5G Evolution and Candidate Technologies

1. 5G Evolution
Rath Vannithamby, PhD
Intel Labs, Intel Corporation
August 2014
IEEE Communication Society DL Tour in Asia
8/25/2014 1

2. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• 5G University Research Program
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 2

3. Demand for wireless bandwidth Grows
Exponentially
• Smart Device Proliferation
• Video Traffic Growth
• Growth of Mobile Data
• The Internet of Things
8/25/2014 3

4. The Internet of Things
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8/25/2014 4

5. Challenge – Lower Revenue Per Bit
• Cost of Network
deployments to meet
demand is increasing
faster than revenue
8/25/2014 5 Future networks needed to lower Cost per Bit, and enable new Services

6. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• 5G University Research Program
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 6

7. Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
1G
Analog
2G
TDMA
3G
CDMA
• What is 5G? How is it going to:
4G
OFDM
• satisfy growing bandwidth demand?
• Support new paradigm of Internet of Things?
• Solve operator challenge?
8/25/2014 7

8. Cellular Evolution
Rate Protocols Technology Focus Applications
1G 2.4 Kbps AMPS Analog voice
2G 9.6 Kbps GSM, IS-95 Digital Voice
2.5G 144 Kbps GPRS, Edge Data
3G 384 Kbps Mobile
2 Mbps Fixed
R6 UMTS, EVDO Peak Rate & Spectral efficiency: Adaptive
modulation, scheduling, code clustering
Data + Voice
3.5G 14 Mbps Fixed R8 HSPA Peak Rate, MIMO
4G 100 Mbps Mobile
1Gbps Fixed
R10 LTE,
802.16m
Spectral Efficiency: Multi-user MIMO,
Universal freq. reuse
[Carrier aggregation, 8x8 MIMO to meet
4G peak requirement
Mobile Internet
4.5G 300 Mbps? R11+ LTE-A Network Efficiency: Interference
mitigation, interworking with WiFi, D2D
device discovery, Energy efficiency
5G 1Gbps Mobile?
10 Gbps Fixed?
R14? ? ?
8/25/2014 8

9. Advanced Networking
8/25/2014 9 Source: IEEE C80216_0016

10. Multi-tier Networks
Macro
Micro
Pico
Femto
Relay
• Overlay multiple
tiers of cells
potentially sharing
common spectrum
• Macro
• Pico
• Femto
8/25/2014 10

11. Multi-Radio
Scenarios
LAN Network
Integrated AP
M2M Network Mobile Hotspot
Converged
Gateway
Body Area
Network
heartbeat
Multimedia
Network
Short Range
Comm.
Offload to 802.11
Good 802.11
link
SetTop
802.11
Bad LTE
link
Good LTE.
link
Setup Peer-to-Peer
cooperation
8/25/2014 11

12. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 12

13. 4G Network Architecture
UE
eNB
eNB
E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
MME/
S-GW
P-GW
Simplified 4G Network Architecture with:
(a) User Equipment (UE)
(b) Evolved NodeB (eNB)
(c) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
8/25/2014 13

14. E-UTRAN Performance Goals
• Scalable Bandwidth [1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz]
• Data Rates [300 Mbps DL, 75 Mbps UL]
• Latency [< 100 ms control plane, < 5ms user plane]
• Coverage [5 km, slight degradation up to 30 km]
• Mobility [Optimized for low speeds (<15 km/h), connection
maintained at high speeds (up to 500 km/h)]
• Inter-RAT Handover Delays [<300 ms (RT), < 500 ms (non-RT)]
8/25/2014 14

15. Evolved NodeB (eNB)
X2
eNB eNB
UE
eNB:
• Radio Resource
Management
• Header Compression
• Encryption
• Broadcast Information
• Paging
• Mobility in Active State
• MME Selection
8/25/2014 15

16. LTE Device Capabilities
Category Bandwidth
(MHz)
MIMO Duplexing Modulation Data Rates
(Mbps)
UL DL UL DL
1 1.4, 3, 5,
10, 15,
20
Up to
2x2
over DL
FDD,
H-FDD,
TDD
QPSK,
16 QAM
QPSK,
16
QAM,
64 QAM
5 10
2 25 51
3 51 100
4 51 150
5 UP to
4x4
over DL
QPSK,
16
QAM,
64 QAM
75 300
8/25/2014 16

17. LTE UE Functions
SETUP SERVICE
Network Acquisition
Signaling Connection
Attach
Authentication
IP Connectivity
Release
Handover
Scheduling Requests
and Grants
Radio Access Bearer
Service Request
8/25/2014 17

18. LTE Frame Structure
One radio frame: 10 ms
One subframe: 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18
#19
• The generic radio frame has a duration of 10ms and consists of 20 sub-frames
with a sub-frame duration of 0.5ms.
• For FDD, all 20 sub-frames are either available for downlink transmission
or all 20 sub-frames are available for uplink transmissions.
• For TDD, a sub-frame pair is either allocated to downlink or uplink
transmission. The first sub-frame pair in a radio frame is always allocated
for downlink transmission.
8/25/2014 18

19. Uplink Sub-frame structure
One uplink subframe:
0.5 ms
0 1 2 3 Nblock-3 Nblock-2 Nblock-1
Resource atom au,Nblock-3
• Uplink sub-frame format
• The transmitted signal in each sub-frame is described by the contents of
SC-FDMA symbols
• Each SC-FDMA symbol corresponds to multiple resource atoms and each
resource atom corresponds to one complex-valued modulation symbol
8/25/2014 19

20. Downlink Channels
UE
eNB
DL PHY Channels Usage
Primary Sync Channel Slot Timing Sync
Secondary Sync Channel Frame Timing Sync
Physical Broadcast Channel Master Information Block (MIB)
Physical Control Format Indication
Channel
Format of the PDCCH
Physical DL Control Channel UL Power Control, HARQ, UL/DL
Alloc
Physical DL Shared Channel Data Traffic, Signaling, Broadcast,
Paging
8/25/2014 20

21. Downlink Resource Mapping
Slot n Slot n+1
PHICH
PDCCH
PDSCH (user 1)
PDSCH (user 2)
PDSCH (user 3)
PDSCH (System Broadcast – SIBs)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PCFICH
8/25/2014 21

22. Uplink Resource Mapping
Slot n Slot n+1
PUCCH PUCCH
PUSCH
PRACH
PUCCH PUCCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8/25/2014 22

23. System Information (SI)
• Divided into MIB and SIB
• Master Information Block (MIB)
• Carries Essential & Most Frequent Info
• Uses BCH
• System Information Blocks (SIBs)
• Less Frequent 13 Types
• Uses DL-SCH
SI
MIB
Fixed
Schedule
SIB
SIB1
Fixed
Schedule
SIB13
Configurable
Schedule
through SIB1
SIB2
Configurable
Schedule
through SIB1
8/25/2014 23

24. Master Information Block (MIB)
MIB over PBCH
UE eNB
• MIB contains DL Bandwidth and System Frame Number
• New info every 40 ms
• Same info repeated every 10 ms
8/25/2014 24

25. Random Access Procedure
Random Access
UE eNB
• UE-initiated Contention Based Random Access
• Random preamble, possible collision
• eNB-initiated non-contention based random access
• Assigned/dedicated preamble, guaranteed success
8/25/2014 25

26. Key Technologies
• OFDMA for DL
• SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) for UL
• Bandwidth Flexibility
• Advanced antenna technology
• Link adaptation
• Inter-cell-interference coordination (ICIC)
• Two-layered retransmission (ARQ/HARQ)
• Scheduling
• Discontinuous Rx and Tx
8/25/2014 26

27. 3GPP Rel. 11 Features
• Carrier Aggregation enhancements
• MIMO enhancements
• Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference-Cancelation (eICIC)
• Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception to enable
simultaneous communication with multiple cells
• Enhancements to Diverse Data Applications (eDDA)
• Others …
8/25/2014 27

28. Details on Rel. 11 One Example
Feature:
Enhancements to Diverse Data
Applications (eDDA)
8/25/2014 28

29. LTE Power Saving Mechanism
• Different states at UE
• Different power consumption at
different states
• Power saving mechanism: Idle, DRX
Power can be saved in between traffic activities

30. Idle Mode
• Device can be either in LTE Active or LTE Idle mode.
• LTE Active mode is for supporting active data transmission.
• LTE Idle mode is for power saving when the device is not actively
transmitting/receiving packets.
• In LTE Idle mode,
• Base station pages to wake the device up
• Device wakes up periodically to check for any incoming call
Idle Mode allows device to go into low power mode
when there is no traffic activity

31. Discontinuous Reception (DRX) Mode
• In LTE Active, device can go into DRX mode to save power
• In DRX, device is still connected to network and listens
control channels during ON Durations
DRX mechanism allows device to go into low power
mode when there is data activity

32. Adaptive DRX
• Different lengths of DRX cycles
• Larger DRX cycle increases the latency
• Shorter DRX cycle increases the power consumption
• Suitable DRX cycle length is chosen to satisfy the
latency and power saving requirements
Changing DRX parameters depending on users
need will help to save power

33. 3GPP Rel. 12 Features
• Enhanced small cells for LTE
• Interworking between LTE and WiFi
• Enhancements for HetNets
• Inter-site carrier aggregation, to mix and match the capabilities
and backhaul of adjacent cells
• New antenna techniques and advanced receivers to maximize
the potential of large cells
• Others …
8/25/2014 33

34. Details on Rel. 12 One Example
Feature:
Enhanced small cells for LTE – Dual
Connectivity
8/25/2014 34

35. Small Cell Dual Connectivity
• Dual Connectivity Architecture
• Separate frequency bands
• Control signaling on Macro Cell
• Simultaneous data on both cells
• Non-ideal backhaul between cells
• Pros of Dual Connectivity
• Throughput/Capacity
Enhancements
• Minimizing the cell edge issues
• Cons of Dual Connectivity
• Latency due to non-ideal backhaul
• Additional processing at UE/eNB
Carrier1 (f1)
Macro Cell
(MeNB)
Carrier2 (f2)
Small Cell
(SeNB)
Non-Ideal
Backhaul (X2)
8/25/2014 35

36. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• 5G University Research Program
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 36

37. Capabilities of Future IMT systems
Enhanced
IMT-Advanced
100 Mbps
Mobility
High
Low
New IMT System
New IMT System for
Local Area Access
IMT-2000
1 Gbps 10 Gbps Peak Data Rate
8/25/2014 37
Source: IMT.VISION Oct’13

38. 5G Requirements
5G Metrics
• High Network Capacity
• Uniform Connectivity
Experience
• Higher Service Quality
and User Experience
8/25/2014 38 Source: METIS/ITU-R

39. 5G Requirements
8/25/2014 39

40. Candidate Technologies
• New Physical Layer Waveforms
• mmWave Technologies
• Massive MIMO and Advanced-Interference Mitigation
• Full-Duplex
• Multi-Radio Small Cell Networks
• Advanced D2D
• Energy-Efficient Networking
• Advanced M2M Technologies for IoT
• New Architectures and PHY/MAC Design for Ultra-Low Latency
• Others …
8/25/2014 40

41. New Physical Layer Waveforms
Traditional Orthogonal Multiple
Access Techniques:
• FDMA [1G]
• TDMA [2G]
• CDMA [3G]
• OFDMA [4G]
New Non-Orthogonal Multiple
Access (NOMA) claims these for
higher processing power:
• Better interference cancelation
• Higher capacity
• Better latency for MTC type
applications
8/25/2014 41

42. mmWave Technologies
• Frequencies ranging from 3 to 300 GHz
• 60 GHz technologies have already been standardized for
short-range applications in IEEE 802.11ad
• Also strongly considered for small-cell backhaul deployments
8/25/2014 42

43. Massive MIMO
• Massive MIMO uses very large number of antennas to
multiplex data for multiple users over each time-frequency
resource.
• Reduces both intra and inter cell interference
• Essential technology to achieve effective cell range
8/25/2014 43

44. Full Duplex Radios
Radio 1 Radio 2
TX
RX
• Why are radios half duplex?
RX
TX
• Self-Interference is a hundred billion times (110dB+) stronger than
the received signal
• Do we know what we are transmitting?
• Does it translate to doubling of throughput in practice?
8/25/2014 44

45. Multi-Radio Small Cell Networks
Device-to-Device
Relay Station
Distributed
Antennas
M2M Hotspot
CRAN
Integrated-AP
Pico-BS
WiFi-AP Femto-AP
Multi-tier
Multi-radio
Distributed
Antennas/CRAN
Wireless Access
Wireless backhaul
Wired backhaul
Client Relay
Self-Organizing Network
Source: IEEE C80216-10_0016
Fiber
8/25/2014 45

46. 5G M2M/IoT Challenges
Temp sensors
Smart
Water
Meter
Challenges:
Optimized for H2H
Mobile
High throughput
Always connected
Remote
Cams
Smart
Gas
Meter
GPRS
Network
MTC on GPRS
Low-cost
Low-power
Inefficient
Replace GPRS
More devices
Spectral efficiency
One RAT
Mission-Critical MTC
5G
Energy Harvesting
Massive Number of
Low-Cost MTC
H2H Communications
Challenges:
Extreme Requirements
No to High QoS
Ultra-Low Latency
Massive number of IoT devices
Energy Harvesting use case
8/25/2014 46

47. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• 5G University Research Program
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 47

48. 5G Collaborative University Research Program
URO facts:
• Collaborative university research on future technologies
• Provides grants to academic researchers selected through an
semi-open RFP process
• Often works with industry partners and other organizations
Program facts:
• Name: “5G: Transforming the Wireless User Experience”
8/25/2014 48

49. 5G Technical Requirements
High Service Quality
Service and context specific optimizations
Uniform Connectivity Experience
Consistent and reliable wireless throughout network
Disruptive Growth in Network Capacity
High data rate per user, and support high density of users
QOE
Rate
Rate
More than peak service rate!
8/25/2014 49

50. 5G Metrics
Quantifying Technical Objectives
High Network Capacity
More than 10x enhancement in peak data rates (bits/s)
More than 10x enhancement in area spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz/meters2)
Overall, more than 100x improvement in network capacity (bits/s/meters2)
Uniform Connectivity Experience
Greater than 10x reduction in data rate variability between cell-edge and cell-center
users (lowest 1% to highest 99%)
Greater or equal spectral efficiency and energy efficiency
High Service Quality and User Experience
More than 10x increase in number of users achieving target service quality
More than 10x reduction in the overall information rate (bits/s) required to satisfy
target service quality
More than 10x reduction in device power consumption
8/25/2014 50

51. 5G Candidate Technologies
Approach Candidate Technology
Enabling New Spectrum
Increase network capacity
Increasing Spectral Efficiency
Increase capacity and improve connectivity
Exploiting Multiple RATs
Increase capacity and improve connectivity
Exploiting Context Awareness
Improve service quality
High frequency Spectrum
Spectrum sharing
Spectrum reuse
Advanced interference mitigation
Large-scale MIMO
Full-Duplex
Spectrum aggregation
Multi-radio HetNets
Intelligent network selection
Application awareness
Cross-layer optimization
Device-context, power efficiency
Device sharing
8/25/2014 51

52. Contents
• Motivation for 5G
• Evolution of 1G  2G  3G  4G
• 4G Technology Overview
• Candidate Technologies for 5G
• 5G University Research Program
• Final Remarks
8/25/2014 52

53. Summary
• Key Technologies
• mmWave Technologies
• Massive MIMO and Advanced-Interference Mitigation
• Full-Duplex
• Multi-Radio Small Cell Networks
• Advanced D2D
• Energy-Efficient Networking
• Advanced M2M Technologies for IoT
• New Architectures and PHY/MAC Design for Ultra-Low Latency
8/25/2014 53 Let’s make 5G happen

54. Q & A
8/25/2014 54

55. Thank You
8/25/2014 55