Computing History Part 1

Slideshow Transcript

1. Slide 1: An Overview of the Computing Industry Review of “A History of Modern Computing” by Paul E Cerruzi and “Those who forget the lessons…” by John Lee
2. Slide 2: Those who forget the Lessons of History are bound to repeat it. • Lack of proper archives or historians for computing. • Difference between computer science and computing. • A common myth is that history if preserving of Artifacts. • What’s not a century old is not considered history by Historians.
3. Slide 3: History • 1st conf held at Los Almos Nat Lab in 1977 • Contemporary history :Chronological history and the emphasis on firsts. • With respect to Computing, its more about saving documents and reasoning rather than code. • Document failures more than successes. • Firsts are a matter of definition rather than chronology. • History is overloaded – use tools of analysis and interpretation. • Shoulder of giants - look at what the giants had to go through to achieve Gianthood.
4. Slide 4: History • Good Judgment : Experience • Experience : Bad Judgment • When history is sound a certain problems are not even considered problems.
5. Slide 5: Points • Technology provides a better way of doing the same task with no Increase in productivity. • Technology provides a faster way of doing things. • Technology provides capability of sovling future problems or problems that seemed unsolvable.
6. Slide 6: Teachings from History • Napiers Chessboard. • Von Neumann’s Parallel designs. • Da Vinci’s helicopter design.
7. Slide 7: A history of modern computing
8. Slide 8: Computing • Arose as a part of the military need • ENIAC was the first of its kind to serve American defense
9. Slide 10: Von Neumann’s Stored Program Principle • 1945 report by John Von Neumann • The Neumann bottleneck • Univac was the first Stored program computer whose first task was the census calculation • Automation – termed at the Ford Motor Company • IBM responded with the 701(willians tubes)
10. Slide 11: The Univac
11. Slide 12: Early Machines • Drum based memory • Speeds of about 11 multiplications/sec • A very different m/c Bendix G-15 built in UK using Alan Turing's idea of a computer.
12. Slide 13: Early Drum based IBM’s
13. Slide 14: 1956 - 1964 • Core memory was introduced. They were small, volatile and provided Random Access. • SAGE project • GE, Honeywell, ERMA were the other players • Computer Architecture as its known today started taking shape in terms of word length, Registers , Addresses, IO , special hardware for FLOPS
14. Slide 15: Rise of IBM • Due to huge military presence • Emulators, OS were introduced in this era • Were Bashed for being a monolith; there were even lawsuits for monopolizing the market.
15. Slide 16: Birth of Software • Mainframes needed s/w to run that IBM developed inhouse. • Concept of Reuse in Harvard Mark 3 • Univac got its first Compiler. • Assemblers and other routines were being developed to aid easy programmable machines • SHARE (1955) – first user group for IBM 701 users.
16. Slide 17: Programming languages • FORTRAN for IBM 704 • COBOL 1959 • Developed by Grace Hopper and standardized in 1960 to run on all IBM hardware. • Early signs of Y2K • ALGOL written in BNF • OS originated from requirement of Batch Processing.
17. Slide 18: 1968 • Knuth’s Art of Computer Programming • German Conference for S/W Engg. • Intellectual Property Issues. • Unbundling of Software • Birth of UNIX
18. Slide 19: Mainframes and MiniComputers • PDP8 , IBM 7074 • Requirement of Federal Govt in funding and the space program. • 1965 – SSN is introduced by IRS to ease computing . • Apollo program and the need for real time computation
19. Slide 20: IBM 7070
20. Slide 21: Minicomputer • Teletype made PC smaller and easy to interact with. • DEC was a major player • Low price and smaller computers.
21. Slide 22: Minicomputer PDP8
22. Slide 23: Teletypes
23. Slide 24: GO-GO Years • IBM 360 line of computers. • Microprograms, control units simplification • Emulators for old machines. • Time Sharing systems. • Leasing companies, and tons of competitors • CDC 6600 or the CRAY computer. • Software houses • The Mythical man month
24. Slide 25: IBM 360’s
25. Slide 26: CRAY
26. Slide 27: Chip and its Impact -1965 -1975 • Grosch’s law • IC invented and perfected by TI and Fairchild • Clearly attributed to the Aerospace industry • Second generation minicomputers • RAM’s, BUS’s in PDP8 which eventually become PDP11 • CICS is reborn • BASIC at Darthmoth