

Medication (to treat symptoms)

Opportunities to verbalize feelings and concerns

Effects on Lines of Resistance:

weakened immune response

developed pneumonia

Primary Prevention:

Stress management activities

Relaxation techniques

Anger-management techniques

Smoking cessation

Effects on Flexible Line of Defense:

sleeps very late at night

misses breakfast and lunch

responds with pressure and intimidating remarks for works not perfectly done

smokes and drinks alcohol whenever he is stressed

“ Health is a condition in which all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client.”

Thank you!!!