Experience and situation of wate management in rural districts of Same & Kigoma, Tanzania

Technology for Human Development Ingeniería Sin Fronteras ISF ApD

EXPERIENCE AND SITUATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN RURAL DISTRICTS OF SAME & KIGOMA, TANZANIA. Ingeniería Sin Fronteras ISF ApD Clemence Mweche - Field Coordinator, Kigoma (Tanzania) [email_address] Gaspary Gratian - Programme Co-ordinator, Same (Tanazania) [email_address]

OVERVIEW OF TANZANIA NATIONAL WATER POLICY 2002;
Despite significant investment in the Water Supply services since the early 1970s, water supply coverage is not satisfactory. The 1991 National Water Policy set a goal of providing clean and safe water to the population within 400 meters from their households by the year 2002. Today only about 50% of the rural population has access to a reliable water supply service. Due to poor operational and maintenance arrangements, over 30% of the rural water schemes are not functioning properly
TANZANIA AND WATER MANAGEMENT Urban water supply Rural Water Supply Water resources managemet The Tanzania National Water Policy is the main hub of water management in the country Concept & Processes

THE SPECIFIC POLICY OBJECTIVES
To provide adequate, affordable and sustainable water supply services to the rural population,
To define roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders,
To emphasize on communities paying for part of the capital costs, and full cost recovery for operation and maintenance of services as opposed to the previous concept of cost sharing,
To depart from the traditional supply-driven to demand-responsive approach in service provision,
To manage water supplies at the lowest appropriate level as opposed to the centralized command control approach
To promote participation of the private sector in the delivery of goods and services,
To improve health through integration of water supply, sanitation and hygiene education
NAWAPO 2002
Concept & Processes
Minimum policy standards appaly:
25l/per/day
250hab./water point.
300 – 450 meter meter

MODEL OF LEGAL ASSOCIATONS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT ISF is enabling community members to establish an autonomous, legally recognized community entity responsible for ensuring smooth operation and maintenance of completed water supply facilities in a sustainable way Concept & Processes Board of Trustees Scheme level Trusteeship (Board of trustees) 6 Board of Directors Scheme level Water Users companies Limited by Guarantees 5 Board/Executive Committee Village /Scheme Level Water Users Coop. Socities 4 WATSAN Committee Village level WATSAN COMMITTEE 3 WUA Board/Executive Committee Village /Scheme Level Water Users Association 2 WUG Committee Water Point Level Water User Group (WUG) 1 Managing Organization Operation area Model of legal Association No

RESPONSIBILITIES IN RURAL WATER MANAGEMENT HOWEVER, OBLIGATION OF SUPERVISION OF THE RURAL WATER MANAGEMENT ENTITY IS PUT UNDER BWO & LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY(DISTRICTS). ....although there are defined functions at various levels... Concept & Processes

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE OF WUA MODEL
WATER USERS ASSOCIATION (WUA) WATER USERS GROUP (WUG) WATER USERS GROUP (WUG) VILLAGE GOVERNMENT DISTRICT BASIN Concept & Processes

COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT
Community decides:
Type of system (technology)
Management model (organization)
Tariff model (cost recovery)
Bylaws (regulation)
The community is responsible for:
Operation and maintenance
Regulation of facilities
Cost recovery
Extensions and connections (service level)
Concept & Processes

OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY MANAGEMENT
Transparency and accountability to users
Information in assemblies and offices
Reporting system enabled
Equity
Pro-poor regulation
Gender balance
HIV/AIDS and vulnerable groups
Sustainability
Appropriate technology
Lower level of service according to national standards
Maintenance of small repairs
Supply chain for maintenance
Concept & Processes

WATER MANAGEMENT & SUSTAINABILITY
USERS LEVEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:
Management at DP Level-Water user Groups (Supervise all issues related to DP)
Collection of funds, Cleaness of DP&Sorrounding
Reporting to WUA, Management at system level(Water users Association)
Executive committee(Chair person,Secretary and Tresuary)
Supervise O&M, WUA is the highest management entity
WUGs and WUA members are facilitated in acquiring management
NAWAPO 2002: Implementation of cost – recovery system to assure sustainability People not used to pay for water and have access to other sources, but unsafe! Concept & Processes

FINNANCING RURAL WATER SUPPLY
Sources of funding
Taxes (government) and external funds
Initial contribution (5%) and Tariffs (users)
Funding goes to :
Initial investment
Planning, supervision and policy guidelines
Operation and maintenance
Extensions and improvements in service level
Tariff types
Flat rate
Pay as you fetch
Block rates (crossed subsidies)
Connection rates for private users
Concept & Processes users government

GUIDELINES FOR FACILITATING COMMUNITIES TO ESTABLISH LEGAL WUE
Facilitation Service Providers and DWSTs orient to water users different management models and facilitate them to choose appropriate management systems
Initial meeting with village council leaders and WATSAN committee
in order to enable them appreciate the need to institute a sustainable water user legal entity
Facilitate village assembly meetings to insure that water users have
a clear understanding on need of legal water user entity followed by Facilitate Formation of WUGs
Facilitate the interim committee to prepare a draft of the preferred water
user entity’s constitution
Processing the legal registration of the community water users’ entity
Official presentation of the registration certificate to the WUE
Concept & Processes STEP BY STEP APROACH

THE SITUATION,,,
Deficit of Coverage
Less than 50% of coverage in rural areas
Deficit of operation and maintenance
30% of the systems are not functional
Deficit of quantity and continuity
Shortage of water during dry seasons
Deficit of quality of water
Contamination or salinity
Plannining and investment of resources
Lack of institutional and technical capacities
Water Access in rural Tanzania Context

THE WATER COVERAGE SITUATION IN TANZANIA Map by water Aid Context

OPPORTUNITY
IMPACT OF ISF ApD IN RURAL WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA
Ingeniería Sin Fronteras ISF ApD

ISF IN TANZANIA KIGOMA SAME MAN'GOLA
HYDROSANITARY PROGRAMS :
MANG’OLA VALLEY (from 1996)
KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT (from 2002)
SAME DISTRICT (from 2006)

PRESENTATION OF WATER MANAGMENT IN KIGOMA RURAL DISTRICT Clemence Mweche Field Coordinator, Kigoma Ingeniería Sin Fronteras ISF ApD

MKONGORO II WATER SUPPLY SCHEME
VILLAGES WITHIN THE PROJECT
Chankabwimba
Mahembe
Msimba
Kamara
Simbo
Kasuku
EXPECTED POPULATION TO BE SERVED 43,000
STATUS OF MANAGMENT FACILITATION
A total of 33 participants from all the village selected and participated in the selection of managment entiy (The Water Users Assosiation is model proposed)
Follow up step by step approach, a total of 107 WUGs formed in the 5 villages and the process of registration for water users is on going to last village
Formation of WUGs and selection of leaders and members done also in the five village and is on going to the last village (The total DPs in all 6 vilage will be 155 )
Community facilitated by selected Focus group from the community themselves and the objective is to make the communites understand the need of legal water user entity
About 186 selected members formed a focus group from 4 villages and managed to make cost recovery awareness sessions in those villages. Three thousand, three hundred and twenty seven (3327) among of three thousand, nine handred and seventy five (3975) heads of households which is an average of 79.3% participated in the sessions
During the cost recovery sessions in 4 villages the community leaders and about 99.7% of villagers in those communities proposed the WUA model and flat rate tariff to be used

MODEL OF LEGAL WATER ENTITY PROPOSED WUA _Board Chair person Secretary Treasurer Members Village Water committee WUG Committee Wug1 Wug2 Wug4 Wug3 Manager Chief WA O&M WA Security Guards

THE STEPS DONE IN THE FACILITATIONS AND PREPARATION OF CONSTITUTION
Case study done in the multi projects of Uchira, Uroki bomang’ombe and Uparu in Kilimanjaro region and Mkongoro I water supply projects in Kigoma District with the objective of facilitating the communities to select the best management entity and formation of constitution
Review of the costitution coping with the proposed model of entity above is on progress before presenting in the interim commitee of the WUA members for ammendments and preparation of the final draf
PREPARATION WITH COMMUNITIES TOWARDS O&M
CASH CONTRIBUTION
Before started the project, the condition following the NAWAPO 2002 the donor can implement the project according to situation but the concept of contribution should be put to consideration hence each community of Mkongoro II system agreed to contribute1 million TSH for operation and maintenance and the money are going to be used once the project finish and start to operate
Status of contribution
All the community managed to contribute 4.1 million which is about 68.3% out of 6 millions which is
supposed to be contributed
Challenges Facing the contribution
The village leaders are not committed to raise contribution
Information gapes or lack of transparency with the money contributed
Lack of understand on the expenditure with the money once the project starts to operate
Lack of understanding the new NAWAPO 2002 as water is not free facility
No motivations for collectors
Political interest which overrides the projects interests

KIND CONTRIBUTION The participatory approach is the one used to implement the project, despite the community to contribute in cash but also they are participated by providing manpower for constructing the project Kigoma DC participate in the pipe lying with Chankabwimba people Construction of Tank _ Chankabwimba HUMAN PARTICIPARTION

JOINT CONTRUCTION COMMITTEE (JCC) This is the committe formed by the selected members from the community for implementing the roles of organising all the leaders and community smoothly in the contruction of the project - There 95 members in total from all the villages - The members of this committee are Councelors, Ward Excutive Officers (WEO), Village Excutive officers (VEO), Village Chairmans, Hamlets Leaders and Six Democrat members from each village HOW THE JCC IS WORKING In order to, plan and to organize local leaders properly, the JCC used to conduct a meet once per month and all members are supposed to participate in order to contribute the agenda raised To assist the JCC working propery in the construction of the project, ISF used to have pri meeting before the meeting arrangment for the matter of updating vorious issue related in the prgress of the project so that to be discussed in the meeting

THE WATER COMMITTEE
There are about 54 water committee members 9 from each village of Mkongoro 2
system who selected from the community themselves
The roles of the water committee in the community
To educate and disseminating the concept of NAWAPO 2002
To mobilize the community to participate in the project (Cash and Kindly)
To assist the village Leaders in the collection of initial contribution
To assist the village leaders in the registration of water users

WATER POINT MAPPING (WPM) In order to assist the district to have the planning tool and to know the real situation of water problems in Kigoma District, ISF implement the exercise of collecting the data to over 75 village of Kigoma District The strong objective of the project was to help the District of Kigoma to have a planning and monitoring tool which can be practice by the district to priorities the area for interventions How do the exercise done IFS contract GeoData organization who are the expert of WPM project and with the questionnaire developed by ISF and inputs from the district the datas in 75 villages where collected Training of using the Tool The training for using the tool where conducted to 3 District and 3 ISF staffs by PCR from Madrid university The objective of the training was to capacitate the District staff and ISF team to use the tool For the District the tool should be updated, they can facilitate the exercise

SAME Ingeniería Sin Fronteras ISF ApD Gasary Gratian Programme Coordinator, Same

ECONOMIC SITUATION :
The majority of households in Same district depend much on subsistence farming. About 80% of the total population are small farmers dealing with small scale farming system and livestock keeping.
Suitable land for irrigation is 12,000ha out of which only 8,200ha are utilized for irrigation. Also the District is famous in the Region for Pastoralism
POPULATION:
The District is estimated to have 218,983 inhabitants (by 2002 Census) with an average population density of 41 people per square km (by 2002 Census). According to the Regional Socio-Economic Survey of year 2005, the Capital Income of Same District resident was Tshs. 436,900/= per annum.
ADMINISTRATION:
Administratively District is divided into 6 Divisions, 25 Wards, 83 Villages and 454 registered Sub-Village. The District also has two parliamentary constituencies (Same East & Same West). At the beginning of the 2008 year the Council has established Same Township Authority and it is in operation.
SAME WATER SECTOR SITUATION* * according to Same District Water Department (2008)

SAME WATER SECTOR SITUATION*
WATER SUPPLY STATUS
General objective of the sector is to ensure that Socio-economic infrastructure, agro- economic and rural financial services improved by 2010. The specific objective of district water department is to make sure that the supply of accessible, affordable, adequate and potable water reach the coverage of 65% in 2010. Also Sanitation and Hygiene are improved and given priority.
Water supply service in Same can be categorized in two groups based in the geographical location, The first group is of the villages in the eastern mountains, mostly upland plateau where is the source of four rivers Nakombo, Hingilili, Saseni and Yongoma. The other group is of western Middle plateaus and lowland, where river Pangani (Ruvu) passed. In the former group,gravity water supply schemes dominates while shallow and deep wells are mostly located in the west, this is because there is no visible, reliable sources like springs and rivers located in the East.
SOURCES
There exist several water sources in form of Springs and streams, these are tributaries and distributaries of the main four Rivers mostly located in Shengena Forest, other is Ruvu river,the downstream of Nyumba ya Mungu Dam.The number of water sources identified is 61
COVERAGE
Among 83 villages, the schemes above have spread in 53 villages leaving 29 villages essentially without having any piped water scheme. The assessment defined the average coverage being 51%.
This is to say, among 244089 people (2008 projection) leaving in Same District only 124485 people have access to piped water. This is below National Water coverage of 53.4%.However, this is not safe water (quality) coverage, it is an access and minimum quantity coverage.
EXISTING WATER SCHEMES
Numbers of water supply schemes present are as follows:
24 Gravity shemes
3 B/H Electrical Power driven pump.
3 B/H Diesel Engine driven pump.
32 Hand pumps
1 Windmill
2 Solar power driven pump
* according to Same District Water Department (2008)

OPERATION AND MAINTANANCE
The schemes handover operation done in 1990’s were preceded by Establishment of Water user administrative entities in the respective villages . The exercise aimed mainly to create the sense of ownership to the communities benefited in the project leadig to sustainability.
In Same District, many water committees to almost all villages and One Board (Same town) was established. The exercise was followed by contribution to start village water fund. Up to now 78 villages have a total of 8,926,889Tshs water funds deposit money in the bank. There is 1047 domestic points, 408 of them not function .
SAME WATER SECTOR SITUATION*
CHALLENGES
As it is observed,The situation of water supply is not good, coverage is very low with many villages without any defined scheme. Western side of Same District suffer more because there is no reliable sources of water. The area depend on wells , in most cases Deep wells more than 120m and saline water is sometimes found from these.!
The quality of water is a challenge, analysis of the water point mapping prevail.
Lack of enough fund to do major construction and rehabilitation of water schemes this is because many schemes are old and need major rehabilitation examples of these water schemes include Hedaru, Same, Maore, Ndungu, Kihurio,Kisiwani and vudee w/s.
The administrative entities are not capable of running the existing projects well. Village water committee in the villages has shown remarkable fail.
The lack of expertise and human resources – especially in electrical and pump mechanics, an experienced electrical engineer and a water engineer is needed for both town and rural w/s
Willingness to pay , as it was shown in the O & M
Participation with stakeholders.-some of the NGO’s don’t seek advise or inform about some of the interventions done in the villages.
REQUIREMENTS
To archive the coverage of 90%(Development vision for Tanzania 2025), we need to have, among other things, an addition of:-
-5 gravity schemes, each sufficiently to cover more than one village and 20 small
gravity schemes for one sub village or community because of the district
geographical features.
-9 Deep wells diesel or electric driven
-12 Shallow wells
-2 small Dams
-Water treatment facilities in old and new schemes
* according to Same District Water Department (2008)

Water infrastructure and functionality in Same District Context

ISF Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro MAMA Pilot phase Period: 2006 - 2008 Beneficiaries:5.657 Inhabitants (Njoro, Ishinde, and Vumari Investment: 399, 270 EUROS ( District Council Of Madrid, Junta de Extremadura , private funds & ISF) Objectives: Reduction of Child mortality rate through access to safe drinking water and sanitation. History Period: 2008 -2012 Beneficiaries:30.000 Inhabitants Investment: 3.000.000 EUROS aprox. (European Union, District Council of Madrid, Castilla La Mancha, Murcia Region, private funds & ISF) Objectives: Gender balanced poverty reduction in Same District through the access to water and sanitation services Pilot PHASE

R1: Increased access to a sufficient amount of safe water Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro Pilot PHASE Technical possibilities + Village needs and agreements = Selected system to be designed … this approach is very significant independently of the existance of the NAWAPO 2002…..

Decision Making and Sustainability
The process starts from the beginning (Create sense of Ownership & decision making)
Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro

Community Mobilization & Participation
COMMUNITY INVOLVED IN:
DECISION MAKING: PRA, DP LOCATION, SELECTION OF SYSTEM (APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY)
IMPLEMENTATION: MONETARY AND LABOUR CONTRIBUTION
MANAGEMENT AND REPORTING
Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro

Enhanced the capabilities of the communities to manage and maintain their respective water systems : Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro Pilot PHASE
Ownership of communities.
Community based organisation for management of the systems (WUGs/WUAs).
Other types of Capacity Building........
Water Resources Inventory Water Point Mapping, GvSIG Equipment and tools donations
local distict government,

RESULTS BY NUMBERS
Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro Results, Pilot PHASE 14 11 Ishinde 4 12 Njoro 4 10 Vumari Schools Vulnerable By village VIP LATRINES CONSTRUCTION 55% 18 Ishinde 54% 22 Njoro 35% 22 Vumari Percentage women Nº of promoters By village HYGIENE PROMOTERS TRAINED IN PHAST

Water management structure DUS, under proposal WUA WUG DISTRICT (DWD) BASIN Office WUA WUG WUG WUG VG VG CBO H&S

The approach...promoting sustainability as key for development in rural water supply management!
Economical sustainability
Management sustainability
O&M sustainability
Institutional sustainability
…
Hydrosanitary Programme in Same District, Kilimanjaro Information collection, analysis, and dissemination at all levels...it is important.

Challenges;
Read and write
Politics
Capacity of the district
Traditional model, even not following the former of the government
Capacity to contribute by cash
Knowledge on NAWAPO2002 in rural areas
Not many NGOs, CBO, are willing and having capacity to facilitate community management, ...no adequate platform and forums.
GENERAL CHALLENGES IN THE PROGRAMMES

All in all...
All plans are shared and done together with district councils (Planning,implementation and evaluation)
Coucil supports legal procedures of reconizing water entities specificaly District Water department
Are main supervisors after phase out of program
Collaboration goes together with village goverment/community leaders and basin
ISF supports the partner departments in acquiring technology that will easen monitoring of all its water schemes in rural area (GIS training and other database system)
Its this linkage that justify the sustainability of water supply and sanitation at village level (scaling up from projects to services)
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

MUCHAS GRACIAS !!!! AKSANTE SANA!!!!

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Experience and situation of wate management in rural districts of Same & Kigoma, Tanzania

by ONGAWA, Ingeniería para el Desarrollo Humano on Jan 15, 2009

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Experience and situation of wate management in rural districts of Same & Kigoma, Tanzania Presentation Transcript