Bottle it up - We can use it ! - Scientific studies on human urine - A presentation by Arghyam

Bottle it up! We can use it! Scientific studies on Human Urine

This is a visual representation of Ph.D thesis Studies on the effect of anthropogenicliquid waste (ALW) on soil properties and crop growth by G.Sridevi (PAK 5072). Theresearch was conducted at Department of Soil Science and AgricultureChemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and submitted in October2008. Financial support for this thesis was provided by Arghyam Foundation.

ALW = Anthropogenic Liquid Waste = Human Urine

scientific methoda method of procedure that has characterized natural sciencesince the 17th century, consisting in systematicobservation, measurement, and experiment, and theformulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. - Oxford Dictionary

SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN THIS STUDY Hypothesis Test Observe Inference Application of ALW* Tested on •Changes in soil A combination of as a nutrient source parameters with ALW + gypsum has a positive varying ALW gives crop growth impact on soil concentrations. results at par properties and crop (partially higher) growth. •Comparative study of with recommended maize & banana crop dose of fertilizer. growth with varying treatment with fertilizer , ALW & different ALW combinations. •Pot experiment with radish plants. *ALW - Anthropogenic Liquid Waste (Urine)

ALW IN NUMBERS ALW NPK consumption in 1.37 liters/day 500 liters /year Agriculture in India 1 Billion kg N million tons N million tons generated in a year kg P million tons P million tons kg K million tons K million tonsN-Nitrogen | P- Phosphorus | K-Potassium *WASTED **REQUIRED

INSTANCES OF ALW USAGE 2003 12th Century 12th Century NETHERLANDS CHINA JAPAN ALW integrated Recycled ALW for Recycled ALW for Ecosan projects farming farming 1990s 2003 SOUTH AFRICA INDIA 18th Century Compost latrines ALW used as fertilizer NEPAL and ALW diverting for potatoes and ALW used for system introduced chillies in Manipur growing fodder crops

EXPERIMENT DESIGN (Completely Randomized) PHASE I PHASE II PHASE IIIProtocol Development Lab study Data interpretation ALW treatment of soil T1 — Effect of ALW on soil studied by treating soil with various dilutions of & T2 — ALW and water (T1,T2…T5) Statistical analysis T3 — ALW + T4 — • Incubation studies • Lab Analysis T5 — T1— Field study Application of ALW Effect of ALW on maize and banana T2 — F crop studied separately by treating the crops with various dilutions of ALW T3 — RDN supplied by + T4 — G ALW, water, urea, gypsum & fertilizer separately (T1,T2…T8) Plot size: Gross- 7.2 m2 Net- 3.24 m2 T5 — in splits ALW ALW + T6 — G in splits Water T7 — U U U F Fertilizer T8 — U U U G G Gypsum U Urea Potted plant study ALW + Effect of ALW studied in potted radish plants alone. Only nitrogen (N) supplied as nutrient source through ALW(dosage based on RDN). Doses given in RDN Recommended dose of nitrogen combination of dilution and splits.Hypothesis Test Observe Inference

Hypothesis ALW EFFECT ON SOIL SOIL MACRO MICRO CHARACTERISTICS NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS Nitrogen 1 ALW: 3 Water(T5) Zinc 1 ALW :2 Water(T4)pH 1 ALW :1 Water(T3) Test ALW(T2) Tap water(T1)Electrical Conductivity 0 2 4 6 8 0 50 100 150 0 10 20 30 1 ALW: 3 Water(T5) 1 ALW :2 Water(T4) Phosphorus 1 ALW :1 Water(T3) Iron ALW(T2) Tap water(T1) ObserveOrganic Carbon Content 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10 15 20 0 20 40 60 1 ALW: 3 Water(T5) 1 ALW :2 Water(T4) Potassium 1 ALW :1 Water(T3) Copper ALW(T2) Tap water(T1) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 200 400 600 0 1 2 3 Inference•Mean value of each parameter is plotted against dilutions T1- T5•Macro nutrients expressed in percentage.•Micro nutrients expressed in mg/Kg

Hypothesis ALW EFFECT ON MAIZE MACRO MICRO EFFECT ON COB NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS SIZE ALW in 6 split irrigations + Nitrogen gypsum(T6) 50 43.36 Zinc ALW(T3) 40 35.58 30.55 30 25.66 Fertilizer(T2) 20 Test Control(T1) 10 0 1.8 2 2.2 0 20 40 60 80 Control(T1) Fertilizer(T2) ALW(T3) ALW in 6 split irrigations + gypsum(T6) ALW in 6 split irrigations + gypsum(T6) Phosphorus ALW(T3) Fertilizer(T2) Iron Control(T1) CULTIVATION 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 50 100 ECONOMICS (C:B) Observe ALW in 6 split ALW in 6 split irrigations + irrigations… gypsum(T6) ALW(T3) ALW(T3) Potassium Fertilizer(T2) Fertilizer(T2) Copper Control(T1) Control(T1) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 10 20 30 Cost Benefit Inference•Mean value of each parameter is plotted against dilutions T1,T2,T3 &T6•Macro nutrients expressed in percentage of maize grain•Micro nutrients expressed in mg/Kg

Hypothesis ALW EFFECT ON BANANA MACRO MICRO EFFECT ON NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS YIELD/HA ALW in 8 split irrigations + Nitrogen 35 gypsum(T6) 30 28.41 30 Zinc ALW(T3) 25 24.92 20 19.93 Fertilizer(T2) 15 Test 10 Control(T1) 5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 10 20 30 40 Control(T1) Fertilizer(T2) ALW(T3) ALW in 6 split irrigations + ALW in 8 split irrigations gypsum(T6) + gypsum(T6) Phosphorus ALW(T3) Fertilizer(T2) Iron CULTIVATION Control(T1) ECONOMICS (C:B) Observe 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 100 200 300 400 ALW in 6 split… ALW in 8 split irrigations + gypsum(T6) ALW(T3) ALW(T3) Fertilizer(T2 Potassium ) Fertilizer(T2) Copper Control(T1) Control(T1) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0 1 2 0 10 20 30 40 Cost Benefit Inference•Mean value of each parameter is plotted against dilutions T1,T2,T3 &T6•Macro nutrients expressed in percentage of banana fruit•Micro nutrients expressed in mg/Kg

HypothesisALW EFFECT ON RADISH 40 34.92 35.02 35 30.51 31.51 30.29 31.12 31.28 32.34 28.97 29.73 30 26.23 26.33 25 22.67 20 15 10 Effect on Plant 5 Test 0 Height (in cm) 180 142.83 153.84 160 142.65 125.28 118.5 120.99 130.23 140 126 111.93 111.27 97.95 Observe 120 86.58 100 80 59.73 60 40 Effect on Root 20 0 Yield (g/ plant) Inference

HypothesisINFERENCE What does the data suggest? Test 1. Shows healthier crop growth ALW G in splits 2. Builds higher nutrient on content and mass in the grain/fruit/root of Observe the respective crops. 6 splits 8 splits 3. Cost- Benefit ratio marginally better than chemical fertilizer Inference

Bottle it up - We can use it ! - Scientific studies on human urine - A presentation by Arghyam

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