Chapter 1 (1-22)

1 1 Bab Chapter Pengenalan Introduction to kepada Sains Science CHAPTER BAB ISTILAH ! WORD UP! 1 1 PENTING! BIG Picture! • Luas – Area Area – Luas Konsep • Daya graviti – Gravitational force The Gravitational force – Daya graviti • Hipotesis – Hypothesis Hypothesis – Hipotesis • Panjang – Length Length – Panjang • Jisim – Mass Mass – Jisim • Fenomena semula jadi – Natural Natural phenomena – Fenomena phenomena semula jadi • Isi padu – Volume Volume – Isi padu • Berat – Weight Weight – Berat Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR PMR Past-year Questions Kertas 2 Paper 2 Tahun Kertas 1 Year Paper 1 Bhg. A Bhg. B Sec. A Sec. B 2005 S1 S1 2005 Q1 2006 S1 S1 2006 Q1 2007 S1, S2 S2 S1, 2007 Q1, Q2 2008 S1 S1 2008 Q1 2009 S1 S1 2009 Q1 1 1F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 1 7/22/10 10:31:05 AM

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian 1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life Aktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi DISCUSSION Science and natural phenomena 1.1 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual 1.1 Activity Contextual Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 Mark (✓) in the boxes provided the natural phenomena. Tandakan (✓) dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CHAPTER BAB 1 1 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains 1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory Aktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya DISCUSSION Laboratory apparatus and their uses 1.2 PERBINCANGAN Kontekstual 1.2 Activity Contextual Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah. Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below. Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tiga Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod stand Tabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulat Boiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flask Tabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turas Test tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnel Silinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnel Kelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen MINDRobicsMINDRobics Volumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Tabung uji Tabung didih Bikar Kelalang kon Kelalang volumetri Test tube Boiling tube Beaker Conical flask Volumetric flask 6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10 Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret Kelalang dasar bulat Corong tisel Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Round-bottomed flask Thistle funnel 1.1 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian 1.2 HP • Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalam 1.1 LO • Explain the importance of science in everyday life 1.2 LO • Use some common scientific apparatus in the • Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan makmal • Make a list of things around you that are related to laboratory dengan sains 2 science 2 1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life 1.2 Knowing the safety precautions and apparatus in a science laboratory DISCUSSION DISCUSSION 1.1 Activity 1 What are the occurrences in nature involving living things and non-living things called? (Natural 1.2 Activity 1 Name the apparatus that is used to phenomena) (a) hold small amounts of liquid (Test tube) (f) support apparatus such as beakers when 2 Give three examples of natural phenomena. (Lightning, melting of ice, flowers blossoming…) (b) measure a fixed volume of liquid (Pipette) heating them (Tripod stand) 3 Name the field of knowledge that relates to the world around us. (Science) (c) evaporate liquid (Evaporating dish) (g) measure temperature (Thermometer) (d) measure the volume of a liquid (not accurate) (h) transfer liquid into a container (Filter funnel) 4 State three branches of science. (Physic, chemistry and biology) (Measuring cylinder) (i) hold a test tube when it is being heated. (Test 5 State three careers related to science. (Doctor, science teacher, biochemist…) (e) measure accurately the volume of a liquid tube holder) (Pipette or burette) (j) pick up solid chemicals (Spatula) 2 2 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 2 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15 Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 Corong turas Balang gas Mangkuk penyejat Mangkuk pijar Takung kaca Filter funnel Gas jar Evaporating dish Crucible Glass trough CHAPTER BAB 16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20 1 1 Kaki retort Kasa dawai Tungku kaki tiga Penunu Bunsen Rod kaca Retort stand Wire gauze Tripod stand Bunsen burner Glass rod Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.3 Memahami langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation Aktiviti Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik DISCUSSION Steps in a scientific investigation 1.3 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.3 Activity Mastery KBSB TSTS Susun mengikut urutan yang betul bagi langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik. • Membuat urutan Arrange in the correct sequence the steps in a scientific investigation. • Arranging • Merancang penyiasatan • Menganalisis data • Teori sains • Plan the investigation • Analyse data • Science theory • Membuat hipotesis • Mengumpul data • Membuat laporan • Make hypothesis • Collect data • Make report • Menjalankan eksperimen • Membuat kesimpulan • Mengenal pasti masalah • Conduct experiment • Make conclusions • Identify problem • Hipotesis • Mentafsirkan data • Mengawal pemboleh ubah • Hypothesis • Interpret data • Control variables MINDRobicsMINDRobics Mengenal pasti Merancang Mengawal Plan the Membuat hipotesis Identify problem Make hypothesis Control variables masalah penyiasatan pemboleh ubah investigation Jika hipotesis Menjalankan eksperimen If hypothesis is ditolak Conduct experiment wrong untuk menguji hipotesis to test hypothesis • Mengumpul data • Collect data • Menganalisis data • Analyse data • Mentafsirkan data • Interpret data Jika hipotesis diterima, If hypothesis is right, teori sains • Membuat kesimpulan science theory Membuat laporan • Make conclusions dibina Make report is built 1.3 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.3 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation 3 3 1.3 Understanding the steps in scientiﬁc investigation 5 An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between time and temperature. The results obtained DISCUSSION are recorded in the table below. State the types of variables shown by the time and the temperature. 1.3 Activity 1 What can be formed if a hypothesis is accepted after going through experiments? (Theory) 2 What can be done if the hypothesis formed is rejected? (A new hypothesis has to be formed) Time Temperature DISCUSSION 10 35 1.4 Activity 3 State two types of variables that are required to be related during the formation of a hypothesis. (Manipulated variable and responding variable) 20 45 GUIDED 1.5 Experiment PEKA 4 State three types of variables. (Manipulated variable, responding variable and ﬁxed/constant/controlled Time: …………………… (Variable that is manipulated) variable) Temperature : …………………… (Variable that responds) 3 3 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 3 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

Aktiviti Membuat hipotesis dan mengawal pemboleh ubah DISCUSSION Making hypothesis and controlling variables 1.4 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.4 Activity Mastery BAHAGIAN SECTION A A benang string Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dapat bandul Variable that is manipulated and that responds can be determined from pendulum ditentukan daripada jadual atau graf bagi suatu penyiasatan saintifik. the table or the graph of a scientific investigation. Tentukan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dalam ruang yang disediakan di Determined the variable that is manipulated and that responds in the space provided below. Then, CHAPTER BAB bawah. Kemudian, hubung kaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah yang relate the variable that is manipulated and that responds to form a hypothesis. bergerak balas untuk membentuk satu hipotesis. (a) Variable that is manipulated (b) Variable that responds (a) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan (b) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas (change) 11 (berubah) Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s Masa bagi 10 ayunan Panjang bandul/cm 10 20 30 40 50 lengkap/s Length of pendulum/cm 10 20 30 40 50 Masa bagi 10 Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s Variable that is ayunan lengkap/s Pemboleh ubah yang manipulated dimanipulasikan responds Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas Variable that Length of the (keputusan/pemerhatian) (result/observation) pendulum/cm Panjang bandul/cm INFERENS Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. INFERENCE The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations. Petunjuk: pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan mempengaruhi pemboleh ubah bergerak balas Hint: manipulated variable affects the responding variable HIPOTESIS Semakin panjang/pendek bandul, semakin panjang/pendek HYPOTHESIS The longer/shorter the length of pendulum, the longer/shorter masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. the time taken for 10 complete oscillations. Petunujuk: mengaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah Hint: relate the manipulated variable with the responding variable yang bergerak balas BAHAGIAN SECTION B B 2006 Bhg. B, S8(c) 2006 Sec. B, Q8(c) Satu penyiasatan dijalankan untuk mengkaji panjang tapak tangan bagi tiga orang budak lelaki pada An investigation is carried out to study the length of palms of three boys of different ages. The results of umur yang berlainan. Keputusan penyiasatan ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. the investigation are shown in the table below. Panjang tapak tangan/cm Length of palms/cm Length of the 16 Age of boys/year Umur budak Panjang tapak palms/cm 16 lelaki/tahun tangan/cm 14 1 6 14 1 6 6 10 12 12 6 10 13 16 10 10 13 16 (a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual di atas, lukis satu carta bar untuk menunjukkan panjang tapak 8 (a) Based on the results in the table above, draw a 8 tangan bagi budak lelaki yang berlainan. bar chart to show the length of palms of 6 6 different boys. (b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang 4 (b) State the variable that 4 (i) dimanipulasikan: Umur budak lelaki 2 (i) is manipulated: Age of boy (ii) bergerak balas: Panjang tapak tangan 2 (ii) responds: Length of the palms 0 0 1 6 13 1 6 13 Umur budak lelaki/tahun Age of boys/year 1.4 HP • Menyatakan langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik 1.4 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation 4 4F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 4 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

Eksperimen PEKA Mereka bentuk dan menjalankan eksperimen GUIDED Designing and carrying out an experiment 1.5 TERBIMBING Inkuiri-penemuan 1.5 Experiment PEKA Inquiry-discovery Anda diberikan bahan dan radas serta maklumat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Anda You are given materials, apparatus and information as shown in the diagram below. Design and carry dikehendaki mereka bentuk dan menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji bagaimana panjang out an experiment to study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation. suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya. CHAPTER BAB string benang A B A B 1 1 retort kaki stand retort pendulum bandul one complete oscillation satu ayunan lengkap (pergerakan dari A ke B (movement from A to B dan kemudian kembali and then back again to A) semula ke A) TUJUAN Mengkaji bagaimana panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya AIM To study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation PERNYATAAN MASALAH Bagaimanakah panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya? PROBLEM STATEMENT How does the length of a simple pendulum affect its period of oscillation? HIPOTESIS Semakin pendek bandul ringkas, semakin pendek tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas. E1C11 HYPOTHESIS The shorter the length of the pendulum, the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillations. E1C11 PEMBOLEH (a) yang dimalarkan: Bilangan ayunan UBAH (b) yang dimanipulasikan: Panjang bandul ringkas E1C10 VARIABLE (a) that is kept constant: Number of oscillation (c) yang bergerak balas: Tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas/Tempoh ayunan (b) that is manipulated: Length of the simple pendulum E1C10 BAHAN (c) that responds: Time for 10 oscillations/Periods of oscillation Bandul, benang MATERIALS Pendulum, string RADAS Kaki retort dan pengapit, pembaris meter, jam randik APPARATUS Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, stopwatch PROSEDUR 1 Sediakan satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm. 2 Tarik bandul pada suatu kedudukan, kemudian lepaskan. PROCEDURE 1 Prepare a simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread. 3 Catatkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dalam jadual. 2 Pull the pendulum to one side, then release. 4 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-beza 3 Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations in a table. seperti dalam jadual. 4 Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown in the 5 Lukis graf yang menunjukkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan masa pada ruang table. yang disediakan. 5 Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length of pendulum for 10 complete CARA KERJA oscillations. 1 Satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm disediakan. STEPS 1 A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was prepared. 2 Bandul ditarik pada suatu kedudukan kemudian dilepaskan. 3 Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dicatat dalam jadual. 2 The pendulum was pulled to one side, then it was released. 4 Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza- 3 The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was recorded in a table. beza seperti dalam jadual. 4 The experiment was repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown 5 Graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap lawan panjang bandul dilukis. in the table. 5 A graph showing the time taken for 10 complete oscillations versus the length of pendulum was drawn. 1.5 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Contoh 2, 1.5 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation saintifik Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Example 2, hlm. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, • Carry out a scientific investigation p. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, p. 8 • Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik 5 hlm. 8 5F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 5 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Eksperimen Panjang bandul ringkas/cm Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s Experiment Length of simple pendulum/cm Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s E1 E1 C 1 10 8.8 C 1 10 8.8 3 3 4 2 20 13.2 4 2 20 13.2 5 5 6 3 30 16.5 6 3 30 16.5 7 7 8 4 40 18.4 8 4 40 18.4 CHAPTER 10 BAB 10 11 5 50 20.0 11 5 50 20.0 S S (Jawapan pelajar) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14 (Student’s answers) E1C3 E1C6 E2C14 11 ANALISIS 1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa bagi bandul panjang dan bandul pendek untuk ANALYSIS 1 State the difference in the time taken for a long pendulum and a short pendulum to melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. make 10 complete oscillations. E2 Bandul yang lebih panjang/pendek mengambil masa yang lebih E2 A longer/shorter pendulum takes a longer/shorter time to C C make 10 complete oscillations. E1C8 E2C15 panjang/pendek untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C8 E2C15 14 14 15 2 Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini? 15 2 What inference can be made for this experiment? 16 Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. 16 The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations. S S TSTS E1C4 KBSB E1C4 • Making inference • Membuat inferens 3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalam 3 Based on the results in the table, jadual, plotkan graf masa bagi plot a graph of the time taken to 10 ayunan lengkap melawan panjang make 10 complete oscillations bandul. against the length of the pendulum. Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s 20 4 Nyatakan hubungan antara panjang 20 4 State the relationship between the bandul dengan masa bagi 10 ayunan length of the pendulum and the time Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s lengkap. taken for 10 complete oscillations. Semakin panjang/pendek longer/shorter 15 15 The the bandul semakin panjang/pendek length of the pendulum, the masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. E1C7 longer/shorter the time 10 10 taken for 10 complete oscillations. 5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagi E1C7 satu 60 cm panjang bandul untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap. 5 Predict the time taken for a 60 cm 5 22 s (lebih daripada 20 s) 5 long pendulum to make 10 complete E1C5 oscillations. 22 s (more than 20 s) KPS 10 20 30 40 50 • Meramalkan 10 20 30 40 50 E1C5 SPS Panjang bandul/cm Length of the pendulum/cm • Predicting E1C6 E2C15 E1C6 E2C15 KESIMPULAN 1 Hipotesis adalah diterima . E2C16 CONCLUSION 1 The hypothesis is accepted . E2C16 2 Masa yang diambil untuk bandul ringkas membuat satu ayunan lengkap meningkat 2 The time taken for the simple pendulum to make one complete oscillation dengan panjang bandul. E2C16 increases with the length of the pendulum. E2C16 6 6F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 6 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.4 Mengetahui kuantiti fizik dan unitnya 1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dan unit SI DISCUSSION Physical quantities and the SI units 1.6 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.6 Activity Mastery Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan unit SI dan simbol unit. Based on the given information, complete the table below with suitable SI units and its symbol. Saat Meter Kilogram Kelvin Ampere Second Metre Kilogram Kelvin Ampere A K m kg s A K m kg s CHAPTER BAB Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Simbol unit Physical quantity SI unit Symbol Panjang Meter m Length Metre m Jisim Kilogram kg Mass Kilogram kg 1 1 Suhu Kelvin K Temperature Kelvin K Arus elektrik Ampere A Electric current Ampere A Masa Saat s Time Second s Aktiviti Kuantiti fizik dalam bentuk imbuhan dan bentuk piawai THINKING Physical quantities in the prefix and standard forms 1.7 BERFIKIR Masteri 1.7 Activity Mastery 1 Tulis nilai imbuhan bagi imbuhan dalam Jadual (a). Kemudian, tukar nilai kuantiti fizik yang diberi 1 Write the prefix value of prefixes in Table (a). Then, change the value of the physical quantity given to kepada bentuk piawai dalam Jadual (b). the standard form in Table (b). 1 mm = 1 000 μm 1 mm = 1 000 μm 1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 10 mm 1m = 100 cm 1m = 100 cm 1 km = 1 000 m 1 km = 1 000 m 1 Mm = 1 000 000 m 1 Mm = 1 000 000 m 1 kg = 1 000 g 1 kg = 1 000 g MINDRobicsMINDRobics Imbuhan Nilai imbuhan Nilai kuantiti fizik Bentuk piawai Prefix Prefix value Value of physical quantity Standard form mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m mega 1 000 000 6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m kilo 1 000 kilo 1 000 0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m 0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m desi 0.1 deci 0.1 800 000 m 8 × 105 m 800 000 m 8 × 105 m senti 0.01 centi 0.01 mili 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m milli 0.001 0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m mikro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m micro 0.000001 0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m Jadual (a) Jadual (b) Table (a) Table (b) 2 Tukar nilai kuantiti fizik di bawah kepada nilai imbuhan. 2 Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms. (a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm (a) 200 g = 0.2 kg (d) 0.02 m = 2 cm (b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km (b) 0.005 A = 5 mA (e) 760 m = 0.76 km (c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm (c) 4 000 000 g = 4 Mg (f) 0.008 m = 8 mm 1.6 HP • Menyatakan kuantiti fizik: panjang, jisim, masa, suhu 1.7 HP • Menyatakan simbol dan nilai imbuhan bagi unit 1.6 LO • State physical quantities: length, mass, time, 1.7 LO • State the symbols and values of prefixes for units of dan arus elektrik panjang dan jisim: mili-, senti-, dan kilo- temperature and electric current length and mass: milli-, centi-, and kilo- • Menyatakan unit SI dan simbol yang berkaitan 7 • Mengenal pasti dan menggunakan imbuhan yang sesuai dalam pengukuran panjang dan jisim • State the SI units and the corresponding symbols for these physical quantities 7 • Identify and use appropriate prefixes in the measurement of length and mass dengan kuantiti fizik ini 1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units 3 State the prefix value of DISCUSSION (a) kilo (1 000) 1.6 Activity 1 State the SI unit and the symbol of (b) mega (1 000 000) (a) mass (Kilogram, kg) (d) temperature (Kelvin, K) (c) deci (0.1) (b) length (Metre, m) (e) electric current (Ampere, A) (d) milli (0.001) (c) time (Second, s) 4 Give the standard form of 1 000 km (1 x 103 km) THINKING 1.7 Activity 2 Give the symbol of the prefix of 5 Give in the prefix form of 5 000 g (5 kg) (a) mega (M) (b) kilo (k) (c) centi (c) 7 7 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 7 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.5 Memahami konsep jisim 1.5 Understanding the concept of mass Eksperimen Jisim dan berat INQUIRY Mass and weight 1.8 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.8 Experiment Inquiry-discovery Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 TUJUAN Menyukat jisim dan berat bagi pelbagai objek AIM To measure the mass and weight of various objects BAHAN Bongkah kayu, buku, botol plastik, kotak pensel, ladung MATERIALS Wooden block, book, plastic bottle, pencil box, pendulum bob RADAS Neraca tuas, neraca spring APPARATUS Lever balance, spring balance CHAPTER BAB 1 1 Rajah (a) Neraca tuas Rajah (b) Neraca spring Diagram (a) Lever balance Diagram (b) Spring balance PROSEDUR 1 Periksa sebuah neraca tuas dan neraca spring seperti dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b). PROCEDURE 1 Examine a lever balance and a spring balance as in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b) 2 Tentukan jisim objek yang disenaraikan dalam jadual dengan menggunakan neraca respectively. tuas. Catat jisim tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi. 2 Find out the mass of the objects listed in the table using a lever balance. Record the 3 Ulangi proses di atas untuk mencari berat setiap objek dengan menggunakan neraca mass in the table given. MINDRobicsMINDRobics spring. Catat berat tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi. 3 Repeat the process to find out the weight for all the objects using a spring balance. 4 Bandingkan nilai jisim dan berat setiap objek yang anda ukur. Record the weight in the table given. 4 Compare the values of the mass and weight of the objects you have measured. KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Objek Jisim objek/g Berat objek/N Object Mass of object/g Weight of object/N Bongkah kayu Wooden block Buku Book Botol plastik Plastic bottle Kotak pensel Pencil box Ladung Pendulum bob (Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers) 1.8 HP • Menentukan berat objek Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Konsep 1.8 LO • Determine the weight of an object Refer to Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Concept of • Menerangkan konsep berat jisim, hlm. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept • Explain the concept of weight mass, p. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept of • Menerangkan konsep jisim of mass, hlm. 10 • Explain the concept of mass mass, p.10 • • Menentukan jisim objek Menerangkan perbezaan antara jisim dan berat 8 • • Determine the mass of an object Explain the difference between mass and weight 8 1.5 Understanding the concept of mass 1.9 DISCUSSION Activity &6 Which is affected by the gravitational force, the mass or the weight? (The weight) INQUIRY DISCUSSION 1.8 Experiment 1 State two devices that can be used to measure the mass of an object. (Lever balance and electronic 1.10 Activity 7 State the SI unit for weight. (Newton, N) balance/triple beam balance) 8 An object has a mass of 5 kg on the Moon. Predict the mass of the object on Jupiter. Give reason for your 2 State two devices that can be used to measure the weight of an object. (Spring balance and compression answer. (5 kg. The mass of the object is not affected by the gravitational force/The mass of the object is balance) constant) 3 State a type of balance of mass that gives the most accurate reading. (Electronic balance) 9 Explain why the weight of an object differs from place to place? (The weight of an object depends on the 4 What is the measuring unit for mass? (Kilogram) gravitational attraction force at a given place) 5 What is the measuring unit for weight? (Newton) 8 8 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 8 7/22/10 10:31:06 AM

ANALISIS 1 Nyatakan maksud, unit sukatan dan simbol bagi jisim dan berat suatu objek. ANALYSIS 1 State the meanings, measuring units and symbol for the mass and weight of an object. Chapter 1 Maksud Unit sukatan dan simbol Meaning Measuring unit and symbol Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 (a) Jisim objek Kuantiti jirim yang Kilogram, kg (a) Mass of The quantity of matter Kilogram, kg terkandung di dalam suatu objek an object in the object (b) Berat objek Daya tarikan graviti yang Newton, N (b) Weight of The force of the gravitational Newton, N bertindak ke atas suatu objek pull an object that acts on CHAPTER the object BAB 2 Sukatan neraca yang manakah tidak dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti? Jisim 2 Which balance measurement is not influenced by the gravitational force? Mass 3 Adakah jisim suatu objek tetap sama jika ditimbang di tempat lain KBSB 1 1 seperti di kutub Bumi? Terangkan jawapan anda. • Membuat inferens TSTS 3 Is the mass of an object remains the same if the object is weighed Ya . Jisim objek adalah sentiasa tetap . in places like the Earth’s poles? Explain your answer. • Making inferences Yes . The mass of an object is constant . 4 Namakan dua penimbang lain yang digunakan untuk menimbang jisim objek di makmal. 4 Name two other balances used to weigh the mass of an object in the laboratory. Neraca tiga alur Neraca elektronik Triple beam balance Electronic balance 5 Namakan sejenis neraca yang dapat memberi nilai bacaan jisim KBSB TSTS objek dengan sangat tepat. • Menjanakan idea 5 Name a type of balance which gives very accurate reading of the • Generating ideas Neraca elektronik mass of an object. 6 Namakan satu penimbang lain yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur berat objek. Electronic balance 6 Name one other type of balance which can be used to measure weight of objects. MINDRobicsMINDRobics The Earth attracts all Bumi menarik semua bodies with a force. This jasad dengan suatu force is called the weight daya. Daya ini disebut of a body. berat jasad. Neraca mampatan Compression balance KESIMPULAN Neraca tuas menyukat jisim manakala neraca spring menyukat CONCLUSION The lever balance measures mass while the spring balance measures berat . weight . 9 9 10 What is the quantity of matter that is present in an object called? (Mass) 14 What is the use of the spring balance? (To measure the weight of an object) 11 State the SI unit for mass and its symbol. (Kilogram, kg) 15 What is the use of the lever balance? (To measure the mass of an object) 12 What is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on an object, the mass or the weight? (The weight) 13 What is the symbol of newton? (N) 9 9 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 9 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

Aktiviti Jisim dan berat objek DISCUSSION Mass and weight of an object 1.9 PERBINCANGAN Konstruktivisme 1.9 Activity Constructivism Fill in the blanks with suitable words about mass and weight. Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang jisim dan berat objek. fixed kg gram milligram tetap kg gram miligram N change kilogram mass N berubah kilogram jisim newton gravitational force matter changes CHAPTER BAB newton daya tarikan graviti jirim berubah-ubah The mass of an object is the amount of matter contained in the object. 11 Jisim sesuatu objek ialah jumlah jirim yang terkandung di dalam objek kilogram kg The SI unit for mass is and the symbol for this unit is . The units of tersebut. Unit SI bagi jisim ialah kilogram dan simbol bagi unitnya ialah kg . Unit gram milligram mass that are smaller are or . The mass of an object is jisim yang lebih kecil ialah gram atau miligram . Jisim suatu objek adalah malar atau fixed constant or , regardless where that object is. tetap , walaupun di mana objek itu berada. gravitational force changes The weight of an object is influenced by the , which Berat suatu objek dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti , yang change according to place. Therefore, the weight of an object may in a different place. The berubah-ubah mengikut tempat. Oleh itu, berat objek mungkin berubah di suatu tempat newton N measuring unit of weight is and its symbol is . lain. Unit sukatan bagi berat ialah newton dengan simbol N . Aktiviti DISCUSSION Comparison between the concepts of mass and weight 1.10 PERBINCANGAN Perbandingan antara konsep jisim dengan berat Masteri 1.10 Activity Mastery KBSB TSTS • Membandingkan dan Compare and contrast the concepts of mass and weight in the spaces provided. • Compare & contrast Banding dan bezakan konsep jisim dengan berat dalam ruang yang disediakan. membezakan Jisim Ciri-ciri Berat Mass Characteristics Weight Tidak dipengaruhi Dipengaruhi oleh Not influenced Influence of gravitational Influenced by Pengaruh daya tarikan graviti by oleh daya tarikan graviti daya tarikan graviti gravitational force force gravitational force Nilai sukatan di tempat- Berubah-ubah Measurement taken in Changes Tetap Constant tempat yang berlainan mengikut tempat different places according to place kilogram Unit sukatan newton kilogram Measuring unit newton Alat sukatan digunakan Neraca spring/Neraca Weighing instruments used in Spring balance/Compression Neraca tuas/Neraca palang Lever balance/Beam balance di dalam makmal mampatan laboratory balance 1.9 HP • Menerangkan konsep berat 1.10 HP • Menerangkan perbezaan di antara jisim dengan berat 1.9 LO • Explain concept of weight 1.10 LO • Explain the differences between mass and weight • Menerangkan konsep jisim • Explain concept of mass 10 10F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 10 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

Objektif Pembelajaran Learning Objective 1.6 Memahami penggunaan alat-alat pengukur 1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools Eksperimen Panjang garis lurus dan garis lengkung INQUIRY Length of straight and curved lines 1.11 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.11 Experiment Inquiry-discovery Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 TUJUAN Mengukur panjang AIM To measure (a) garis lurus dengan menggunakan pembaris meter dan pita pengukur (a) straight lines using metre rule and measuring tape (b) garis lengkung dengan menggunakan benang dan pembaris (b) curved lines using thread and ruler BAHAN Benang, pensel, pen, bola MATERIALS Thread, pencil, pen, ball CHAPTER BAB RADAS Pembaris meter, pita pengukur APPARATUS Metre rule, measuring tape 1 1 ball bola 10 measuring pita pengukur 9 24 10 tape 8 25 9 24 7 26 27 8 25 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 26 27 30 4 31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 30 4 3 32 2 31 3 33 32 2 33 37 38 30 38 37 38 30 38 Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c) Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c) PROSEDUR PROCEDURE 1 Measure the length of a pencil and a pen as shown in Diagram (a) with the use of a 1 Ukur panjang pensel dan pen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) dengan pembaris meter. Ukur sebanyak tiga kali dan tentukan nilai purata panjangnya dalam metre rule. Measure each object thrice and determine the average value of the length jadual yang disediakan. of the object in the table provided. 2 Ukur panjang ukur lilit sebiji bola seperti pada Rajah (b) dengan menggunakan pita 2 Measure the circumference of a ball as shown in Diagram (b) with a measuring tape pengukur sebanyak tiga kali. three times. 3 Ukur sepanjang garis lengkung dalam Rajah (c) dengan bantuan seutas benang dan 3 Measure along the curved line in Diagram (c) with the help of a strand of thread and a pembaris. ruler. 4 Ulangi pengukuran sebanyak tiga kali untuk menentukan nilai purata panjangnya. 4 Repeat the measuring task thrice to determine the average value of its length. Record Catatkan keputusan dalam jadual yang sama. the results in the same table. KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Pengukuran/cm Measurement/cm Objek Object MINDRobicsMINDRobics 1 2 3 Purata 1 2 3 Average Pensel 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4 Pencil 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4 Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1 Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1 Bola 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1 Ball 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1 Garis lengkung 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 Curved line 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4 (Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers) KBSB TSTS ANALISIS 1 Apakah itu panjang? • Mendefinisi secara ANALYSIS 1 What is length? • Defining operationally operasi Jarak di antara dua titik. The distance between two points. 2 Mengapakah nilai purata daripada beberapa bacaan perlu diambil? 2 Why should the average value of a few readings be required? Untuk mendapat keputusan yang lebih jitu . To get a result that is more accurate . 1.11 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.11 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of panjang, hlm. 16; Essential Science PMR, length, p. 16; Essential Science PMR, Measurement of 11 Measurement of length, hlm. 11 11 length, p.11 1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools 6 Name the devices that can be used to measure the internal diameter of a beaker. (Internal calipers and ruler) INQUIRY 7 Name the devices that can be used to measure the external diameter of a measuring cylinder. (External 1.11 Experiment 1 What is the distance between two points? (Length) calipers and ruler) 2 What can be used to measure the width of a book? (Ruler) 1.13 INQUIRY Experiment 8 What is the total surface covered by an object? (Area) 3 What can be used to measure the length of a classroom? (Measuring tape) 9 What can be used to estimate the area of an irregular-shaped object? (Graph paper) 4 What can be used to measure the length of a curved line? (Thread and ruler) 10 What is the estimated area of the leaf on the right? 1 cm 1 cm INQUIRY 1.12 Experiment 5 Name the device. (a) (Internal calipers) (b) (External calipers) (3 cm2) 11 11 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 11 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

3 Tandakan (✓) dalam petak bagi bahan yang sesuai diukur dengan menggunakan 3 Mark (✓) in the box for the item that is suitable to be measured using a thread benang dan pembaris. and a ruler. Chapter 1 ✓ ✓ Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 Panjang gambar Ketebalan buku Panjang sungai The length of picture The thickness of The length of di atas peta the book river on the map CHAPTER BAB 4 Pembaris meter tidak sesuai digunakan untuk mengukur: 4 Metre rule is not suitable to measure: lebih daripada 1 m (a) the length of a classroom which is more than 1 m . (a) panjang bilik darjah yang . kurang daripada 1 mm (b) the thickness of a strand of hair which is less than 1 mm . (b) ketebalan rambut yang . 1 1 5 Cadangkan bagaimana anda dapat mengukur panjang suatu sungai pada peta. 5 Suggest how you would measure the length of a river on a map. benang pembaris By using thread and ruler . Dengan menggunakan dan . 6 Tandakan (✓) bagi kedudukan mata yang betul untuk mengambil bacaan panjang 6 Mark (✓) the correct eye position to take the reading of the length of the chalk in the kapur dalam rajah di bawah. Kemudian, tentukan panjang kapur. diagram below. Then, determine the length of the chalk. ✓ Pembaris meter tidak ✓ sesuai digunakan untuk Metre rule is not suitable mengukur panjang bilik to measure the length of darjah yang lebih a classroom which is daripada 1 m dan tebal more than 1 m and the cm 0 1 2 3 sehelai kertas yang cm 0 1 2 3 thickness of a piece of kurang daripada 1 m. paper which is less than 1 m. Length of chalk = 2.5 cm . Panjang kapur = 2.5 cm . CONCLUSION 1 The length of an object can be measured by using a metre rule or KESIMPULAN 1 Panjang objek dapat diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris meter measuring tape . atau pita pengukur . 2 The length of a curved line can be measured with the use of thread and 2 Panjang garis lengkung dapat diukur dengan menggunakan benang ruler . dan pembaris . MINDRobicsMINDRobics INQUIRY Diameter of objects Eksperimen Diameter objek 1.12 Experiment Inquiry-discovery 1.12 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan AIM To measure the external and internal diameters of objects using calipers TUJUAN Menyukat diameter luar dan diameter dalam objek menggunakan angkup APPARATUS Internal calipers, external calipers, metre rule, 100 cm3 beaker RADAS Angkup dalam, angkup luar, pembaris meter, bikar 100 cm3 PROCEDURE 1 Measure the external diameter of a 100 cm3 beaker using a pair of external calipers PROSEDUR and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (a). 1 Ukur diameter luar sebuah bikar 100 cm3 dengan menggunakan angkup luar dan pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (a). external angkup calipers luar Rajah (a) Diagram (a) 2 Ulangi penyukatan sebanyak tiga kali pada bahagian bikar yang berlainan. Catat 2 Repeat the measurements thrice at different parts of the beaker. Record your readings keputusan dalam jadual yang disediakan. Hitung nilai puratanya. in a table. Calculate the average. 1.12 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.12 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of diameter suatu objek, hlm. 17; Essential Science PMR, the diameter of an object, p. 17; Essential Science 12 Measuring the diameter of an object, hlm. 13 12 PMR, Measuring the diameter of an object, p.13 1.14 INQUIRY Experiment 11 What is the total space occupied by an object? (Volume) 15 Which is the correct eye level in taking the volume of the following liquids? 12 State three apparatus that can be used to measure volume of liquids. (Measuring cylinder, pipette and (a) (b) X burette) P Y (✓) 13 State two apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of liquids. (Pipette and burette) Q (✓) Z 14 State one precautionary step when using measuring cylinder to take the reading of the volume of a liquid. R (Take the reading at eye level) Water Mercury 12 12 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 12 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 untuk mendapatkan diameter dalam bikar menggunakan 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to find the internal diameter of the beaker using a pair of angkup dalam dan pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (b). internal calipers and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (b). angkup Chapter 1 Introduction to Science Introduction to Science Chapter 1 internal dalam calipers Rajah (b) Diagram (b) CHAPTER BAB KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Panjang/cm Length/cm Ukuran Measurement 1 2 3 Purata 1 2 3 Average 1 1 Diameter luar 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 External diameter 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 Diameter dalam 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8 Internal diameter 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8 (Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers) ANALISIS 1 Mengapakah ketiga-tiga bacaan bagi diameter dalam dan diameter luar adalah tidak ANALYSIS 1 Why are the three readings for the internal diameter and the external diameter different? sama? not uniform The thickness of the beaker is . Ketebalan dinding bikar adalah tidak sekata . 2 Name the type of calipers used and determine the internal diameter and external 2 Namakan jenis angkup yang digunakan dan tentukan diameter dalam dan diameter diameter of objects. luar bagi suatu objek. (a) (b) (a) (b) Internal External Angkup Angkup calipers calipers dalam luar MINDRobicsMINDRobics 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 cm cm cm cm 3.0 cm 2.8 3.0 2.8 Internal diameter = External diameter = Diameter dalam = cm Diameter luar = cm 3 State how you would use a pair of external calipers to measure the thickness of a 3 Nyatakan bagaimana anda dapat menggunakan angkup luar untuk mengukur ketebalan sheet of paper. sehelai kertas. angkup luar Measure the thickness of a hundred sheets of the paper with the Ukur ketebalan seratus helai kertas dengan dan bahagikan external calipers and divide the value you obtained by 100 . nilai yang diperoleh dengan nilai 100 . CONCLUSION The external diameter and the internal diameter of a beaker can be measured by using KESIMPULAN Diameter luar dan diameter dalam bikar dapat diukur dengan menggunakan calipers and a ruler . angkup dan pembaris . 13 13 DISCUSSION 1.15 INQUIRY Experiment 16 What method can be used to measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids? (Water 1.17 Activity 18 Suggest two devices that can be used to measure the length of a river on the map. (A thread and a ruler) & displacement method) DISCUSSION 1.16 Activity 19 What is the volume of the water? (23 ml) 20 What is the volume of the mercury? (25 ml) 17 Determine the volume of the solids. measuring thread Volume of stone = 60 – 40 = 20 cm3 cylinder Volume of cork = 65 – 60 = 5 cm3 60 cm3 65 cm3 40 cm3 20 ml 20 ml cork water stone 13 13 F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 13 7/22/10 10:31:07 AM

Eksperimen Luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata INQUIRY Area of regular and irregular shapes 1.13 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.13 Experiment Inquiry-discovery TUJUAN Menganggarkan luas objek berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata AIM To find the area of a regular and irregular-shaped objects BAHAN Pemadam pensel, daun, objek berbentuk segi tiga, kertas graf MATERIALS Pencil eraser, leaf, triangle-shaped object, graph paper RADAS Pembaris meter APPARATUS Metre rule CHAPTER PROSEDUR BAB 1 Tentukan bilangan petak segi empat sama yang diliputi oleh pemadam pensel. PROCEDURE 1 Determine the number of squares covered by the outline of the pencil eraser. Count Bilangan segi empat sama yang separuh atau lebih daripada separuh dihitung sebagai all 1 squares and all squares that are more than 1 as full squares. Mark (✓) for every satu segi empat sama. Tandakan (✓) pada setiap segi empat sama yang dikira. (Setiap 2 2 segi empat sama berukuran 1 cm2) square counted. (Each square counted = 1 cm2 )1 1 2 Ulangi langkah 1 dengan menggunakan sehelai daun dan objek berbentuk segi tiga. 2 Repeat step 1 using a leaf and a triangle-shaped object. KEPUTUSAN 1 cm RESULTS 1 cm 1 Luas pemadam 1 Area of pencil eraser 1 cm 1 cm 1 3 = 8 cm2 1 3 = 8 cm2 2 Luas daun 2 Area of leaf = 23 cm2 = 23 cm2 3 Luas objek 3 Area of triangle- berbentuk segi tiga shaped object = 4 cm2 = 4 cm2 2 2 ANALISIS 1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan luas? ANALYSIS 1 What is meant by area? Jumlah permukaan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek. The total surface covered by an object. 2 Nyatakan unit sukatan bagi luas yang dianggarkan dalam aktiviti ini. 2 State the measuring unit for area estimated in this activity. Sentimeter persegi/cm2 Square centimetre/cm2 3 Adakah luas objek yang ditentukan dalam aktiviti ini jitu? Tidak 3 Is the area of the object determined in this activity accurate? No KESIMPULAN Luas objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat dianggarkan dengan menggunakan CONCLUSION The area of an object that is regular and irregular can be estimated by using a kertas graf . graph paper . 1.13 HP • Menganggarkan luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.13 LO • Estimate area of regular and irregular shapes using Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of dengan menggunakan kertas graf luas, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement graph paper area, p. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement of 14 of area, hlm. 14 14 area, p.14F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 14 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

Eksperimen Isi padu cecair INQUIRY 1.14 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.14 Experiment Volume of liquids Inquiry-discovery TSTS KBSB • Using scientific TUJUAN Mengukur isi padu cecair dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat • Menggunakan peralatan AIM To measure the volume of liquids using a measuring cylinder apparatus correctly sains dengan betul BAHAN Air, kertas putih MATERIALS Water, white piece of paper RADAS Silinder penyukat 100 cm3, tabung didih, tabung uji, 25 ml pipet, pam sedutan, buret, kaki CHAPTER APPARATUS BAB 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, boiling tube, test tube, 25 ml pipette, suction pump, burette, retort dan pengapit retort stand and clamp PROSEDUR 1 Isi satu tabung didih penuh dengan air. PROCEDURE 1 Fill a boiling tube completely with water. 2 Tuangkan air ke dalam silinder penyukat dan rekodkan isi padu air. 1 1 3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan satu tabung uji. 2 Pour the water into a measuring cylinder and record the volume of water. 4 Isi sebuah bikar dengan air. 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a test tube. 5 Dengan bantuan satu pam sedutan, guna satu pipet untuk menyedut air sehingga ke 4 Fill a beaker with water. tanda senggatan 25 ml. 5 With the help of a suction pump, use a pipette to draw up the water until it reaches 6 Lepaskan air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu air. the 25 ml graduated mark. 7 Isi sebuah buret dengan air. 6 Release the water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of water in it. 8 Lepaskan 25 ml air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu 7 Fill a burette with water. air. 8 Release 25 ml of water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of water in it. 100 ml pam kaki retort 100 ml 90 retort stand penyedut penyepit 90 suction 80 retort 80 pump retort 70 clamp 70 60 60 50 25 ml buret 50 40 burette pipet 40 25 ml 30 30 pipette 20 20 10 10 Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c) Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c) KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Jenis bekas Isi padu air/ml (cm3) Type of container Volume of water/ml (cm3) Tabung didih 57 Boiling tube 57 Tabung uji 18 Test tube 18 Pipet 25 Pipette 25 Buret 25 Burette 25 ANALISIS 1 Apakah itu isi padu? ANALYSIS 1 What is volume? Jumlah ruang The total space occupied by an object. yang diisi oleh suatu objek. ml/cm3 3 2 Apakah unit sukatan bagi silinder penyukat, pipet, dan buret? 2 What is the measuring unit for a measuring cylinder, a pipette and a burette? ml/cm 3 Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga semasa menggunakan silinder penyukat. 3 State two precautionary steps taken when using a measuring cylinder. (a) Letakkan silinder penyukat di atas permukaan rata . (a) Place the measuring cylinder on a flat surface . (b) Mata mesti berada pada paras yang sama dengan meniskus cecair. (b) The eye must be on the same level as the meniscus of the liquid. 1.14 HP • Memilih pengukur yang betul dan ukur isi padu cecair Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.14 LO • Choose the right tool and measure the volume of Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of dalam konteks eksperimen isi padu cecair, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, a liquid volume of liquids, p. 20; Essential Science PMR, 15 Measuring the volume of liquids, hlm. 15 15 Measuring the volume of liquids, p. 15F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 15 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

4 Tandakan (✓) pada aras mata yang betul pada rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkan 4 Mark (✓) the correct eye level in the diagrams below to show the correct way to take cara pengambilan bacaan isi padu yang betul bagi larutan gula dan merkuri. the volume readings of a sugar solution and mercury. ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ larutan merkuri sugar mercury gula solution 5 Circle the measuring instruments for liquid below which are more accurate. 5 Bulatkan alat penyukatan cecair di bawah yang lebih tepat. CHAPTER BAB Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Silinder penyukat Buret Pipet CONCLUSION The volume of liquids can be measured by using measuring cylinder ,1 1 KESIMPULAN Isi padu cecair boleh disukat dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat , pipette burette and . pipet dan buret . Eksperimen Isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata INQUIRY Volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids 1.15 INKUIRI Inkuiri-penemuan 1.15 Experiment Inquiry-discovery TUJUAN Mengukur isi padu pepejal sekata dan tidak sekata AIM To measure the volume of regular and irregular- shaped solids BAHAN Guli, batu, air, benang MATERIALS Marbles, stone, water, thread RADAS Silinder penyukat 100 ml water air APPARATUS 100 ml measuring cylinder marble PROSEDUR 1 Isikan air sehingga separuh penuh dalam sebuah guli silinder penyukat. PROCEDURE 1 Half fill a measuring cylinder with water. 2 Catat bacaan awal paras air. 2 Record the initial reading of the water level. Diagram (a) Rajah (a) 3 Masukkan lima biji guli yang sama saiz (objek 3 Slowly drop five marbles of equal size (regular sekata) perlahan-lahan ke dalam silinder penyukat object) into the measuring cylinder as shown in itu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a). Diagram (a). thread benang 4 Catat bacaan akhir (isi padu) paras air pada 4 Record the final reading (volume) of the water silinder penyukat. level in the measuring cylinder. 5 Ulangi aktiviti di atas dengan menggunakan 5 Repeat the above steps using a stone (irregular water sebiji batu (objek tidak sekata) seperti dalam air object) as in Diagram (b). Tie the stone with a Rajah (b). Ikat batu dengan benang dan string and slowly let it down into the water. stone masukkan batu ke dalam silinder penyukat batu dengan perlahan-lahan. Diagram (b) Rajah (b) KEPUTUSAN RESULTS Pepejal Bacaan awal/ml Bacaan akhir/ml Isi padu pepejal/ml Solid Initial reading/ml Final reading/ml Volume of solid/ml Lima biji guli 50 65 15 Five marbles 50 65 15 Batu 50 63 13 Stone 50 63 13 (Jawapan pelajar) (Student’s answers) ANALISIS ANALYSIS 1 What method is used in this activity? 1 Apakah kaedah yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini? Kaedah sesaran air Water displacement method 2 Hitung isi padu bagi satu biji guli. 2 Calculate the volume of one marble. 15 = 3 cm3 15 = 3 cm3 5 5 1.15 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakan Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuran 1.15 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the water Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement of kaedah sesaran air isi padu pepejal, hlm. 23; Essential Science PMR, displacement method the volume of solids, p. 23; Essential Science PMR, 16 Measuring the volume of solids, hlm. 17 16 Measuring the volume of solids, p. 17F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 16 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

3 Bolehkah kaedah ini digunakan untuk mengukur isi padu seketul hablur gula? 3 Can this method be used to measure the volume of a lump of sugar crystal? Give a Berikan alasan kepada jawapan anda. reason for your answer. Tidak , hablur gula akan larut dalam air. No , the sugar crystal will dissolve in water. 4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan 4 The diagram below shows another method that can be used to dertermine the volume isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata. Labelkan radas dan nyatakan isi of a regular or an irregular-shaped solid. Label the apparatus and give the volume of padu batu dalam rajah tersebut. the stone. Tin eureka Eureka can/ ur Displacement can CHAPTER BAB 20 ml 20 ml Silinder 1 1 Measuring penyukat 10 ml cylinder 10 ml Isi padu batu = 13.0 ml 13.0 ml Volume of stone = KESIMPULAN Isi padu objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan CONCLUSION The volume of a regular or irregular-shaped object can be determined by using the kaedah sesaran air . water displacement method . Aktiviti Pengukuran isi padu 1.16 PERBINCANGAN Masteri DISCUSSION Measurement of volume 1.16 Activity Mastery 1 Jawab soalan yang berikut berdasarkan rajah yang diberi. 1 Answer the following questions based on the diagram given. Bacaan awal Bacaan akhir X Initial reading Final reading X 60 ml 60 ml blok plumbum 60 ml 60 ml lead block 50 ml 50 ml air 50 ml 50 ml water Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengukur isi padu satu blok plumbum seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di atas. An experiment is carried out to measure the volume of a lead block as shown in the diagram above. (a) Namakan radas X. Silinder penyukat (a) Name apparatus X. Measuring cylinder (b) Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu blok plumbum? (b) What is the method used to measure the volume of the lead block? Kaedah sesaran air Water displacement method (c) Apakah bacaan awal dan bacaan akhir bagi air dalam radas X? (c) What are the initial and final readings of the volume of water in apparatus X? 49 cm3/ml 56 cm3/ml (i) Initial reading: 49 cm3/ml (ii) Final reading: 56 cm3/ml (i) Bacaan awal: (ii) Bacaan akhir: 3 (d) Calculate the volume of the lead block. 56 – 49 = 7 cm 3 (d) Hitungkan isi padu blok plumbum. 56 – 49 = 7 cm (e) Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil dalam eksperimen ini. (e) State two precautionary steps need to be taken in this experiment. dijatuhkan perlahan-lahan (i) The lead block should be dropped slowly into the water. (i) Blok plumbum harus ke dalam air. aras mata (ii) The reading has to be taken at eye level . (ii) Bacaan perlu diambil pada . 1.16 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakan 1.16 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the water kaedah sesaran air displacement method 17 17F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 17 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

2 Tentukan isi padu objek pepejal yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberi. 2 Determine the volume of the solid object shown below. Then, answer the questions. silinder benang measuring thread penyukat cylinder 50 cm3 56 cm3 56 cm3 50 cm3 45 cm3 45 cm3 gabus cork air ketulan kuprum water copper lump CHAPTER BAB (a) (i) Isi padu ketulan kuprum = 50 – 45 = 5 cm3 (a) (i) Volume of copper lump = 50 – 45 = 5 cm3 (ii) Isi padu gabus = 56 – 50 = 6 cm3 (ii) Volume of cork = 56 – 50 = 6 cm31 1 (b) Mengapakah gabus ditenggelamkan dengan bantuan pepejal yang boleh tenggelam? (b) Why is the cork made to sink with the help of solids that can sink? Gabus tidak tenggelam dalam air/Gabus kurang tumpat daripada air. Cork does not sink in water/Cork is less dense than water. Aktiviti Alat pengukuran DISCUSSION Measuring instruments 1.17 PERBINCANGAN Masteri 1.17 Activity Mastery Pilih alat pengukur yang diberi dan isi ruang kosong yang bersesuaian dengan pengukurannya. Choose the measuring instrument given and fill in the blanks which relate to their measurement. External calipers Thread Internal calipers Measuring tape Angkup luar Benang Angkup dalam Pita pengukur Ruler Lever balance Spring balance Pembaris Neraca tuas Neraca spring Measurement Pengukuran Length of a Internal External Length of a Panjang garis Diameter dalam Diameter luar Panjang garis curved diameter of a diameter of Mass Weight Jisim Berat straight line lengkung tabung didih bikar lurus line boiling tube a beaker Thread Internal External Measuring Benang Angkup Angkup Pita Thread calipers calipers tape B dalam luar pengukur and and and or dan dan dan atau Lever Spring Neraca Neraca ruler ruler ruler ruler balance balance pembaris pembaris pembaris pembaris tuas spring 1.17 HP • Memilih alat yang betul untuk mengukur panjang, 1.17 LO • Choose the right tool to measure length, mass, and jisim dan berat weight 18 18F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 18 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

PMR Kunci Kejayaan Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut. PMR Key To Success Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly. 1 Namakan neraca. Kemudian, nyatakan sama ada ia digunakan untuk menyukat ‘jisim’ atau ‘berat’ objek. (a) (b) (c) 1 Name the balances. Then, state whether it is used to measure the ‘mass’ or ‘weight’ of an object. gm 10 0 (a) (b) (c) 9 1 2 4 2 gm 10 0 6 8 1 9 8 2 10 3 4 2 7 6 8 4 8 6 10 3 5 7 4 6 5 • Neraca spring • Neraca tuas • Neraca mampatan • Spring balance • Lever balance • Compression balance • Berat • Jisim • Berat • Weight • Mass • Weight 2 Isi tempat kosong. Panjang 2 Fill in the blanks. (a) ialah jarak antara dua titik. Length Area Luas (a) is the distance between two points. (b) is the total surface covered by an object. (b) ialah jumlah kawasan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek. Volume Isi padu (c) is the total space occupied by an object. (c) ialah jumlah ruang yang diisi oleh suatu objek. 3 Mark (✓) at the correct eye positions. 3 Tandakan (✓) pada kedudukan mata yang betul. (a) (b) (c) ✓ ✓ (a) (b) (c) ✓ ✓ ✓ water ✓ air mercury merkuri 4 State the apparatus or material that can be used to measure the following length. 4 Namakan alat atau bahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur panjang yang berikut. Metre rule Internal calipers and ruler (a) Straight line – (c) Internal diameter of a beaker – (a) Garis lurus – Pembaris meter (c) Diameter dalam bikar – Angkup dalam dan pembaris (b) Curved line – Thread and ruler (d) External diameter of a boiling tube – External calipers and ruler (b) Garis lengkung – Benang dan pembaris (d) Diameter luar tabung didih – Angkup luar dan pembaris 1 cm 5 Estimate the area of the leaf. 5 Anggarkan luas daun. 1 cm 8 1 cm ✓ ✓ Estimated area of the leaf = cm2 8 1 cm ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ graph paper Anggaran luas daun = cm2 kertas graf ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 6 Name the apparatus below. Tick (✓) in the boxes the apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of a liquid. 6 Namakan radas-radas di bawah. Tandakan (✓) dalam kotak bagi radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukat dengan tepat isi padu suatu cecair. (a) (b) ✓ (c) ✓ (a) (b) ✓ (c) ✓ Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette Silinder penyukat Pipet Buret 7 Calculate the volume of objects by using water displacement method. 7 Hitung isi padu objek dengan menggunakan kaedah sesaran air. (a) (b) Volume of stone 3 (a) (b) Isi padu batu 48 cm 3 3 45 cm 3 45 cm 3 40 cm cork = 40 – 30 = 10 cm3 48 cm 3 = 40 – 30 = 10 cm3 40 cm 3 3 40 cm 30 cm 3 3 gabus water stone 40 cm 30 cm marble water stone Volume of cork air guli batu batu Isi padu gabus air 48 – 40 = 45 – 40 = 5 cm3 = 45 – 40 = 5 cm3 Volume of a marble = = 2 cm3 4 48 – 40 Isi padu satu guli = 4 = 2 cm3 19 19F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 19 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

PMR Sudut Pengukuhan 1 PMR Enhancement Corner 1 KERTAS 1 PAPER 1 Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik. Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. 1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah 5 Seorang pelajar ingin mengukur 8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sehelai daun. 1 Which of the following is a natural 5 A student wants to measure accu- 8 Diagram 3 shows a leaf. fenomena semula jadi? dengan tepat 25 cm3 larutan natrium 1 cm phenomenon? CLONE rately 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1 cm A Forestry 2007 solution. What instruments can be A Perhutanan KLON hidroksida. Apakah alat yang boleh 1 cm 1 cm 2007 B Flowers blossoming used for this purpose? B Bunga berkembang digunakan untuk tujuan ini? C Penciptaan kapal angkasa I Pipet C Invention of space shuttle I Pipette D Penghasilan garam biasa II Buret D Production of table salt from II Burette daripada air laut B III Tabung uji sea water B III Test tube A I dan II sahaja A I and II only CLONE Diagram 3 KLON Rajah 3 B I and III only 2003 B I dan III sahaja 2003 2 Which of the following is the prefix Estimate the area of this leaf. 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah Anggarkan luas daun ini. C II and III only C II dan III sahaja value of centi? A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2 nilai imbuhan bagi senti? A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2 D I, II and III A D I, II dan III A A 0.001 B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2 A 0.001 KLON B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2 CLONE B 0.01 2006 CLONE B 0.01 2006 KLON B B C 0.1 6 Table 1 shows the volumes of 2008 2008 C 0.1 6 Jadual 1 menunjukkan isi padu bagi different quantities of marbles, deter- D 10 B D 10 B guli yang bilangannya berbeza, yang mined by using the water displace- 9 Diagram 4 shows four eye positions ditentukan dengan menggunakan 9 Rajah 4 menunjukkan 4 kedudukan ment method. 3 Which of the following is correct? labelled A, B, C and D. kaedah sesaran air. mata berlabel A, B, C dan D. 3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah A measuring A Quantity SI unit Instrument Quantity of betul? Bilangan guli Isi padu/cm3 Volume/cm3 cylinder silinder penyukat marbles A Mass of kg Lever D Kuantiti Unit SI Alat 3 6 D 3 6 table salt balance B A Jisim garam kg Neraca 6 12 B 6 12 biasa tuas B Temperature A Thermo- mercury merkuri Jadual 1 of water meter Table 1 C B Suhu air A Termo- C meter Ramalkan isi padu bagi 8 biji guli. Rajah 4 C Length of m Internal Predict the volume of 8 marbles. Diagram 4 A 14 cm3 paper calipers A 14 cm3 C Panjang m Angkup KLON Kedudukan yang manakah betul CLONE Which position is correct when B 15 cm3 2007 D Time taken K Measuring B 15 cm3 2007 taking a reading of the mercury in kertas dalam semasa mengambil bacaan merkuri C 16 cm3 dalam silinder penyukat? for water cylinder C 16 cm3 the measuring cylinder? D Masa untuk K Silinder D 18 cm3 C D to boil D 18 cm3 C D air mendidih penyukat CLONE A KLON A 7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuah 10 Rajah 5 menunjukkan beberapa 2009 7 Diagram 2 shows a pendulum which 10 Diagram 5 shows several steps to 2009 bandul berayun dari kedudukan P langkah menyukat isi padu gabus. swings from P to R and then back measure the volume of a cork. ke R dan balik semula ke P. to P. K L M 4 Diagram 1 shows a measuring K L M 4 Rajah 1 menunjukkan silinder cylinder containing a liquid. penyukat yang mengandungi suatu cecair. gabus 30 thread cork benang measuring cylinder 30 silinder air air water water water penyukat 20 P R air P R Q Q silinder penyukat measuring cylinder 20 Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Rajah 2 Rajah 5 Diagram 5 What is the volume of water in The period for a pendulum swing is Rajah 1 Tempoh ayunan bandul dipengaruhi Susunan langkah yang betul bagi The correct sequence to measure Diagram 1? CLONE affected by Apakah isi padu air dalam Rajah 1? oleh menyukat isi padu gabus ialah the volume of the cork is A 24.0 ml 2004 A the mass of the pendulum A 24.0 ml A jisim bandul KLON A K, L, M A K, L, M KLON 2001 KLON B 24.5 ml B the number of swings B 24.5 ml 2004 B bilangan ayunan B K, M, L 2002 CLONE B K, M, L CLONE C 25.0 ml C the condition of the 2001 2002 C 25.0 ml C keadaan udara sekeliling C M, K, L C M, K, L D 25.5 ml surrounding air D 25.5 ml B D panjang benang D D M, L, K C D M, L, K B D the length of the thread D C 20 20F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 20 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

KERTAS 2 PAPER 2 Bahagian A Section A Jawab semua soalan. Answer all the questions. 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat pengukuran K, L, dan M. 1 Diagram 1 shows measuring instruments K, L and M. 100 ml 90 100 ml 80 90 70 80 60 70 50 60 40 50 30 40 20 30 10 20 10 K: Neraca tuas L: Neraca spring M: Silinder penyukat K: Lever balance L: Spring balance M: Measuring cylinder Rajah 1 Diagram 1 (a) Label alat pengukuran P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah 1 menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut: (a) Label the measuring instruments P, Q and R in Diagram 1 using the following words: Silinder penyukat Neraca tuas Neraca spring Measuring cylinder Lever balance Spring balance (b) Lukiskan garisan untuk menunjukkan padanan yang betul antara alat pengukuran dan fungsinya. (b) Draw lines to show the correct match betwen the measuring instruments and their functions. K Untuk menyukat isi padu cecair K To measure the volume of liquids L Untuk mengukur jisim objek L To measure the mass of objects M Untuk mengukur berat objek M To measure the weight of objects (c) Bulatkan alat pengukuran di bawah yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur jisim objek. (c) Circle the measuring instruments below which can be used to measure the mass of objects. 10 0 9 1 10 0 2 1 8 9 3 2 8 7 4 3 6 5 7 4 6 5 21 21F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 21 7/22/10 10:31:08 AM

Bahagian B Section B Jawab soalan di bawah. Answer the below question. 2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis alat pengukuran yang digunakan di dalam makmal. 2 Diagram 2 shows four types of measuring instruments which are used in the laboratory. KLON 2006 Bhg. B, S7 CLONE 2006 Sec. B, Q7 J K J K L M L M Diagram 2 Rajah 2 (a) Observe the measuring instruments in Diagram 2. Based on your observations, state one usage of each instrument. (a) Perhatikan alat pengukuran dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu kegunaan bagi J: Use to measure the volume of liquid setiap alat. K: Use to measure the length of object J: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair L: Use to measure the volume of liquid K: Digunakan untuk mengukur panjang objek M: Use to measure the volume of liquid L: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair M: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair (b) Classify instruments J, K, L and M into two groups based on their usage. Write the letters of the instruments belonging to each group. (b) Kelaskan alat J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan kegunaannya. Tulis huruf-huruf yang mewakili alat itu bagi setiap kumpulan. J, K, L, M J, K, L, M Group 1 Group 2 Kumpulan 1 Kumpulan 2 Usage To measure the volume To measure the length Kegunaan Digunakan untuk Digunakan untuk of liquid of object menyukat isi padu cecair menyukat panjang objek J, L, M K Letters of the J, L, M K Huruf alat instruments 22 22F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 22 7/22/10 10:31:09 AM

Chapter 1 (1-22)

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Chapter 1 (1-22) — Presentation Transcript