199 ritorika 8

ritorika
Kkavkasiis samarTlis skola

Tamar vefxvaZe
F
filologiis doqtori
PhD
profesori

“sakmarisi ar aris icode, ra unda
Tqva,
mTavaria, ise Tqva, rogorc saWiroa”.
Aaristotele,
“ritorika”.

xatovaneba weriT da zepir metyvelebaSi
xatovaneba farTo gagebiT xelovnebis nebismieri dargis
ganuyofeli nawilia. igi sinamdvilis aRqmis formaa garkveuli
esTetikuri idealis poziciidan. metyvelebis mxatvrulobac misi kerZo
gamovlinebaa.
 metyvelebis emociurobis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba: sinonimebi,
antonimebi, omonimebi, sityvaTwarmoqmna da a.S. gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba stilistikur figurebs – ritorikul SekiTxvebs,
SeZaxilebs, mimarTvebs da poeturi sintaqsis sxva xerxebsa da
saSualebebs.
 metyvelebis xatovaneba ufro viwro gagebiT gulisxmobs sityvebis
xmarebas gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, metaforulad. ritorika
mxatvrulobas ganixilavs, rogorc gansakuTrebul stilistikur niSans.


tropebi
mxatvrul metyvelebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
trops. tropi – berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs Seqcevas, Sebrunebas,
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT naxmar sityvas Tu winadadebas.
tropis saxeebia:
 epiTeti
 Sedareba
 metafora
 metonomia
 sinekdoqe / sinekdoxi
 hiperbola
 ironia
 alegoria
 gapirovneba
 perifrazi

tropebi: metafora
tropis saxeebi mxatvruli azrovnebis saSualebebia.
rodesac vambobT, rom mwerlebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
weris maneriT, individualuri stiliT, qvecnobierad igulisxmeba tropis
saxeebis gamoyenebis SemoqmedebiTi unari. tropis saxeebi xels
uwyobs azris emociurad, eqspresiulad datvirTvas.
metafora – berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs gadatanas. igi aris tropis
ZiriTadi, yvelaze rTuli saxe, mxatvruli gamosaxvis stilisturi xerxi;
poeturad SesaZlebels, dasaSvebs, asociaciebiTa Tu kontrastiT,
analogiebiT warmosadgens emyareba an agebulia sityvaTa
gadataniT mniSvnelobaze.
metafora niSnavs sityvis an gamoTqmis gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT
xmarebas, rac emyareba msgavsebas, Sedarebas, analogias
(“vardi gaapis, gamoCndis mun broli gamomWirvali”...).






tropebi: metonimia






metonimia – berZn. Metonimia – gadarqmeva, saxelis Secvla –
stilistikuri xerxi, tropis saxeoba, romelic agebulia sityvis
nominatiuri funqciis orjer an metjer mniSvnelobis gafarToebis
unarze, an sityvis masTan logikurad dakavSirebuli sityvebiT
Canacvlebaze (mag., sami Wiqa davlie – sityva “Wiqa” aq
aRniSnavs “siTxes”, moculobas da, cxadia, pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT ar gaigeba).
metonimia – rogorc vTqviT, berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs
gadarqmevas; esaa movlenis, cnebis an sagnis erTi
saxelwodebis meoriT Secvla maTi mezoblobis Sedegad
(“gadavikiTxe yvela mwerlebi” – nawerebis magier...).
metonimia gulisxmobs cnebaTa asociaciis safuZvelze erTi
sityvis meore sityviT Secvlas, Senacvlebas.

tropebi: antonomazia


antonomazia metonimiis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba – tropi, romlis
arsic mdgomareobs sakuTari saxelis sazogado saxelad
gamoyenebaSi: donkixoti, donJuani, lovelasi, TaTqariZe, otelo,
kvazimodo da sxv.
 antomaziis uSret wyarod gvevlineba antikuri miTologia da
literatura. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad mimarTavdnen antikur saxeebs
klasicizmis epoqasa da XIX saukunis I naxevarSi.
 antomazia xSirad ironiuli mniSvnelobiTac gamoiyeneba.

tropebi: sinekdoxa


sinekdoxa – metonimiis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens sinekdoxa
(sinekdoxi, sinekdoqe); is gulisxmobs zogadis aRmniSvneli sityvis
Secvlas kerZoobiTis aRmniSvneliT, mTelis aRmniSvnelisa – nawilis
aRmniSvneliT, mravlobiTisa – mxolobiTiT da piriqiT (tarielebi,
avTandilebi... “Turqi, sparsi, leki, osi, Cerqez, RliRvi, dido, qisti,
srulad qarTlis mterni iyvnen...”).

simbolo, rogorc mWevrmetyvelebis
atributi
simbolo – berZnuli sityvaa da aRniSnavs sagans, moqmedebas da
sxv., romelic raime cnebis, ideis pirobiT niSans warmoadgens. igi
aris agreTve raime sididis pirobiTi aRniSvna, rac miRebulia ama Tu
im mecnierebaSi. simbolo aris sinamdvilisa da SesaZleblis
misaniSneblad naxmari sityva.
simboluri SeiZleba iyos sityva, sityvaTa rigi, ramdenime winadadeba,
mxatvruli saxe, gmiri, mTeli nawarmoebi (vaJas “gvelis
mWameli”...).

atributi
simbolo, metyveleba simboloTa meSveobiT - stilistikis
umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens.
 simbolos erT-erTi ZiriTadi nawilia alegoria.
 alegoriis gamoxatulebis saSualebebia andaza da aforizmi.
 simboloSi udidesi sibrZne da saidumloa Tavmoyrili
misi bolomde amocnoba SeuZlebelia, Tumca, masTan miaxloeba –
SemoqmedebiTi procesia.
 Tomas elioti werda: “sadaa codnis ZiebaSi dakarguli sibrZne?
sadaa cnobaTa moZiebaSi gabneuli codna? – pasuxi erTia –
simboloebSi”...
udidesi Cineli filosofosi konfuci ambobda: “emblemebi da simboloebi
marTaven msoflios da ara sityva da kanoni”...




atributi
simbola – Zvel saberZneTSi ewodeboda danawevrebuli firfitis im
natexebs, romelTa SeerTebiTac unda amoecnoT erTmaneTi
qonebis memkvidreebs an idumal Tanamoazreebs.
simbolos – rogorc fsiqologiisa da zogadsakacobrio kulturis fenomenis
kvlevas, araerTi sirTule axlavs.
ZiriTadi sirTule ki – sakuTriv “simbolos” cnebis gansazRvrebaSi iwyeba
– nebismier sagans SeiZleba mieniWos simboluri
mniSvneloba, romelic icvleba kulturebis mixedviT, epoqaTa
ganmavlobaSi.
magram simbolos aqvs unari – lakonurad da yvelasaTvis
gasageb enaze asaxos cneba, romlis gamoxatvasac
mravali sityva dasWirdeboda; swored am unarma gadaaqcia
is religiis, kulturisa da xelovnebis universalur enad.

atributi
klasikuri gagebiT simboloebi sam kategoriad iyofa:
 sagnobrivi simbolika – jvari, disko, mze, Tvali...
 ritualuri simbolika – nebismieri rituali –pirvelyofili cekvebiT
dawyebuli.
 sityvieri simbolika – saxelTa da saxelwodebaTa simbolikis CaTvliT.
simbolo gamijnulia “mezobel” cnebaTagan, rogorebicaa:
 niSani
 emblema
 alegoria
simbolos umTavresi ganmasxvavebeli niSnisagan (emblemisagan)
– misi mravalmniSvnelianobaa, anu polisemantizmi.

atributi
simbolo – es erTdroulad saidumlocaa da saidumlos wvdomac; mis
bolomde Seucnobel arsze karl gustav iungi werda: “simbolo – unda
moicavdes erTgvar gaucnobierebel aspeqts, romelic bolomde
verasodes iqneba calsaxad axsnili an Camoyalibebuli”...
es “calsaxoba” da erTmniSvnelovaneba emblemas, niSans da
alegorias axasiaTebs. nebismieri niSani – astrologiuri, alqimiuri Tu
yofiTi – sruliad konkretul informacias moicavs; aq dauSvebelia
“miaxloebiTobis” cneba (an-an); asevea emblematikaSi, oRond, am
SemTxvevaSi, erTgvar semantikur aRrevasTan gvaqvs saqme roca xSirad, wminda lingvisturi inerciiT, simbolos vuwodebT imasac,
rac realurad, simboloTa poetikis TvalsazrisiT, emblemaa – sruliad
konkretuli da erTmniSvnelovani (ase iqca eifelis koSki parizis
emblemad).

atributi
simboloTagan gansxvavebiT, emblemebs, am “xilul metaforebs”,
heraldikasa da sombolikas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedeba
arsebobs.
erTi da igive sagani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba niSani iyos, meoreSi
emblema, mesameSi ki – simbolo (xuTqimiani varskvlavi
samxreebze – niSania, gerbze – emblema, xolo beTlemis Tavze
gamosaxuli ki – simbolo).
Tu xelovani Tavis Sinagan mimarTebaTa gadmocemisas, ukve
aprobirebul simboloebs mimarTavs an Tavis metaforul xelweras sul
ufro da ufro usadagebs pirobiTobis am enas, maSin vsaubrobT
simbolizmze, rogorc esTetikur mimarTulebaze.

alegoria
alegoria – simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, konkretul asociaciaze
agebul erTsaxovan suraTs warmoadgens – es SeiZleba iyos igavic,
ferweruli namuSevaric, qandakebac.
alegoriuli sawyisis matarebelia andaza da aforizmi
 am mokleteqstian gamonaTqvamebs udidesi SemecnebiTi da
simboluri mniSvneloba aqvT (“erTi Txilis guli cxra Zmam gaiyoo”...
“sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa sikvdili saxelovani”...).
 stilisturad andazebi da aforizmebi frazeologizmebisa da figuraluri
gamoTqmebis eqvivalenturad ixmareba da aRiqmeba.
 andazebsa da aforizmebs aqvT sityvaTa myari Tanmimdevroba,
romelTa Secvlac ar aris mizanSewonili.

Aandazebi da aforizmebi
ritorikaSi xSirad mimarTaven andazebsa da
aforizmebs – saTauris, sajaro sityvaSi gamoxatuli qveteqstisa Tu
sxvadasxva paralelis saxiT.
 es ukanaskneli warmoadgens damatebiT informacias sasaubro
Temis Sesaxeb da saWiroebs gansakuTrebuli Sinaarsis
moazrebas.
 swored sityvaTa wyobasa da efeqtur paralelebs ZaluZs srulyofili
urTierToba daamyaros oratorsa da msmenels Soris.
 amdenad, andazebisa da aforizmebis, iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva
frazeologizmebis gamoyeneba mWevrmetyvelebaSi – aucilebeli
xdeba.
 andazebisa da aforizmebis gamoyeneba zepir Tu weriT
metyvelebaSi - mniSvnelovnad amcirebs Stampebisa da Sablonebis
nusxas.


auditoriis marTvis xelovneba (oratoris
komunikaciis xelovneba)
oratoris mier auditoriaze gavlenis mosapoveblad
aucilebelia Semdegi strategiebis dacva-ganxorcieleba:
 Temis SerCeva – Temas, Cveulebisamebr, obieqturi viTareba da
masTan Cveni damokidebuleba gvikarnaxebs. Mmagram am
SemTxvevaSi saubaria ara farTo situaciur konteqstze, aramed im
viwro Temaze, romelSic unda movaxdinoT mTeli Cveni
damokidebulebis koncentrireba. Tu aseTi Tematuri fokusi ar
moiZebna, SeiZleba Cveni yuradReba da SemooqmedebiTi
aqtivoba gaifantos da, Sesabamisad, araefeqturi gamovides.
Aamdenad, Temis zust gansazRvras gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs.
 struqturuli monaxazi – igulisxmeba garkveuli gegma, romelSic
Temis garkveuli elementebi logikur Tanamimdevrobas Seqmnis.
Aam TanamimdevrobaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs Temis
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis sworad SerCevas, ramdenadac swored
maT ekisrebaT mTeli Tamaturi monaxazis Sekvra, erT mTlianobad
qceva, amasTan, maTze didad aris damokidebuli konkretuli
SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis efeqturoba.





Ppraqtikuli xorcSesxma – es moTxovna sruli Sinaarsis matarebelia
maSin, rodesac sajaro gamosvlis win winaswar xdeba teqstis
Seqmna (dawera). Aam SemTxvevaSi mizani erTia: dawerili teqsti
maqsimalurad unda iyos misadagebuli ara mxolod weriT, aramed
sawarmoTqmo amocanas, raTa maTma stilurma gansxvavebam
warmoTqmis dros uSualoba da bunebrioba ar daarRvios.
Ddamaxsovreba – am momentze yuradRebis gamaxvileba imdenad
aris saWiro, ramdenadac misdami damokidebuleba metad
individualuria; ramdenadac dawerili teqsti gamiznulia
warmTqmisaTvis auditoriis winaSe, zogi gamomsvleli teqsts
winaswar izepirebs, zogs ki – piriqiT, daswavlili teqstis warmoTqma
uWirs.

Sesabamisad, is gza unda avirCioT, rac Cvens bunebasa da Cvevas
Seefereba. Aaq aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom warmoTqmis dros
bunebriobasa da uSualobas unda mivaRwioT; ar unda Candes, rom
winaswar daswavlils vyvebiT. sazogadod, warmosaTqmeli teqstis
detaluri monaxazis damaxsovreba jobia, raTa oratormac Tavisuflad
igrZnos Tavi da msmenelsac uSualobis SegrZneba darCes.
 Ggadmocema – teqstis gadmocemis calkeuli maxasiaTeblebis
Sesaxeb saubrisas erTaderT sakiTxze SeiZleba gavamaxviloT
yuradReba: viqonioT Tu ara Tan Canaweri, wavikiTxoT Tu
warmovTqvaT momzadebuli teqsti?

Tanamedrove ritorikuli stili, sazogadod, dawerili teqstis kiTxvas ver
egueba. TviT xangrZlivi gamosvlis drosac ki oratorebi SigadaSig
iyurebian teqstSi imisaTvis, rom arsebiTi momentebi ar gamorCeT,
ise ki iqve ayalibeben saTqmels. Aase rom, SesaZloa Tqvenive
teqsti, Tu es sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, Tan gqondeT, oRond ise, rom
man Tqvenve ar SegiqmnaT uxerxuli mdgomareoba.
 teqstze muSaobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT, ramdenad aris is
gamarTlebuli ritorikuli amocanis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenad aris masSi
daculi auditoriasTan urTierTobis taqti.

sazogadod, auditoriasTan urTierToba urTulesi problemaa. Aaq
uamravi TvalsaCino Tu gauTvaliswinebeli faqtori TamaSobs
gadamwyvet rols. Aar unda dagvaviwydes, rom auditoria oratoris
mudmivi oponentia. igi maSinac kritikulad aris ganwyobili, roca
zedmiwevniT keTilganwyobilia.
Nnurasodes miiCnevT, rom sabolood moipoveT auditoriis ndoba, is
SeiZleba Zalian swrafad Seicvalos. Aamitom, sanam auditoriis
winaSe vimyofebiT, wuTiTac ar unda movadunoT yuradReba.





ras unda viTvaliswinebdeT auditoriasTan urTierTobis
dros?
PpirobiTi miznebi ase gamoiyureba:
1.

2.

3.

Aar unda warmovaCinoT Tavi auditoriaze aRmatebulad, anu ar
unda gamoviyenoT urTierTobis vertikaluri modeli (“zevidan –
qveviT”); yvelaze ufro Sedegiania e.w. horizontaluri modeli, anu
auditoriis miCneva Tanamoazred, partniorad;
Aar unda gamoviyenoT auditoriaze pirdapiri zemoqmedebis
formebi, arc maTi nebis daZlevis da arc maTi keTilganwyobis
(TanagrZnobis) mopovebis mizniT;
Aar unda vagrZnobinoT auditorias arc aradCagdebis da arc
mfrTxali damomkidebuleba;

Aar unda gavusvaT xazi distancias Cvensa da msmenels Soris (is
isedac didia!);
5. Aar unda mivmarToT TviTreklamis formebs. Kkonkretuli ritorikuli
amocanis Sesrulebis dros es mxolod gamaRizianeblad
imoqmedebs msmenelze;
6. Nnu vTxovT (miT umetes – nu movTxovT) auditorias, rom
dagveTanxmos;
7. Nnu vagrZnobinebT auditorias, rom mis mimarT reveranss
mivmarTavT (“aq namdvilad gamorCeuli adamianebi Seikribnen”...);
8. Nnu davapirispirebT msmenelTa erT jgufs meoresTan da nu
daviwyebT mtyuan – marTlis gansjas (Tundac ase: “isini, vinc Cems
azrs eTanxmeba, amgvar Sefasebasac endobian”...);

N
nu SevafasebT raimes auditoriis saxeliT, msmenelTa magier
(magaliTad: ”Tqven namdvilad fiqrobT, rom me mexsiereba mRalatobs”...)
10. nu davusvamT auditorias “uxerxul” kiTxvas da nu movTxovT
msmenels pirdapir pasuxs;
11. raki vandeT auditorias Cveni saTqmeli, maSin mzad viyoT,
miviRoT sapasuxo reaqcia, Tundac is CvenTvis sasargebli ar iyos;
12. vendoT auditorias maSinac ki, roca ar vendobiT!

oratoris mier sajaro sityvaze muSaobisas gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos ucilobeli Sedegi: oratoris mier komunikaciis
xelovnebis demonstrireba, anu auditoriis marTvisa da
masze efeqturi zemoqmedebis maqsimaluri
SesaZleblobebi.
 es Sedegi miRwevadia sxvadasxva xerxebis saSualebiT.
 erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli stilisturi xerxi oratoris sityvis
struqturaSi aris – aluzia.
 Aaluzia – frang., - allusion - miniSneba – eseSi, oratorul
gamosvlasa Tu saubarSi – aris miniSneba sazogadod cnobil
romelime istoriul an politikur pirovnebaze, literaturul gmirze, istoriul,
literaturul, sazogadoebriv – politikur, kulturul – ekonomikur Tu yofiT
faqtebze.

Aaluzias uwodeben agreTve iseT gamoTqmas, romelSic igulisxmeba
romelime istoriuli piri an movlena, romlis dasaxeleba ar undaT raime
mosazrebiT (“romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa...”).
 kolizia – laT. Collisio – Sejaxeba – Sexedulebebis, miswrafebebisa da
interesebis dapirispireba. kolizia gansazRvravs nawarmoebis siuJetisa da
fabulis yvela svlas.
 moqmedebis ganviTarebis procesSi kolizia SeiZleba Sesustdes da
SeiZleba gamZafrdes, finalSi ki igi yovelTvis gadawyvetilia. es gadawyveta
sxvadasxvagvaria:
zogjer winaaRmdegobani gabaTilebulia (komediebSi), zogjer
winaaRmdegobasTan brZolaSi iRupeba erTi an ramdenime gmiri.
Mmxatvrul-publicisturi literaturis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva epoqisaTvis
(antikuroba, renesansi, klasicizmi da sxv.) damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva
tipis mxatvruli kolizia, rac ganpirobebulia Sesabamisi istoriuli epoqebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Sexedulebebis, miswrafebebis gansxvavebiT.
 PritorikaSi kolizia swored sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa dapirispirebis
mZafrad gadmocemas emsaxureba.






oratorul metyvelebas gansakuTrebul eqspresiulobas da emociur
elfers aniWebs ritorikuli mimarTva, ritorikuli SekiTxva
da ritorikuli SeZaxeba.
ritorikuli mimarTva – msmenelis azris, grZnobisa da gonebis
mipyrobas isaxavs miznad. saerTod, ritorikuli mimarTvis
sxvadasxva saxeobas ganasxvaveben. es sxvadasxvaoba ritorikuli
mimarTvis funqciiT aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca, yvela SemTxvevaSi
ritorikuli mimarTva miznad isaxavs oratoris Canafiqris gamovlenas
da msmenelis ganwyobilebis Secvlas. ritorikuli mimarTva oratoris
metyvelebis sagans Seexeba.





ritorikuli SekiTxva – msmenelisadmia mimarTuli, Tumca
pasuxs ar saWiroebs. pasuxs Tavad oratori iZleva. ritorikuli
SekiTxva aweuli toniT, mtkicebiTi formiT xasiaTdeba. amitom igi
damafiqrebelia da myisierad ipyrobs msmenelis yuradRebas.

ritorikuli SeZaxeba – orators imis saSualebas aZlevs, rom ufro
Zlierad imoqmedos msmenelis gancdaze. gaaRrmaos Tavisi
gamonaTqvamis STambeWdaoba, miimxros msmenelis fiqri da
goneba, ritorikuli SeZaxebisTvis, Cveulebriv, Zaxilis winadadeba
gamoiyeneba, ritorikuli SeZaxeba mimarTvas uaxlovdeba.

ritorikuli Sewyveta, gaCumeba (dumili), SeCereba
(pauza) – aseve oratoris ganwyobilebis gamoxatvis formebia.
Oratori moWarbebuli grZnobis gamo saubars wyvets, TiTqos
laparaki aRar SeuZlia da saTqmels ver amTavrebso. Magram
sinamdvileSi saTqmeli ukve Tqmulia. Oratoris emociuroba mTlianad
msmenelze gadadis, oratoris azris tyveobaSi aqcevs ra am
ukanasknels.
 mWevrmetyvelebaSi emociurobis efeqtis misaRwevad
kiTxva-pasuxis formac gamoiyeneba. es kiTxva-pasuxi ori
sxva piris dialogs mogvagonebs. amgvari stilistikuri xerxi,
metyvelebis eqspresiulobis gaZlierebis garda, orators imisTvisac
sWirdeba, rom msmeneli erTgvarad axal Temaze gadasasvlelad
Seamzados da gaiyolos. es xerxi metad efeqturia, dialogis
monawileebi oratori da msmenelebi xdebian. oratori msmenels
Tanamomawiled da Tanamoazred aqcevs.


oratoris komunikaciis xelovneba fasdeba imiTac, Tu
ramdenad sworadaa agebuli misi sityva Semdegi
parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

Tezisi – berZn. thesis - mokle formulireba, romelic gansazRvravs
Txzulebis ZiriTadi arss.
 antiTezisi - berZn. antythesis – igivea, rac triada – berZn. trias –
sameba, samoba – ganviTarebis sameba, samsafexurianoba. triadis
cneba pirvelad ixmares platonma da neoplatonikosebma, kerZod,
proklem. Aam Teoriis mixedviT, ganviTarebis yoveli procesi gaivlis
sam safexurs: Teziss, antiTeziss da sinTezs. Yyoveli momdevno
safexuri uaryofs winamavals da iqceva mis sapirispirod. maT Soris
sinTezi aramarto ukuagdebs antiTaziss, aramed Tavis TavSi
axleburad aerTianebs ganviTarebis orive winamavali safexuris
zogierT niSans.



sinTezi – berZn. synthesis – SeerTeba, Serwyma – axali triadis
dasawyisi, ganviTarebis Tavisebureba, roca ganvlili gzis safuZvelze
kvlav miiRweva sawyisi punqti, orond ufro maRal safexurze.
 Aanalizi – berZn. analysis –AdaSla, danawevreba – sinTezTan
erTad analizi gamoxatavs winadadebebis (gamoTqmebis)
WeSmaritebis dadgenis sxvadasxva gzas. Sesabamisad, logikurad
mowesrigebuli sistemis yvela winadadeba SeiZleba davyoT or tipad:
analizurad – anu iseTebad, romelTa WeSmariteba SesaZlebelia
dadgindes mxolod mocemuli sistemis wesebis safuZvelze,
araenobrivi faqtebisadmi mimarTvis gareSe, da sinTezurad – anu
iseTebad, romelTa WeSmariteba ar SeiZleba gamovlindes mxolod
am wesebis safuZvelze da moiTxovs mivmarToT cnobier, empiriul
monacemebs. Gganasxvaveben logikur WeSmaritebebs (analizur
winadadebebs) da faqtobriv WeSmaritebebs (sinTezur
winadadebebs).


Eanalizi - oratoris sityvis struqturis mniSvnelovan komponents
warmoadgens.
Aanalizi – aseve publicistikisa da literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erTi
gavrcelebuli meTodia. is gulisxmobs nawarmoebis (Txzulebis,
statiis, publikaciis, sajaro gamosvlis) ganxilvas misi Semadgeneli
(calke aRebuli komponentebis) mixedviT (Janrobrivi forma, Tema,
idea, struqtura, stilistikis Taviseburebani). analizis zogierT safexurze
aucilebelia sxva mecnierebebTan (lingvistika, esTetika, istoria,
kibernetika) kavSiri.




Llogikuri WeSmaritebebi ar gvacnobeben araviTar
uSualo informacias araenobrivi realobis Sesaxeb da
formaluri logikis Sinaarss Seadgenen. Ffaqtobrivi
WeSmaritebebi ki cdas emyarebian da konkretul
mecnierebaTa Sinaarss ( maT Soris kanonebsac)
gamoxataven.
 argumenti – laT. Argumentum - ZiriTad mtkicebulebaTa logikuri
dasabuTeba. Mmsjeloba, an msjelobiTi sistema, romelic moaqvT
raime sxva msjelobis an msjelobaTa sistemis WeSmaritebis
dasamtkiceblad. dasabuTebis wanamZRvari, an, igive safuZveli,
anu – dasabuTebis sabuTi, e.i. mTeli dasabuTeba.Qmisi mizania
daadginos WeSmariteba an siyalbe.
 qveargumenti – argumentis Semadgeneli nawili, orientirebuli
Zalze konkretul momentze.

Ddaskvna – Sedegi - msjeloba, bWoba, romlis msvlelobaSic
erTi an ramdenime msjelobidan gamomdinareobs axali msjeloba.
Ddaskvna logikurad gamonmdinareobs wamnamZRvrebidan. Aam
ukanasknelTagan daskvnaze gadasvla yovelTvis logikis romelime
wesis (daskvnis wesebis) mixedviT xdeba. DdaskvnaSi aucilebelia
erTi piroba; Tu misi wanamZRvrebi WeSmaritia, daskvnac
WeSmariti (an swori) unda iyos. Ees piroba daculia, Tu daskvnis
msvlelobaSi ar irRveva logikis kanonebi da daskvnis wesebi. rogorc
wesi, msjeloba da dasabuTeba warmoadgens daskvnebis jaWvs,
romelSic winamavali daskvna erT-erTi momdevno daskvnis
safuZveli xdeba. dasabuTebis sisworis pirobaa ara marto misi
amosavali msjelobis WeSmariteba, aramed masSi Semavali yoveli
daskvnis siswore.



Mmolaparakebis warmarTvis
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani
molaparakeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgens. rogorc wesi,
adamianebi radikalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. molaparakeba
adamianebs Soris gansxvavebis daZlevis ZiriTadi saSualebaa. maSinac ki,
roca modave mxareebi sasamarTloSi midian, maT Soris permanentulad
molaparakeba mainc mimdinareobs, raTa dava morigebis gziT gadawydes
da ara sasamarTlos mier.
ZiriTadad molaparakebis ori gza arsebobs: msubuqi (roca pirs konfliqtebis
Tavidan acileba surs da daTmobaze midis) da mZime (roca pirs radikaluri
pozicia ukavia). arsebobs kidev erTi saxe, romelic msubuq da mZime
morigebas Soris erTgvar Sualedur adgils ikavebs. esaa “principuli
morigeba”, romlis mizania sakiTxis gadawyveta maRali standartebisa
(kanonisa da moralis) da principebis Sesabamisad. morigebis yvela meTodi
sami mniSvnelovani elementisgan Sedgeba: 1. wamoyenebul unda iqnes
morigebis gonivruli SeTavazeba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, morigeba
SesaZlebelia.

Mmolaparakebis warmarTvis
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani
M2. SeTavazeba unda iyos efeqturi da davis gadawyvetas unda

emsaxurebodes.
3. SeTavazebam unda gaaumjobesos (ukidures SemTxvevaSi, ar gaauaresos
mainc) mxareebs Soris molaparakeba.
morigebis meTodebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia:
1.
“msubuqi meTodisas” – mizani aris molaparakeba; mxareebi midian
daTmobaze; endobian erTmaneTs; Tavis pozicias cvlian martivad;
cdiloben, Tavidan aicilon interesTa konfliqti.
2.
“mZime meTodisas” – mizani aris gamarjveba; mxareebi
imuqrebian; ar endobian mowinaaRmdege mxares; daJinebiT iTxoven
poziciis daTmobas.
3.
“principuli morigebisas” – mizania molaparakebis gonivruli
Sedegi; problemis gadasaWrelad iyeneben obieqtur kriteriumebs da
damoukidebel standartebs..
molaparakebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa maqsimalurad momgebiani
poziciis dakaveba da Semdgom poziciebis Tanmimdevruli
daTmoba.

xrikebi molaparakebisas
molaparakebebi TamaSis wesebis Taobaze
principuli molaparakebebis warmoeba sakmaod efeqturia, magram ra xdeba,
Tu mowinaaRmdege mxare ityueba da cdilobs meoris mdgomareobidan
gamoyvanas? an, Tu igi zrdis Tavis moTxovnebs im momentSi, roca
mowinaaRmdege mxare ukve mzad aris dasaTanxmeblad? arsebobs
mravali taqtika da xriki mowinaaRmdegis mosatyueblad. is SeiZleba iyos
arakanonieri, araeTikuri, an, ubralod, arasasiamovno. maTi mizania
daexmaros pirs uprincipo Sejibridan mogebis miRebaSi.
Tu erT-eTi mxare sargeblobs binZuri xrikebiT, arsebobs TamaSis wesebze
molaparakebebis warmoebis 3 safexuri: 1. daayeneT sakiTxi taqtikis
arakanonierebis Taobaze da gamoTqviT molaparakebebis sxva taqtikiT
warmoebis survili. 2. SeecadeT gamoavlinoT is specifikuri mxareebi da
tyuilebi, romelsac meore mxare iyenebs mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg. 3.
awarmoeT molaparakebebi TamaSis wesebis Taobaze.

molaparakebebisas sasurveli Sedegis misaRwevad: a. erTmaneTisgan
gamijneT adamianebi da problemebi; b. koncentrireba moaxdineT
interesebze da ara poziciebze; g. SeimuSaveT orive mxarisTvis sasargeblo
variantebi; d. gamoiyeneT obieqturi kriteriumebi; e. sabolood, aucileblad
mimarTeT TqvenTvis saukeTeso alternativas.



cbieri taqtika

cbieri taqtika SesaZloa daiyos sam kategoriad: gamiznuli tyuili, fsiqologiuri omi
da poziciaTa wnexis taqtika. Tqven yovelTvis momzadebuli unda iyoT, rom
samive maTganTan iqonioT saqme.



Ggamiznuli tyuili

binZuri xrikebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa faqtebis, Zalauflebisa da
ganzraxvis damaxinjebuli gziT warmodgena. Gagmiznuli tyuilis
maxasiaTeblebia:

yalbi faqtebi; araerTmniSvnelovani Zalaufleba; saeWvo ganzraxvebi; arasruli
gaxsniloba. maT sawinaaRmdegod, mizanSewonilia, mimarToT Semdeg
RonisZiebebs: gadaamowmeT mowinaaRmdegis gancxadebebi; arasodes
ifiqroT, rom mowinaaRmdeges aqvs sruli Zalaufleba mxolod imitom, rom
mas mihyavs molaparakebebi. vidre daiwyebT kompromisze fiqrs,
aucileblad gaarkvieT mowinaaRmdegis Zalaufleba; problemebi
warmoaCineT naTlad da mowinaaRmdegis gancxadebebi gamoiyeneT
garantiebis misaRebad; Tu migaCniaT, rom SeTanxmeba SeuZlebelia,
umjobesia mimarToT mesame pirs, romelic erTgvarad gaaneitralebs
problemas.



fsiqologiuri omi

es taqtika mimarTulia mowinaaRmdegis “kuTxeSi misamwyvdevad”, raTa, rac
SeiZleba swrafad damTavrdes molaparakebis procesi. misi
maxasiaTeblebia:

daZabuli situacia; piradi Tavdasxma (verbaluri da araverbaluri komunikaciis
saxiT); e.w. “cudi biWi/kargi biWis” rutina (esaa fsiqologiuri manipulaciis
forma, romlis gacnobierebis SemTxvevaSi mowinaRmdege ver agiyoliebT.
amisTvis saWiroa, rom “karg biWsac” da “cud biWsac” erTi da igive
SekiTxva dausvaT); muqara (muqariT zewola).


zewolis poziciuri taqtika

es aris taqtika, romlis drosac mxolod erT mxares SeuZlia daTmobaze wasvla.
ra SeiZleba gavakeToT, roca meore mxare uars acxadebs
molaparakebaze? 1. SeecadeT amoicnoT es taqtika, romelic saSualebas
aZlevs mxares, molaparakebebi daiwyos upiratesobiT da gaiZuloT
winaswarve waxvideT daTmobaze. 2. SeecadeT ganixiloT es uari,
gaarkvieT, ra aris am uaris mizezi. 3. SesTavazeT maT molaparakeba
mesame piris meSveobiT.
zewolis poziciuri taqtikis komponentebia: gadaWarbebuli moTxovnebi,
moTxovnaTa TandaTanobiTi gazrda, Caketili taqtika, mkacri partniori,
gamoTvlili Seyovneba, “rogorc geneboT” – anu, mowinaaRmdegis
dayeneba mkacri arCevanis winaSe.



nu gaxdebiT msxverpli

molaparakebebis warmoebisas ukeTesi iqneba, Tu sakuTar Tavs dausvamT
SekiTxvas: ras ityodiT, analogiuri taqtika meore mxares rom
gamoeyenebina Tqvens winaaRmdeg? es dagexmarebaT
yuradReba gaamaxviloT Tqvens Sinagan faseulobebze. SesaZloa,
sasargeblo aRmoCndes aseTi kiTxvac: “SeiZleba es ucnaurad JRerdes,
magram minda gavigo, ra wesebiT vapirebT TamaSs. orives gvinda Tu ara
swrafi da efeqturi morigeba, Tu iseTi molaparakebebis gamarTvas
vapirebT, sadac jiuti imarjvebs?” amasTan, gaxsovdeT, rom mniSvneloba ar
aqvs Tqvens qmedebebs, aucilebelia momzadebuli iyoT binZuri
vaWrobisaTvis. SegiZliaT iyoT imaze mkacric, vidre realurad xarT.
gaxsovdeT, rom gacilebiT iolia principebis dacva, vidre
ukanono taqtikis.

gmadlobT yuradRebisTvis!
M

momaval Sexvedramde!

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