SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 119
Download to read offline
RICE BASED FARMING
SYSTEMS IN KERALA


  N.K.Sasidharan and K.G.Padmakumar
  Kerala Agricultural University
  Regional Agricultural Research Station
  Kumarakom
Decline in Area and Production of Rice in
Kerala
  Year      Area (lakh ha)   Production    Productivity (kg/ha)
                             (lakh tons)
  1971-72   8.75             13.76         1544

  1981-82   8.07             13.06         1660

  1991-92   5.41             10.60         1959

  2001-02   3.22             7.04          2182

  2006-07   2.64             6.42          2435

  2007-08   2.29             5.28          2308

  2008-09   2.34             5.90          2520

  209-10    2.34             5.98          2557

  2010-11   2.13             5.28          2452
RICE IN KERALA
   Small farm size – less      Enhance productivity
    than 0.1 ha                  by 50%
   Mostly single season        Increase income 3-4
   Income inadequate for        fold
    livelihood                  Increase cropping
   Only seasonal                intensity to 200%
    engagement                  Render rice farming
   Part time and                more organic and
    absentee farmers             environment friendly
   Fallow period 8             Ensure year round
    months                       engagement of land
FARMING SYSTEM
APPROACH

   Round the year utilization of rice fields
   Integrating compatible components
   Other crops
   Livestock
   Fishery
   Duck/Poultry
KERALA

                         HIGH RANGE




                         PALAKKAD PLAINS
                         CHITTOOR BLACK SOIL
KOLE LANDS

POKKALI LANDS

KUTTANAD
                           MIDLAND
ONATTUKARA                 LATERITE &
                           MALAYORAM
Rice production systems of
Kerala
 Rice ecosystems        Area in ha (91-92)   Percentage to total


Kuttanad                      38119                 6.70

Onattukara                    31031                 5.45
Pokkali                       4994                  0.88
Laterite Midland             266838                 46.89

Malayoram                    103226                 18.14
Palakkad plains               60342                 10.60
Black soil (Chittoor)         37061                 6.51
High ranges                   27500                 4.83
HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM

   Extent :   27000 ha
   Location: 800 – 1500 m above
    MSL
   Seasons:
    Nancha (main) (May/June –
    Oct./Nov.)
    Puncha (Dec./Jan. – April/May)
HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM

   Situated at Elevations more than
    800 m in the Wynadu plateau and
    Vattavada
   Extent 27500 ha
   Season extents the SW and NE
    monsoons (July – December)
   Varieties: Scented Jeerakasala and
    Gandhaka sala, and Uma, Athira.
High range - Rice based systems
LATERITE MIDLAND AND MALAYORAM



   Extent      : 3.7 lakh ha (1992)
   Seasons     : Virippu, Mundakan
                  Puncha
   Varieties   : Short, medium and
                  Photosensitive
Mid land and Malayoram – Rice seasons


 Cropping pattern             : Rice - Rice
 First crop (Virippu)         : April/May – Sept./Oct.
 Second crop(Mundakan)        : Aug./Sep. – Dec./Jan
 Yield range                  : 2860 – 8200 kg/ha
 Iron and aluminium toxicity limits crop production
IRRIGATED RICE
       ECOSYSTEM

 Palakkad plains
 Periyar valley commands
 Chittoor black soils
 Irrigation ensured during the fag end
   of Mundakan and whole of Puncha
IRRIGATED RICE SYSTEM

   Palakkad plains and chittur black soils
   Irrigated by water from Bharathapuzha
   Extent        :    97500 ha
   Season        :    Virippu, Mundakan
   Varieties     :     HYV
   Known as second rice bowl of Kerala.
Irrigated rice ecosystem –
Palakkad plains
   Malampuzha the largest irrigation
    scheme
   One fifth of irrigation potential of
    Kerala
   Valayar, Mangalam, Pothundi,
    Gayathry and
   Chittoorpuzha are others
   Extent         : 60000 ha
IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM
                PALAKKAD PLAINS

 Double crop wetlands
 First crop (Virippu) : June/July – Sep./Oct.
 Second crop (Mundakan) : Oct./Nov. – Jan./Feb.
 HYV coverage more than 60%
 Short & Medium duration varieties for I crop
 Medium & Long duration varieties for II crop
IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM –
             CHITTOOR BLACK SOILS

 Extent          : 37000 ha
 Soils           : Extension of black cotton soils
 Soil reaction   : Neutral to alkaline (7 - 8.3)
 Texture         : Sandy loam – Sandy clay loam
 Fertility       : Medium – High in available N&P,
                   low in K
Yield            : 4500 – 9000 kg/ha
Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM

   Extent             : 28000 ha
   Crop sequence      : Rice-Rice-
    Sesamum
   Soil texture            : Sandy
   Soil reaction      : Acidic
   Fertility status   : Low in N,
    medium
                        in available P
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM

   Virippu Season   : April /May - September
   Variety          : Short duration - Onam,
                       Bhagya, Mattathriveni,
                        Jyothi
   Seeding                : By dibbling
   Weeding          : Hoeing
   Yield            : 1000-1200 kg/ha
Onattukara - First crop at the time of harvest
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM
               – II CROP
   Season               : Aug./Sept. – Dec./Jan.
   Seedling establishment. : Transplanting
   Variety              : Ptb –20, Ptb-4, UR-19,
                           Sagara
   Fertilizer dose      : 40:20:20
                            Application of P and K essential
                            Organic manure addition
    essential
   Weeding              : Hand weeding
   Yield                : 1500- 2000 kg/ha
Onattukara
Second crop Nursery
Onattukara
Land preparation for the second crop
Onattukara – A poor second crop
Azolla in Onattukara
Natural way of soil fertility
     replenishment
RICE – SESAMUM ROTATIONAL FARMING
Rice cowpea integration
Rice-cucumber rotation
Rice- Banana- Cassava System
KOLE LAND RICE ECOSYSTEM

   Location       : Trichur and
    Malappuram
   Extent         : 13000 ha
   Cropping pattern     : Rice – Rice (35%)
                     Rice –Fallow (65%)
   Season         : Jan.–May (Puncha)
                     Aug.- Dec. (Mundakan)
Kole lands – Pump house
Kole lands with Irrigation Canal
Kole lands with Irrigation
         channel
KOLE LANDS

   Soil texture     : Sandy loam to
    sandy clay
   Organic matter : 2.07 – 4.16
   Soil reaction : Acidic (pH 2.6 – 6.3)
   EC          : 0.16 –15ds/m
   Yield       : 4500-7500 kg/ ha.
POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM


 Tidal wet lands of Kerala
 24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam,
  Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts
 Tidal inundation & consequent salinity
 Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown
 Considered as sustainable system
POKKALI LANDS
Pokkali fields
a view during the high saline phase
POKKALI SOILS
 Basically acidic
 pH     : 2.8 to 4.5
 Saline water inundation from October
 Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer
 Reclamation required for rice cultivation
Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem




Low saline phase      High saline phase
June to November      December to May
Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for
           reclamation of soil
Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
Seed baskets ready for soaking
POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM


 Tidal wet lands of Kerala
 24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam,
  Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts
 Tidal inundation & consequent salinity
 Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown
 Considered as sustainable system
POKKALI LANDS
Pokkali fields
a view during the high saline phase
POKKALI SOILS
 Basically acidic
 pH     : 2.8 to 4.5
 Saline water inundation from October
 Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer
 Reclamation required for rice cultivation
Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem




Low saline phase      High saline phase
June to November      December to May
Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for
           reclamation of soil
Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
Seed baskets ready for soaking
Damage due to floods – a regular
  occurrence in Pokkali fields
Pokkali rice on mound tops ready for dismantling
Spreading operation in progress
Luxuriant growth of the Pokkali rice
Harvesting in knee deep water
PRAWN CULTURE

   Prawn during saline phase
   Traditional practice - prawn filtration
   Prawn seeds are attracted & reared
   Prawn yield 300-1000kg/ha
Income from prawn yields compensates
    the losses from rice cultivation
Fish species found suitable


 •   Cyprinus carpio
 •   Oreochromis mossambicus
 •   Tricogaster pectoralis
 •   Chana striata
 •   Clarius batrachus
Effect of rice fish integration on fish survival and yield


                         Survival %                  Fish Yield kg/ ha
     Fish
  treatments    1999      2000    Pooled     1999        2000      Pooled

Without fish      ----     ----       ---      ---          ---          ---

Male tilapia      36.2     38.1       37.6    209.1        224.2    216.7

Etroplus-1999     0.0      16.0       8.0      0.0         25.4      12.7
Rohu-2000
CD (0.05)         2.5      3.2        3.8     18.2         19.3      21.8
Oreochromis mossambicus
Economic analysis of rice-fish-prawn integration
                             in Pokkali fields

             Expendit                     Gross
Farming                       Yield                 Net returns   B:C
                ure                      returns
system                       (kg/ha)                  ( Rs.)      ratio
              (Rs/ha)                      (Rs)
Rice
               11450     3488            22672         11222      1.98
alone
                         3488 (R)
Rice-fish     17700                      31346         13646      1.77
                          216 (F)
                             3488 (R)
Rice–fish
              46700           216(F)     95090         48390      2.03
-prawn
                              425(P)

                        Rice @ Rs. 6500/ ton
          Fish @ Rs. 40/kg              Prawn @ Rs. 150/ kg
Pokkali model

   Rice during low saline phase
   Rice-fish simultaneously
   Prawn culture/prawn filtration rotationally

No way interfere with seasonal rhythm
Components well mingle
Accretion rather than depletion in soil fertility
Ecologically sound
Environment friendly
Socially acceptable
RICE-FISH /PRAWN
    INTEGRATED FARMING




Sustainable, Economic, Eco-friendly
KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM

o Deltaic formation of four river systems
o Location :     1 – 2.5 m below MSL
o Extent         :       56000 ha
o Seasons :      Main crop - Puncha
                      (Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.)
                 Additional Crop
                     (June/July - Sept./Oct.)
KUTTANAD
KUTTANAD SOILS


 KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha

 KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha
 KARI SOILS    - 9,000 ha
KARAPPADOM SOILS
   River borne alluvial soils
   Extent            : 33000 ha
   Texture           : Silty clay
   Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt
                    content, and a fair amount
    of
                    decomposing organic
    matter
   Salinity hazard
   Fertility   : Available P and K low
KAYAL LANDS
   Reclaimed beds of Vembanad
   Extent        : 13000 ha
   Texture       : Silty clay
   Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral
   Salinity      : Salinity affected
   Fertility    : Low in available nitrogen and
                   phosphorous but
    comparatively
                   rich in potassium
KARI LANDS

   Extent : 9000ha
   Colour : Deep black charcoal
   Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill-
    drained
   Pieces of wood seen embedded in the
    subsoil
   Soil cracks during summer
   Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3-
    4.5)
   Periodic saline water inundation
   Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
Wet broadcasting
ensures uniform plant population
Uneven land leveling results
 patchy stand of seedlings
A uniform crop stand at
    seedling stage
RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD

   Under utilised
   Mostly single cropped
   Fallow period > 6 months
   Returns <25000/ acre
   Considerable scope of improvement
    by Farming system approach.
Farming system models
       developed at RARS,
       Kumarakom

 In two decades

Development of models at station level
• Evaluation of the models

• Validation at farm level

• Transformation from simultaneous to
  rotational
• Lateral diffusion to farmers fields

ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
Cyprinus – versatile species




    Ploughing and harrowing
Grass carp- weed control
Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration
Sl.     Item                                      Before fish                                           After Fish
No                               1995 (Puncha)            1996(Virippu)                1996(Puncha)             1997(Virippu)
.
                                      Cost(Rs)                   Cost(Rs)                   Cost(Rs)                  Cost(Rs)
                                 Material      Labou      Materi              Labou    Material      Labou      Mate        Labour
                                               r          al                  r                      r          rial
1       2                        3             4          5                   6        7             8          9           10
Area of trial plot in acres             5.50                           5.50                   5.50                        3.00
        EXPENSES
1       a. Land preparation             0        1483             0            2238           0         634           0            486
        b. Bunding                      0         472             0             575           0         606           0            790
2       Seed and sowing               808         101           842             108         876         108     1021               115
3       Weeding                        76        3198            76            3631           0        1460           0           3013
4       Plant protection              381         270           393             324         232         229          66            103
5       Manuring/liming              2008         298       2376                342        2200         319     2581               510
6       Other Inputs                  346         894           371            1050         393        1062           0           1465
7       Harvesting                      0         427             0             674           0         685           0            642
        TOTAL                        3619        7143       4058               8942        3701        5103     3668              7124
        INCOME                       Qtls         (Rs)          Qtls            (Rs)       Qtls        (Rs)      Qtls             (Rs)
1       Paddy                          19        8967            28           14812          34      17144           35          17938
2       Straw                           0         371             0             449           0         225           0            309
        TOTAL                          19        9338            28           15261          34      17369           35          18247
        PROFIT                                 (-)1405                         2289                    8599                      7490
GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN




Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha
Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha
In 230 days
Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
Integrating other components

   Coconut, banana, yams and other
    crops on the bunds.
   Fish
   Ducks
   Buffaloe
One acre paddy polder can
additionally hold

     2000 fish fingerlings
     300 broiler ducks
     1-2 buffaloes
     20 coconut palms on the bund
     40 banana plants
     20-40 yams/cassava
     Single line fodder of 80m length.
Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012
Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
Complementary effects

•   On land preparation
•   Manuring
•   Weeding
•   Plant protection
Zero tilled rice field after fish
 harvest ready for planting




Fallow period 3 days
Economic benefits

   Cost of production rice reduced by
    17.6 percent
   Increase in yield up to 50%
   Multilevel integration increased the
    returns 3-4 fold.
Ecological benefits

•   Reduction in use of agricultural
    chemicals
•   Improvements in soil conditions
•   Recycling of agricultural wastes
•   Perceptible improvement in soil
    biological properties.
CONCLUSIONS
   In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop
   Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems
    are not sustainable.
   Use of increased external inputs year after year
    erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological
    balance.
   Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity
    enterprises suited to local agro ecological
    conditions can perform better.
   Such systems can significantly reduce high energy
    inputs and cost of production.
   Farming system approach is capable of reducing
    carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils
    and plants
KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM

o Deltaic formation of four river systems
o Location :     1 – 2.5 m below MSL
o Extent         :       56000 ha
o Seasons :      Main crop - Puncha
                      (Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.)
                 Additional Crop
                     (June/July - Sept./Oct.)
KUTTANAD
KUTTANAD SOILS


 KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha

 KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha
 KARI SOILS    - 9,000 ha
KARAPPADOM SOILS
   River borne alluvial soils
   Extent            : 33000 ha
   Texture           : Silty clay
   Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt
                    content, and a fair amount
    of
                    decomposing organic
    matter
   Salinity hazard
   Fertility   : Available P and K low
KAYAL LANDS
   Reclaimed beds of Vembanad
   Extent        : 13000 ha
   Texture       : Silty clay
   Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral
   Salinity      : Salinity affected
   Fertility    : Low in available nitrogen and
                   phosphorous but
    comparatively
                   rich in potassium
KARI LANDS

   Extent : 9000ha
   Colour : Deep black charcoal
   Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill-
    drained
   Pieces of wood seen embedded in the
    subsoil
   Soil cracks during summer
   Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3-
    4.5)
   Periodic saline water inundation
   Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
Wet broadcasting
ensures uniform plant population
Uneven land leveling results
 patchy stand of seedlings
A uniform crop stand at
    seedling stage
RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD

   Under utilised
   Mostly single cropped
   Fallow period > 6 months
   Returns <25000/ acre
   Considerable scope of improvement
    by Farming system approach.
Farming system models
       developed at RARS,
       Kumarakom

 In two decades

Development of models at station level
• Evaluation of the models

• Validation at farm level

• Transformation from simultaneous to
  rotational
• Lateral diffusion to farmers fields

ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
Cyprinus – versatile species




    Ploughing and harrowing
Grass carp- weed control
Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration
Sl.     Item                                      Before fish                                           After Fish
No                               1995 (Puncha)            1996(Virippu)                1996(Puncha)             1997(Virippu)
.
                                      Cost(Rs)                   Cost(Rs)                   Cost(Rs)                  Cost(Rs)
                                 Material      Labou      Materi              Labou    Material      Labou      Mate        Labour
                                               r          al                  r                      r          rial
1       2                        3             4          5                   6        7             8          9           10
Area of trial plot in acres             5.50                           5.50                   5.50                        3.00
        EXPENSES
1       a. Land preparation             0        1483             0            2238           0         634           0            486
        b. Bunding                      0         472             0             575           0         606           0            790
2       Seed and sowing               808         101           842             108         876         108     1021               115
3       Weeding                        76        3198            76            3631           0        1460           0           3013
4       Plant protection              381         270           393             324         232         229          66            103
5       Manuring/liming              2008         298       2376                342        2200         319     2581               510
6       Other Inputs                  346         894           371            1050         393        1062           0           1465
7       Harvesting                      0         427             0             674           0         685           0            642
        TOTAL                        3619        7143       4058               8942        3701        5103     3668              7124
        INCOME                       Qtls         (Rs)          Qtls            (Rs)       Qtls        (Rs)      Qtls             (Rs)
1       Paddy                          19        8967            28           14812          34      17144           35          17938
2       Straw                           0         371             0             449           0         225           0            309
        TOTAL                          19        9338            28           15261          34      17369           35          18247
        PROFIT                                 (-)1405                         2289                    8599                      7490
GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN




Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha
Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha
In 230 days
Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
Integrating other components

   Coconut, banana, yams and other
    crops on the bunds.
   Fish
   Ducks
   Buffaloe
One acre paddy polder can
additionally hold

     2000 fish fingerlings
     300 broiler ducks
     1-2 buffaloes
     20 coconut palms on the bund
     40 banana plants
     20-40 yams/cassava
     Single line fodder of 80m length.
Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012
Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
Complementary effects

•   On land preparation
•   Manuring
•   Weeding
•   Plant protection
Zero tilled rice field after fish
 harvest ready for planting




Fallow period 3 days
Economic benefits

   Cost of production rice reduced by
    17.6 percent
   Increase in yield up to 50%
   Multilevel integration increased the
    returns 3-4 fold.
Ecological benefits

•   Reduction in use of agricultural
    chemicals
•   Improvements in soil conditions
•   Recycling of agricultural wastes
•   Perceptible improvement in soil
    biological properties.
CONCLUSIONS
   In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop
   Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems
    are not sustainable.
   Use of increased external inputs year after year
    erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological
    balance.
   Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity
    enterprises suited to local agro ecological
    conditions can perform better.
   Such systems can significantly reduce high energy
    inputs and cost of production.
   Farming system approach is capable of reducing
    carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils
    and plants

More Related Content

What's hot

Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different region
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionDifferent sowing methods of sugarcane in different region
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionSuman Dey
 
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...ExternalEvents
 
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
 
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys finger
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys fingerSeed productin technology of okra or ladys finger
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys fingerAminul Haque
 
Land capability classification
Land  capability classificationLand  capability classification
Land capability classificationShaheenPraveen1
 
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review  Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review 12WEL
 
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemCrop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
 
potassium fixation in different clay minerals
potassium  fixation in different clay mineralspotassium  fixation in different clay minerals
potassium fixation in different clay mineralsBharathM64
 
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcome
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcomeconstraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcome
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcomeSameera Deshan
 
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFE
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFELONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFE
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFEsubhashB10
 
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
 
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha intro
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introcropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha intro
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introGovardhan Lodha
 
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristicsAcid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristicsMahiiKarthii
 
Soil mapping approach in gis
Soil mapping approach in gisSoil mapping approach in gis
Soil mapping approach in gisSakthivel R
 

What's hot (20)

Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different region
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different regionDifferent sowing methods of sugarcane in different region
Different sowing methods of sugarcane in different region
 
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
Exploiting salt affected soils and poor quality waters for food security in I...
 
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...
 
Green manuring
Green manuringGreen manuring
Green manuring
 
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys finger
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys fingerSeed productin technology of okra or ladys finger
Seed productin technology of okra or ladys finger
 
Land capability classification
Land  capability classificationLand  capability classification
Land capability classification
 
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review  Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
Soil quality attributes for a Sustainable Agriculture: A Review
 
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemCrop residue management in rice based cropping system
Crop residue management in rice based cropping system
 
potassium fixation in different clay minerals
potassium  fixation in different clay mineralspotassium  fixation in different clay minerals
potassium fixation in different clay minerals
 
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcome
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcomeconstraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcome
constraints in sugarcane production and strategies to overcome
 
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainabilityConservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
Conservation agriculture for soil health sustainability
 
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFE
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFELONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFE
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON SOIL HEALTH-PME AND LTFE
 
Soil health
Soil healthSoil health
Soil health
 
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)
Soil in Chhattisgarh (IGKV RAIPUR. C.G)
 
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha intro
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha introcropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha intro
cropping systems and farming systems,Ppt lodha intro
 
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristicsAcid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
Acid soil and acid sulphate soil, genesis and characteristics
 
INM in legumes
INM in legumesINM in legumes
INM in legumes
 
Soil mapping approach in gis
Soil mapping approach in gisSoil mapping approach in gis
Soil mapping approach in gis
 
Significance of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture...
Significance of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture...Significance of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture...
Significance of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture...
 
Rainfed agriculture lecture no1
Rainfed agriculture lecture no1Rainfed agriculture lecture no1
Rainfed agriculture lecture no1
 

Similar to Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012

Sugarcane trench method planting
Sugarcane trench method plantingSugarcane trench method planting
Sugarcane trench method plantingMohit Dhukia
 
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...CIMMYT
 
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) ppt
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) pptNational mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) ppt
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) pptSikkim University
 
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepal
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, NepalCountry Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepal
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepalapaari
 
sialge and its agribusiness aspects
sialge and its agribusiness aspectssialge and its agribusiness aspects
sialge and its agribusiness aspectsShreyas Hebbar N
 
KVK Achievement
KVK AchievementKVK Achievement
KVK AchievementVEENASHAHI
 
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in OdishaRamanjaneyulu GV
 
EcosystemServices.pptx
EcosystemServices.pptxEcosystemServices.pptx
EcosystemServices.pptxssusera740471
 
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjanCpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjanAASBD
 
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India Nikhil Ambish Mehta
 
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoodsAgro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoodsRamanjaneyulu GV
 
Ifs for high rainfall areas
Ifs for high rainfall areasIfs for high rainfall areas
Ifs for high rainfall areaspujithasudhakar
 

Similar to Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012 (20)

Sugarcane trench method planting
Sugarcane trench method plantingSugarcane trench method planting
Sugarcane trench method planting
 
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...
Wheat Research and Development in Kenya: Current Status and Trends in Product...
 
Agroforestry
AgroforestryAgroforestry
Agroforestry
 
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) ppt
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) pptNational mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) ppt
National mission for sustaining himalayan ecosystem (nmshe) ppt
 
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepal
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, NepalCountry Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepal
Country Status Reports on Underutilized Crops by Baidya Nath Mahto, Nepal
 
sialge and its agribusiness aspects
sialge and its agribusiness aspectssialge and its agribusiness aspects
sialge and its agribusiness aspects
 
Forage production technology in west bengal pdf
Forage production technology in west bengal pdfForage production technology in west bengal pdf
Forage production technology in west bengal pdf
 
KVK Achievement
KVK AchievementKVK Achievement
KVK Achievement
 
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha
130316 Sustaining Agriculture in Odisha
 
EcosystemServices.pptx
EcosystemServices.pptxEcosystemServices.pptx
EcosystemServices.pptx
 
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjanCpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
Cpwf g2 22 may 2012_manoranjan
 
14
1414
14
 
0879 Food Security and SRI: PRADAN’s Experience in Eastern India
0879 Food Security and SRI: PRADAN’s Experience in Eastern India0879 Food Security and SRI: PRADAN’s Experience in Eastern India
0879 Food Security and SRI: PRADAN’s Experience in Eastern India
 
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
IFPRI-TAAS-ICAR- Land Degradation in India - Nature, Extent and Severity-S K ...
 
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India
Recent Techniques in agriculture and horticulture for Punjab India
 
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoodsAgro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
Agro-ecological approaches for sustaining farm based livelihoods
 
Ifs for high rainfall areas
Ifs for high rainfall areasIfs for high rainfall areas
Ifs for high rainfall areas
 
1414 - Development of SRI Transplanter - TN-IAMWARM Experiences
1414 - Development of SRI Transplanter - TN-IAMWARM Experiences1414 - Development of SRI Transplanter - TN-IAMWARM Experiences
1414 - Development of SRI Transplanter - TN-IAMWARM Experiences
 
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Agroecological Approach to Agri...
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Agroecological Approach toAgri...The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Agroecological Approach toAgri...
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) An Agroecological Approach to Agri...
 
1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization...
1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization...1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization...
1017 Current Developments with SRI: Other Methods, Other Crops, Mechanization...
 

More from India Water Portal

Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdf
Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdfCase study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdf
Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdfIndia Water Portal
 
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...India Water Portal
 
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...India Water Portal
 
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...India Water Portal
 
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...India Water Portal
 
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...India Water Portal
 
Suno bolo - standard operating procedure
Suno bolo -  standard operating procedureSuno bolo -  standard operating procedure
Suno bolo - standard operating procedureIndia Water Portal
 
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuantharWater budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuantharIndia Water Portal
 
Participatory research appraisal
Participatory research appraisalParticipatory research appraisal
Participatory research appraisalIndia Water Portal
 
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...India Water Portal
 
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
 
Spring hydrogeology and its classification
Spring hydrogeology and its classificationSpring hydrogeology and its classification
Spring hydrogeology and its classificationIndia Water Portal
 
Introduction: Groundwater aquifers
Introduction: Groundwater aquifersIntroduction: Groundwater aquifers
Introduction: Groundwater aquifersIndia Water Portal
 
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity building
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity buildingAtal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity building
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity buildingIndia Water Portal
 

More from India Water Portal (20)

Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdf
Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdfCase study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdf
Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdf
 
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...
 
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...
 
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...
 
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...
Mukhya Mantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchay Yojana (MGPNY) – Bihar_Pankaj Kumar_AKRS...
 
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...
 
Suno bolo - standard operating procedure
Suno bolo -  standard operating procedureSuno bolo -  standard operating procedure
Suno bolo - standard operating procedure
 
Jal Jeevan Mission, Karnataka
Jal Jeevan Mission, KarnatakaJal Jeevan Mission, Karnataka
Jal Jeevan Mission, Karnataka
 
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuantharWater budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar
Water budgeting – a case study from chhuanthar
 
Water quality
Water qualityWater quality
Water quality
 
Understanding geology
Understanding geologyUnderstanding geology
Understanding geology
 
Springshed treatment measures
Springshed treatment measuresSpringshed treatment measures
Springshed treatment measures
 
Participatory research appraisal
Participatory research appraisalParticipatory research appraisal
Participatory research appraisal
 
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...
 
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020
 
Spring mapping manual
Spring mapping manualSpring mapping manual
Spring mapping manual
 
Spring hydrogeology and its classification
Spring hydrogeology and its classificationSpring hydrogeology and its classification
Spring hydrogeology and its classification
 
Introduction to aquifers
Introduction to aquifersIntroduction to aquifers
Introduction to aquifers
 
Introduction: Groundwater aquifers
Introduction: Groundwater aquifersIntroduction: Groundwater aquifers
Introduction: Groundwater aquifers
 
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity building
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity buildingAtal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity building
Atal Bhujal Yojana: Capacity building
 

Recently uploaded

Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards SustainabilityFeatherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards Sustainabilityharshan90
 
Toxicity of metallic species, Aresenic.pdf
Toxicity of  metallic species, Aresenic.pdfToxicity of  metallic species, Aresenic.pdf
Toxicity of metallic species, Aresenic.pdfVikasThakur896480
 
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdf
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdfFAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdf
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdfanne249861
 
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptx
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptxArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptx
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptxNeoV2
 
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGs
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGsPakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGs
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGsHafiz Jawad Sohail
 
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...Global Forest Watch
 
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?pkunde
 
case studies of various types of indian gardens
case studies of various types of indian gardenscase studies of various types of indian gardens
case studies of various types of indian gardensDevenJesani1
 
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdf
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdfChinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdf
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdfUla Academics
 
Application of Biotechnology.
Application of Biotechnology. Application of Biotechnology.
Application of Biotechnology. SahilParmar43
 
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptx
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptxUnderstanding Ecological Literacies .pptx
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptxromelinequitara
 
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula EarthquakeNIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula EarthquakeTadashi Ise
 
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdf
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdfThe Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdf
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdfRobert Scales
 
Resources & Development & types of soil.
Resources & Development & types of soil.Resources & Development & types of soil.
Resources & Development & types of soil.dhaduknevil1
 
Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability
Environmental Stewardship and SustainabilityEnvironmental Stewardship and Sustainability
Environmental Stewardship and SustainabilityMark Lyttleton
 
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha Jayasena
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha JayasenaCONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha Jayasena
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha JayasenaThe Open University of Sri Lanka
 
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdf
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdfWhat's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdf
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdfexoticpetvenom
 
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating system
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating systemAbout LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating system
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating systemUSGBC
 
Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards SustainabilityFeatherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards SustainabilityFeatherlite Furniture
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards SustainabilityFeatherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
 
Toxicity of metallic species, Aresenic.pdf
Toxicity of  metallic species, Aresenic.pdfToxicity of  metallic species, Aresenic.pdf
Toxicity of metallic species, Aresenic.pdf
 
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdf
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdfFAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdf
FAIRMAT - Impact report 2023 by Slidor v2 GS.pdf
 
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptx
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptxArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptx
ArtificiaI Intelligence And Sustainability.pptx
 
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGs
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGsPakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGs
Pakistan's First Ever National Dialogues on SDGs
 
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...
GFW_Deforestation Exposed Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery to Investig...
 
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?
如何办理南威尔士大学毕业证书/学位证书/成绩单?
 
case studies of various types of indian gardens
case studies of various types of indian gardenscase studies of various types of indian gardens
case studies of various types of indian gardens
 
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdf
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdfChinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdf
Chinese Lesson 1 (Sample) - Forest Pack.pdf
 
Application of Biotechnology.
Application of Biotechnology. Application of Biotechnology.
Application of Biotechnology.
 
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptx
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptxUnderstanding Ecological Literacies .pptx
Understanding Ecological Literacies .pptx
 
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula EarthquakeNIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
NIED’s initial response to the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake
 
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdf
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdfThe Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdf
The Challenges of Building a Sustainable Eco Resort 2024 version.pdf
 
Resources & Development & types of soil.
Resources & Development & types of soil.Resources & Development & types of soil.
Resources & Development & types of soil.
 
Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability
Environmental Stewardship and SustainabilityEnvironmental Stewardship and Sustainability
Environmental Stewardship and Sustainability
 
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha Jayasena
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha JayasenaCONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha Jayasena
CONCEPT OF POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation.pdf Umesha Jayasena
 
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdf
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdfWhat's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdf
What's So Special About the Deathstalker Scorpion_.pdf
 
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating system
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating systemAbout LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating system
About LEED | The world's most widely used green building rating system
 
Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards SustainabilityFeatherlite journey towards Sustainability
Featherlite journey towards Sustainability
 
ASI Complaints Data 2023
ASI Complaints Data 2023ASI Complaints Data 2023
ASI Complaints Data 2023
 

Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012

  • 1. RICE BASED FARMING SYSTEMS IN KERALA N.K.Sasidharan and K.G.Padmakumar Kerala Agricultural University Regional Agricultural Research Station Kumarakom
  • 2. Decline in Area and Production of Rice in Kerala Year Area (lakh ha) Production Productivity (kg/ha) (lakh tons) 1971-72 8.75 13.76 1544 1981-82 8.07 13.06 1660 1991-92 5.41 10.60 1959 2001-02 3.22 7.04 2182 2006-07 2.64 6.42 2435 2007-08 2.29 5.28 2308 2008-09 2.34 5.90 2520 209-10 2.34 5.98 2557 2010-11 2.13 5.28 2452
  • 3. RICE IN KERALA  Small farm size – less  Enhance productivity than 0.1 ha by 50%  Mostly single season  Increase income 3-4  Income inadequate for fold livelihood  Increase cropping  Only seasonal intensity to 200% engagement  Render rice farming  Part time and more organic and absentee farmers environment friendly  Fallow period 8  Ensure year round months engagement of land
  • 4. FARMING SYSTEM APPROACH  Round the year utilization of rice fields  Integrating compatible components  Other crops  Livestock  Fishery  Duck/Poultry
  • 5. KERALA HIGH RANGE PALAKKAD PLAINS CHITTOOR BLACK SOIL KOLE LANDS POKKALI LANDS KUTTANAD MIDLAND ONATTUKARA LATERITE & MALAYORAM
  • 6. Rice production systems of Kerala Rice ecosystems Area in ha (91-92) Percentage to total Kuttanad 38119 6.70 Onattukara 31031 5.45 Pokkali 4994 0.88 Laterite Midland 266838 46.89 Malayoram 103226 18.14 Palakkad plains 60342 10.60 Black soil (Chittoor) 37061 6.51 High ranges 27500 4.83
  • 7. HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM  Extent : 27000 ha  Location: 800 – 1500 m above MSL  Seasons: Nancha (main) (May/June – Oct./Nov.) Puncha (Dec./Jan. – April/May)
  • 8. HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM  Situated at Elevations more than 800 m in the Wynadu plateau and Vattavada  Extent 27500 ha  Season extents the SW and NE monsoons (July – December)  Varieties: Scented Jeerakasala and Gandhaka sala, and Uma, Athira.
  • 9. High range - Rice based systems
  • 10. LATERITE MIDLAND AND MALAYORAM  Extent : 3.7 lakh ha (1992)  Seasons : Virippu, Mundakan Puncha  Varieties : Short, medium and Photosensitive
  • 11. Mid land and Malayoram – Rice seasons  Cropping pattern : Rice - Rice  First crop (Virippu) : April/May – Sept./Oct.  Second crop(Mundakan) : Aug./Sep. – Dec./Jan  Yield range : 2860 – 8200 kg/ha  Iron and aluminium toxicity limits crop production
  • 12. IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM  Palakkad plains  Periyar valley commands  Chittoor black soils  Irrigation ensured during the fag end of Mundakan and whole of Puncha
  • 13. IRRIGATED RICE SYSTEM  Palakkad plains and chittur black soils  Irrigated by water from Bharathapuzha  Extent : 97500 ha  Season : Virippu, Mundakan  Varieties : HYV  Known as second rice bowl of Kerala.
  • 14. Irrigated rice ecosystem – Palakkad plains  Malampuzha the largest irrigation scheme  One fifth of irrigation potential of Kerala  Valayar, Mangalam, Pothundi, Gayathry and  Chittoorpuzha are others  Extent : 60000 ha
  • 15. IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM PALAKKAD PLAINS  Double crop wetlands  First crop (Virippu) : June/July – Sep./Oct.  Second crop (Mundakan) : Oct./Nov. – Jan./Feb.  HYV coverage more than 60%  Short & Medium duration varieties for I crop  Medium & Long duration varieties for II crop
  • 16. IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM – CHITTOOR BLACK SOILS  Extent : 37000 ha  Soils : Extension of black cotton soils  Soil reaction : Neutral to alkaline (7 - 8.3)  Texture : Sandy loam – Sandy clay loam  Fertility : Medium – High in available N&P, low in K Yield : 4500 – 9000 kg/ha
  • 18. ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM  Extent : 28000 ha  Crop sequence : Rice-Rice- Sesamum  Soil texture : Sandy  Soil reaction : Acidic  Fertility status : Low in N, medium in available P
  • 19. ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM  Virippu Season : April /May - September  Variety : Short duration - Onam, Bhagya, Mattathriveni, Jyothi  Seeding : By dibbling  Weeding : Hoeing  Yield : 1000-1200 kg/ha
  • 20. Onattukara - First crop at the time of harvest
  • 21. ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM – II CROP  Season : Aug./Sept. – Dec./Jan.  Seedling establishment. : Transplanting  Variety : Ptb –20, Ptb-4, UR-19, Sagara  Fertilizer dose : 40:20:20 Application of P and K essential Organic manure addition essential  Weeding : Hand weeding  Yield : 1500- 2000 kg/ha
  • 24. Onattukara – A poor second crop
  • 25. Azolla in Onattukara Natural way of soil fertility replenishment
  • 26. RICE – SESAMUM ROTATIONAL FARMING
  • 30. KOLE LAND RICE ECOSYSTEM  Location : Trichur and Malappuram  Extent : 13000 ha  Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice (35%) Rice –Fallow (65%)  Season : Jan.–May (Puncha) Aug.- Dec. (Mundakan)
  • 31. Kole lands – Pump house
  • 32. Kole lands with Irrigation Canal
  • 33. Kole lands with Irrigation channel
  • 34. KOLE LANDS  Soil texture : Sandy loam to sandy clay  Organic matter : 2.07 – 4.16  Soil reaction : Acidic (pH 2.6 – 6.3)  EC : 0.16 –15ds/m  Yield : 4500-7500 kg/ ha.
  • 35. POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM  Tidal wet lands of Kerala  24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts  Tidal inundation & consequent salinity  Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown  Considered as sustainable system
  • 37. Pokkali fields a view during the high saline phase
  • 38. POKKALI SOILS  Basically acidic  pH : 2.8 to 4.5  Saline water inundation from October  Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer  Reclamation required for rice cultivation
  • 39. Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem Low saline phase High saline phase June to November December to May
  • 40. Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for reclamation of soil
  • 41. Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
  • 42. Seed baskets ready for soaking
  • 43. POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM  Tidal wet lands of Kerala  24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts  Tidal inundation & consequent salinity  Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown  Considered as sustainable system
  • 45. Pokkali fields a view during the high saline phase
  • 46. POKKALI SOILS  Basically acidic  pH : 2.8 to 4.5  Saline water inundation from October  Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer  Reclamation required for rice cultivation
  • 47. Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem Low saline phase High saline phase June to November December to May
  • 48. Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for reclamation of soil
  • 49. Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
  • 50. Seed baskets ready for soaking
  • 51. Damage due to floods – a regular occurrence in Pokkali fields
  • 52. Pokkali rice on mound tops ready for dismantling
  • 54. Luxuriant growth of the Pokkali rice
  • 55. Harvesting in knee deep water
  • 56. PRAWN CULTURE  Prawn during saline phase  Traditional practice - prawn filtration  Prawn seeds are attracted & reared  Prawn yield 300-1000kg/ha
  • 57. Income from prawn yields compensates the losses from rice cultivation
  • 58. Fish species found suitable • Cyprinus carpio • Oreochromis mossambicus • Tricogaster pectoralis • Chana striata • Clarius batrachus
  • 59. Effect of rice fish integration on fish survival and yield Survival % Fish Yield kg/ ha Fish treatments 1999 2000 Pooled 1999 2000 Pooled Without fish ---- ---- --- --- --- --- Male tilapia 36.2 38.1 37.6 209.1 224.2 216.7 Etroplus-1999 0.0 16.0 8.0 0.0 25.4 12.7 Rohu-2000 CD (0.05) 2.5 3.2 3.8 18.2 19.3 21.8
  • 61. Economic analysis of rice-fish-prawn integration in Pokkali fields Expendit Gross Farming Yield Net returns B:C ure returns system (kg/ha) ( Rs.) ratio (Rs/ha) (Rs) Rice 11450 3488 22672 11222 1.98 alone 3488 (R) Rice-fish 17700 31346 13646 1.77 216 (F) 3488 (R) Rice–fish 46700 216(F) 95090 48390 2.03 -prawn 425(P) Rice @ Rs. 6500/ ton Fish @ Rs. 40/kg Prawn @ Rs. 150/ kg
  • 62. Pokkali model Rice during low saline phase Rice-fish simultaneously Prawn culture/prawn filtration rotationally No way interfere with seasonal rhythm Components well mingle Accretion rather than depletion in soil fertility Ecologically sound Environment friendly Socially acceptable
  • 63. RICE-FISH /PRAWN INTEGRATED FARMING Sustainable, Economic, Eco-friendly
  • 64. KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM o Deltaic formation of four river systems o Location : 1 – 2.5 m below MSL o Extent : 56000 ha o Seasons : Main crop - Puncha (Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.) Additional Crop (June/July - Sept./Oct.)
  • 66. KUTTANAD SOILS  KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha  KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha  KARI SOILS - 9,000 ha
  • 67. KARAPPADOM SOILS  River borne alluvial soils  Extent : 33000 ha  Texture : Silty clay  Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt content, and a fair amount of decomposing organic matter  Salinity hazard  Fertility : Available P and K low
  • 68. KAYAL LANDS  Reclaimed beds of Vembanad  Extent : 13000 ha  Texture : Silty clay  Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral  Salinity : Salinity affected  Fertility : Low in available nitrogen and phosphorous but comparatively rich in potassium
  • 69. KARI LANDS  Extent : 9000ha  Colour : Deep black charcoal  Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill- drained  Pieces of wood seen embedded in the subsoil  Soil cracks during summer  Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3- 4.5)  Periodic saline water inundation  Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
  • 70. An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
  • 71. Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
  • 72. Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
  • 73. Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
  • 75. Uneven land leveling results patchy stand of seedlings
  • 76. A uniform crop stand at seedling stage
  • 77. RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD  Under utilised  Mostly single cropped  Fallow period > 6 months  Returns <25000/ acre  Considerable scope of improvement by Farming system approach.
  • 78. Farming system models developed at RARS, Kumarakom In two decades Development of models at station level • Evaluation of the models • Validation at farm level • Transformation from simultaneous to rotational • Lateral diffusion to farmers fields ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
  • 79. Cyprinus – versatile species Ploughing and harrowing
  • 80. Grass carp- weed control
  • 81. Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration Sl. Item Before fish After Fish No 1995 (Puncha) 1996(Virippu) 1996(Puncha) 1997(Virippu) . Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Material Labou Materi Labou Material Labou Mate Labour r al r r rial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area of trial plot in acres 5.50 5.50 5.50 3.00 EXPENSES 1 a. Land preparation 0 1483 0 2238 0 634 0 486 b. Bunding 0 472 0 575 0 606 0 790 2 Seed and sowing 808 101 842 108 876 108 1021 115 3 Weeding 76 3198 76 3631 0 1460 0 3013 4 Plant protection 381 270 393 324 232 229 66 103 5 Manuring/liming 2008 298 2376 342 2200 319 2581 510 6 Other Inputs 346 894 371 1050 393 1062 0 1465 7 Harvesting 0 427 0 674 0 685 0 642 TOTAL 3619 7143 4058 8942 3701 5103 3668 7124 INCOME Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) 1 Paddy 19 8967 28 14812 34 17144 35 17938 2 Straw 0 371 0 449 0 225 0 309 TOTAL 19 9338 28 15261 34 17369 35 18247 PROFIT (-)1405 2289 8599 7490
  • 82. GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha In 230 days Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
  • 83. Integrating other components  Coconut, banana, yams and other crops on the bunds.  Fish  Ducks  Buffaloe
  • 84. One acre paddy polder can additionally hold  2000 fish fingerlings  300 broiler ducks  1-2 buffaloes  20 coconut palms on the bund  40 banana plants  20-40 yams/cassava  Single line fodder of 80m length.
  • 86. Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
  • 87. Complementary effects • On land preparation • Manuring • Weeding • Plant protection
  • 88. Zero tilled rice field after fish harvest ready for planting Fallow period 3 days
  • 89. Economic benefits  Cost of production rice reduced by 17.6 percent  Increase in yield up to 50%  Multilevel integration increased the returns 3-4 fold.
  • 90. Ecological benefits • Reduction in use of agricultural chemicals • Improvements in soil conditions • Recycling of agricultural wastes • Perceptible improvement in soil biological properties.
  • 91. CONCLUSIONS  In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop  Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems are not sustainable.  Use of increased external inputs year after year erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological balance.  Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity enterprises suited to local agro ecological conditions can perform better.  Such systems can significantly reduce high energy inputs and cost of production.  Farming system approach is capable of reducing carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils and plants
  • 92. KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM o Deltaic formation of four river systems o Location : 1 – 2.5 m below MSL o Extent : 56000 ha o Seasons : Main crop - Puncha (Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.) Additional Crop (June/July - Sept./Oct.)
  • 94. KUTTANAD SOILS  KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha  KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha  KARI SOILS - 9,000 ha
  • 95. KARAPPADOM SOILS  River borne alluvial soils  Extent : 33000 ha  Texture : Silty clay  Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt content, and a fair amount of decomposing organic matter  Salinity hazard  Fertility : Available P and K low
  • 96. KAYAL LANDS  Reclaimed beds of Vembanad  Extent : 13000 ha  Texture : Silty clay  Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral  Salinity : Salinity affected  Fertility : Low in available nitrogen and phosphorous but comparatively rich in potassium
  • 97. KARI LANDS  Extent : 9000ha  Colour : Deep black charcoal  Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill- drained  Pieces of wood seen embedded in the subsoil  Soil cracks during summer  Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3- 4.5)  Periodic saline water inundation  Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
  • 98. An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
  • 99. Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
  • 100. Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
  • 101. Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
  • 102. Wet broadcasting ensures uniform plant population
  • 103. Uneven land leveling results patchy stand of seedlings
  • 104. A uniform crop stand at seedling stage
  • 105. RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD  Under utilised  Mostly single cropped  Fallow period > 6 months  Returns <25000/ acre  Considerable scope of improvement by Farming system approach.
  • 106. Farming system models developed at RARS, Kumarakom In two decades Development of models at station level • Evaluation of the models • Validation at farm level • Transformation from simultaneous to rotational • Lateral diffusion to farmers fields ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
  • 107. Cyprinus – versatile species Ploughing and harrowing
  • 108. Grass carp- weed control
  • 109. Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration Sl. Item Before fish After Fish No 1995 (Puncha) 1996(Virippu) 1996(Puncha) 1997(Virippu) . Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Cost(Rs) Material Labou Materi Labou Material Labou Mate Labour r al r r rial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Area of trial plot in acres 5.50 5.50 5.50 3.00 EXPENSES 1 a. Land preparation 0 1483 0 2238 0 634 0 486 b. Bunding 0 472 0 575 0 606 0 790 2 Seed and sowing 808 101 842 108 876 108 1021 115 3 Weeding 76 3198 76 3631 0 1460 0 3013 4 Plant protection 381 270 393 324 232 229 66 103 5 Manuring/liming 2008 298 2376 342 2200 319 2581 510 6 Other Inputs 346 894 371 1050 393 1062 0 1465 7 Harvesting 0 427 0 674 0 685 0 642 TOTAL 3619 7143 4058 8942 3701 5103 3668 7124 INCOME Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) Qtls (Rs) 1 Paddy 19 8967 28 14812 34 17144 35 17938 2 Straw 0 371 0 449 0 225 0 309 TOTAL 19 9338 28 15261 34 17369 35 18247 PROFIT (-)1405 2289 8599 7490
  • 110. GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha In 230 days Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
  • 111. Integrating other components  Coconut, banana, yams and other crops on the bunds.  Fish  Ducks  Buffaloe
  • 112. One acre paddy polder can additionally hold  2000 fish fingerlings  300 broiler ducks  1-2 buffaloes  20 coconut palms on the bund  40 banana plants  20-40 yams/cassava  Single line fodder of 80m length.
  • 114. Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
  • 115. Complementary effects • On land preparation • Manuring • Weeding • Plant protection
  • 116. Zero tilled rice field after fish harvest ready for planting Fallow period 3 days
  • 117. Economic benefits  Cost of production rice reduced by 17.6 percent  Increase in yield up to 50%  Multilevel integration increased the returns 3-4 fold.
  • 118. Ecological benefits • Reduction in use of agricultural chemicals • Improvements in soil conditions • Recycling of agricultural wastes • Perceptible improvement in soil biological properties.
  • 119. CONCLUSIONS  In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop  Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems are not sustainable.  Use of increased external inputs year after year erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological balance.  Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity enterprises suited to local agro ecological conditions can perform better.  Such systems can significantly reduce high energy inputs and cost of production.  Farming system approach is capable of reducing carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils and plants