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N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                   Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                    Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037
 Realization Of Beam Splitter Using Photonic Crystal Fiber(PCF)
                 With And Without Nonlinearity
                            N.Muduli*, G.Palai**,S.K.Tripathy***
                             *(Gandhi Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India)
                   ** (Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement, Bhubaneswar, India)

ABSTRACT
         This     paper     presents   the    field        length of the fiber. Appropriately designed such that
distributions of a linear and nonlinear hexagonal          array would support a photonic band gap(PBG) for
structure photonic crystal fiber(PCF), formed by           incident from air, prevent the escape of light from
a number of air holes on different background              the core into the photonic crystal cladding and
material considered for beam splitter application          avoiding      the     need    for     total    internal
using FDTD simulation. Simulation results show             reflection(TIR)[7,8]. Beside these lattice constant ‘a’
that PCF having background material like linear            and atomic radius ‘r’, the field distribution of PCF
and nonlinear SF57,BK7,Silica and Ge, are                  depends on the parameter like length of fiber, height
suitable for beam splitter application. It is seen         of triangle cell and background material.
that beam splitting ratio changes from material                      In this paper, we have investigated the field
to material. It is also found that some PCF                distribution of different types of hexagonal PCFs,
structure having linear and nonlinear splits the           Apart from this; we also discussed the beam splitter
signal into different direction.                           application of PCFs by comparing linear and
                                                           nonlinear simulation of different PCF structure.
Keywords: Field distribution, Finite difference            Several modeling techniques have been employed to
time domain (FDTD), photonic crystal fiber(PCF),           study the characteristics of PCFs, including the plane
Kerr nonlinearity,                                         wave expansion(PWE), Fourier transformation(FT),
                                                           finite difference time domain (FDTD), transform
I. INTRODUCTION                                            matrix method, finite element method and effective
          Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have attracted     index method are being used to find out the structure
a lot of attention in optics research in recent year[1].   and field distribution of PCFs, but we have chosen
PCF is a silica optical fiber with ordered array of        FDTD method due to high efficiency and more
microscopic air holes running along its path. Unlike       accuracy result.
the conventional fiber, the guidance properties of the
photonic crystal fiber are determined by the size,         II. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
pattern of air holes rather than by the properties of                To study the field distribution of hexagonal
optical glass[2]. Light is guided through small solid      photonic crystal fiber, we have used 2-dimensional
core PCFs, where high intensities can be maintained        finite difference time domain (FDTD) method[9].
for interaction lengths of several meters resulting in     Considering the material is isotropic, linear, and
large nonlinear effect. It has been shown that PCF         lossless, the time dependent Maxwell’s equations
possess a variety of unique properties that are            can be written as
                                                              𝜕𝐻     1
unachievable by conventional optical fibers, such as             =       ∇× 𝐸             ----------------------------
                                                              𝜕𝑡       𝜇 (𝑟)
endlessly single mode propagation, highly                  -----(1)
configurable dispersion, tailorable modal area, high           𝜕𝐸       1                𝜎 (𝑟)
birefringence, optical components, wavelength                     =            ∇× 𝐻−             𝐸      ---------------------------
                                                              𝜕𝑡       𝜀(𝑟)              𝜀(𝑟)
division multiplier and also material processing[3,4].     ---- (2)
Apart from these PCFs have remarkable control to           E, H are electric field and magnetic field.
use in optical communication because PCFs has              Where 𝜀(𝑟),             𝜇(𝑟),    𝜎(𝑟) are permittivity,
made it possible to overcome the attenuation and           permeability and conductivity of the material and all
reliance on total internal reflection of the single        are in the function of position.
mode fiber (SMF). Beside these highly nonlinear            Equations (1) and (2) can be discretized using Lee’s
(HNL) fibers are an important family member that           technique.         Considering          spatial      and    time
applies very small core dimension to provide tight         discretization, equations (1 ) and (2) can be written
mode confinement to obtain enhanced the                    for TE polarization as follows
nonlinearity by tailoring and engineering the unusual          𝑛 +1/2      𝑛 −1/2     𝑐∆𝑡
                                                            𝐻 𝑥 (𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐻 𝑥(𝑖,𝑗 ) −      (𝐸 𝑧𝑛 𝑖,𝑗 +1 − 𝐸 𝑧𝑛 𝑖,−−1 ) ------
dispersion properties such as solution generation,                                      𝜇 ∆𝑦
                                                                                                             2                  2
super continuum          and     ultra    short pulse      ---- (3)
                                                             𝑛 +1/2            𝑛 —1/2   𝑐∆𝑡
compression[5,6]. It is also seen that traps lights in a    𝐻 𝑦 (𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐻 𝑦 (𝑖,𝑗 ) +          (𝐸 𝑧𝑛     1
                                                                                                       𝑖+ ,𝑗
                                                                                                                 − 𝐸 𝑧𝑛     1
                                                                                                                          𝑖− ,𝑗
                                                                                                                                    )   ----
                                                                                        𝜇 ∆𝑥
hollow core by means of 2D photonic crystal of                                                           2                  2
microscope air capillaries running along the entire        ----- (4)



                                                                                                                   2034 | P a g e
N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                     Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                      Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037
                        1          1
   𝑛+1    𝑛      𝑐∆𝑡  𝑛+
                        2
                                 𝑛+
                                   2
                                                    III. SIMULATION RESULT
𝐸 𝑧(𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐸 𝑧(𝑖,𝑗 ) +               𝐻       1     − 𝐻        1     −                      To verify our FDTD method for the
                            𝜀∆𝑥           𝑦 𝑖+ ,𝑗         𝑦 𝑖— ,
                                              2                2
𝑐∆𝑡        𝑛+
             1
                            𝑛+
                              1                                                   possible application of the proposed 2D photonic
             2                2
      (𝐻          1   − 𝐻         1       )                .................(5)   crystal structure as a beam splitter which is
𝜀∆𝑦        𝑥 𝑖,𝑗 +          𝑥 𝑖,𝑗 −
                  2               2
                                                                                  mentioned in the previous section? The excitation is
       For stability, the time step
             1                                                                    initiated at the centre of the structure and the output
∆𝑡 ≤        −2     −2
                             , where ∆𝑡 is the time                               is obtained at two adjacent faces. The schematic
           𝑐 ∆𝑥       +∆𝑦
increment, c is the velocity of light,∆𝑥 be the lattice                           diagram of this principle is shown in fig.1.
increment in x direction, ∆𝑦 be the lattice increment                                       For the simulation of field at two adjacent
along y direction.                                                                faces, we use linear and nonlinear SF57 as a
            Considering equation (3),(4) and (5) , we                             background material (refractive index of 1.802) and
have calculated the field distribution of PCFs in TE                              lattice constant 4.4µm at wavelength of 1550nm.
polarization mode.                                                                The simulation result shown in fig.2 represents that
            For a nonlinear optical waveguide having                              the signal in any one of the adjacent faces is divided
Kerr—type non-linearity related permittivity 𝜀 𝑟                                  into different direction for both linear and nonlinear
depends on electric field Ey and can be expressed as                              material introduced in to the air holes.
                     2                                                                      Another configuration (lattice constant of
 𝜀 𝑟 = 𝜀 𝑟.𝐿 + 𝛼 𝐸 𝑦          ------------------------------
                                                                                  3.8µm) as a background material BK7 (refractive
---(6)                                                                            index of 1.5), however the FDTD simulation shows
            Where 𝜀 𝑟.𝐿      is the linear relative                               the signal splits into different direction for linear
permittivity and α is the non linear co-efficient. A                              case and behaves as beam splitter (2:1) for nonlinear
hybrid implicit FDTD method[10], is used to                                       case is shown in fig.3. It is interesting to note that if
simulate the field for 2D PCS with nonlinear rods.                                the hexagonal photonic crystal structure is modified
The overall stability of this hybrid FDTD scheme is                               by changing lattice constant to 2.3µm and
determined by the stability in the linear medium                                  background material as silica (refractive index of
regions. Consequently, nonlinearity in the structure                              1.42) here the result shows the signal is divided
does not effect stability and hence the grid size and                             almost into two equal parts behaving as beam splitter
time step.                                                                        (1:1) for linear and 3:1 for nonlinear. (simulation
                                                                                  result are not shown).
III. HEXAGONAL DESIGN                                                                       Taking another configuration (lattice
                                                                                  constant of 0.78µm) as background material Ge
                                                                                  (refractive index of 1.47), the FDTD simulation
                                                                                  shows a completely different trend, here the signal is
                                                                                  almost divided into two equal parts behaving as
                                                                                  beam splitter (1:1) for linear and behaves as 1x2
                                                                                  beam splitter for nonlinear case.(simulation result
                                                                                  are not shown here) However when the lattice
                                                                                  constant is less than 0.78µm, then its simulation
                                                                                  result is same as Ge background material for both
                                                                                  linear and nonlinear case.
                                                                                            So the above finding leads us to believe that
                                                                                  one can optimize a 2D PCS for realizing different
                                                                                  optical components.          Though we have shown
Figure 1. Hexagonal structure of PCFs                                             the action of beam splitter in this paper but other
                                                                                  actions can be also realized by suitably optimizing
          The structure of photonic crystal fibers                                the structure.
plays a vital role, because different structure gives
different type of application. Here we have chosen
hexagonal PCF. This hexagonal structure can be
realized by drilling air holes on the background
material which is shown in fig.1 to calculate the field
distribution of photonic crystal fibers, we have
chosen proper input parameters of the structure such
as refractive index of air holes and background
material, lattice constant of the structure and lattice
parameters of the hexagonal structure, we have
chosen for different types of linear and nonlinear
                                                                                  .
material such as SF57,BK7,Silica and Ge. The input                                           Fig.2(a) multi beam splitter of hexagonal
parameters are different from different hexagonal                                 structure of linear SF57 (X-Z plane)
structure.


                                                                                                                         2035 | P a g e
N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                   Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                    Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037




                                                         Fig.3 (b) Multi direction beam splitter of linear BK7
                                                         hexagonal structure (Y-Z plane)
Fig.2 (b) multi direction beam splitter of hexagonal
structure of linear SF57(Y-Z plane)




                                                         Fig.3 (c) Multi direction beam splitter of non linear
Fig.2(c) multi beam splitter of hexagonal structure of   BK7 hexagonal structure (X-Z plane)
non linear SF57 (X-Z plane)




                                                         Fig.3 (d) Multi direction beam splitter of non linear
                                                         BK7 hexagonal structure (Y-Z plane)
Fig.2 (d) multi direction beam splitter of hexagonal
structure of linear SF57(Y-Z plane)
                                                         V. CONCLUSIONS:
                                                         . It is shown that by suitably optimizing the
                                                         Hexagonal photonic crystal structure with respect to
                                                         lattice constant and refractive index of background
                                                         material, both splitting ratio as well as signal splits
                                                         into different direction changes.           Hexagonal
                                                         photonic crystal structure can be used as a beam
                                                         splitter.

                                                         References
                                                           [1]    SandhirKumarSingh,D.K.Singh,PMahto.
                                                                  Numerical analysis of dispersion and
Fig.3 (a) Multi direction beam splitter of linear BK7             endlessly single mode property of     a
hexagonal structure (X-Z plane)                                   modified PCF structure. Int.J. Advanced



                                                                                               2036 | P a g e
N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and
                   Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
                    Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037
        Networking and Application,volume: 03,           Optical Effects.    Journal of lightwave
        issue:02, pages:1116-1120. (2011)                technology,vol.24,no.1,January 2006.
[2]
        Xinzhusang,Chongxxiuyu,M.Kislam,Naigu
        ang.Lu, Generation of photon pairs in
        highly nonlinear PCFs for quantum
        information processing’. Journal of
        optoelectronics and advanced materials.
        Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 1895 – 1900.(2006)
[3]     Kwang Jo Lee,* Kee Suk Hong, Hyun Chul
        Park, and Byoung Yoon Kim. Polarization
        coupling in a highly birefringentphotonic
        crystal fiber by torsional acoustic wave.
        Optical Society of America OCIS codes:
        (060.2310) Fiber optics; (060.5295)
        Photonic crystal fibers; (230.1040) 2008.
[4]     Zhengyong Li, Chongqing Wu, Qingtao
        Zhang, and Huiyuan Zhang. Birefringence
        Vector Computation and Measurement for
        Fiber with Polarization Dependent Loss.
        Progress In Electromagnetics Research
        Symposium Abstracts, Beijing, China,
        March 23 .(2009).{27, 589 key Lab of
        Education Ministry on Luminescence and
        Optical Information Technology.
[5]     Juan Juan Hu, Ping shum, Guobin Ren, Xia
        Yu, Guang. Optoelectronics and advanced
        materials .three dimensional FDTD method
        for the analysis of optical pulse propagation
        in PCFs. Rapid communications Vol.2,
        No.9, p. 519-524.(2008)
[6]     B.H.                              Chapaman;
        J.C.Travers;E,J.R.Kelleher;       S.V.Popov;
        J.R.Taylor.      Soliton-dispersive     wave
        collisions in high average power
        supercontinuum generation’ Proc. SPIE
        7747, 16th International School on
        Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and
        Applications,                        774715.
        doi:10.1117/12.883613
[7]     Wolfgang Ecke,1 Kevin Chen,2 and
        Jinsong Leng3. Fiber Optic Sensors.
        Pramana journal of physics. Indian
        academy of sciences. Vol.75, No.5, pp.23-
        28.(2010)
[8]     Jlahui peng. Tunable femtosecond pulse
        generation and application in raman micro-
        spectroscopy’     Ph.D      Thesis.    P.769-
        785.(2009)
[9]     R.Buczynski. Photonic crystal fibers.
        Proceedings of the XXXIII International
        School of Semiconducting Compounds,
        Jaszowiec .p.02-093.(2004)
[10]    Charles M. Reinke Aliakbar Jafarpour,
        Babak Momeni, Mohammad Soltani, Sina
        Khorasani, Ali Adibi. Yong Xu,and
        Reginald K. Lee.          Nonlinear Finite-
        Difference Time-Domain Method for the
        Simulation of Anisotropic, χ(2),and χ(3)




                                                                                  2037 | P a g e

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  • 1. N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037 Realization Of Beam Splitter Using Photonic Crystal Fiber(PCF) With And Without Nonlinearity N.Muduli*, G.Palai**,S.K.Tripathy*** *(Gandhi Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India) ** (Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement, Bhubaneswar, India) ABSTRACT This paper presents the field length of the fiber. Appropriately designed such that distributions of a linear and nonlinear hexagonal array would support a photonic band gap(PBG) for structure photonic crystal fiber(PCF), formed by incident from air, prevent the escape of light from a number of air holes on different background the core into the photonic crystal cladding and material considered for beam splitter application avoiding the need for total internal using FDTD simulation. Simulation results show reflection(TIR)[7,8]. Beside these lattice constant ‘a’ that PCF having background material like linear and atomic radius ‘r’, the field distribution of PCF and nonlinear SF57,BK7,Silica and Ge, are depends on the parameter like length of fiber, height suitable for beam splitter application. It is seen of triangle cell and background material. that beam splitting ratio changes from material In this paper, we have investigated the field to material. It is also found that some PCF distribution of different types of hexagonal PCFs, structure having linear and nonlinear splits the Apart from this; we also discussed the beam splitter signal into different direction. application of PCFs by comparing linear and nonlinear simulation of different PCF structure. Keywords: Field distribution, Finite difference Several modeling techniques have been employed to time domain (FDTD), photonic crystal fiber(PCF), study the characteristics of PCFs, including the plane Kerr nonlinearity, wave expansion(PWE), Fourier transformation(FT), finite difference time domain (FDTD), transform I. INTRODUCTION matrix method, finite element method and effective Photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have attracted index method are being used to find out the structure a lot of attention in optics research in recent year[1]. and field distribution of PCFs, but we have chosen PCF is a silica optical fiber with ordered array of FDTD method due to high efficiency and more microscopic air holes running along its path. Unlike accuracy result. the conventional fiber, the guidance properties of the photonic crystal fiber are determined by the size, II. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS pattern of air holes rather than by the properties of To study the field distribution of hexagonal optical glass[2]. Light is guided through small solid photonic crystal fiber, we have used 2-dimensional core PCFs, where high intensities can be maintained finite difference time domain (FDTD) method[9]. for interaction lengths of several meters resulting in Considering the material is isotropic, linear, and large nonlinear effect. It has been shown that PCF lossless, the time dependent Maxwell’s equations possess a variety of unique properties that are can be written as 𝜕𝐻 1 unachievable by conventional optical fibers, such as = ∇× 𝐸 ---------------------------- 𝜕𝑡 𝜇 (𝑟) endlessly single mode propagation, highly -----(1) configurable dispersion, tailorable modal area, high 𝜕𝐸 1 𝜎 (𝑟) birefringence, optical components, wavelength = ∇× 𝐻− 𝐸 --------------------------- 𝜕𝑡 𝜀(𝑟) 𝜀(𝑟) division multiplier and also material processing[3,4]. ---- (2) Apart from these PCFs have remarkable control to E, H are electric field and magnetic field. use in optical communication because PCFs has Where 𝜀(𝑟), 𝜇(𝑟), 𝜎(𝑟) are permittivity, made it possible to overcome the attenuation and permeability and conductivity of the material and all reliance on total internal reflection of the single are in the function of position. mode fiber (SMF). Beside these highly nonlinear Equations (1) and (2) can be discretized using Lee’s (HNL) fibers are an important family member that technique. Considering spatial and time applies very small core dimension to provide tight discretization, equations (1 ) and (2) can be written mode confinement to obtain enhanced the for TE polarization as follows nonlinearity by tailoring and engineering the unusual 𝑛 +1/2 𝑛 −1/2 𝑐∆𝑡 𝐻 𝑥 (𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐻 𝑥(𝑖,𝑗 ) − (𝐸 𝑧𝑛 𝑖,𝑗 +1 − 𝐸 𝑧𝑛 𝑖,−−1 ) ------ dispersion properties such as solution generation, 𝜇 ∆𝑦 2 2 super continuum and ultra short pulse ---- (3) 𝑛 +1/2 𝑛 —1/2 𝑐∆𝑡 compression[5,6]. It is also seen that traps lights in a 𝐻 𝑦 (𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐻 𝑦 (𝑖,𝑗 ) + (𝐸 𝑧𝑛 1 𝑖+ ,𝑗 − 𝐸 𝑧𝑛 1 𝑖− ,𝑗 ) ---- 𝜇 ∆𝑥 hollow core by means of 2D photonic crystal of 2 2 microscope air capillaries running along the entire ----- (4) 2034 | P a g e
  • 2. N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037 1 1 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑐∆𝑡 𝑛+ 2 𝑛+ 2 III. SIMULATION RESULT 𝐸 𝑧(𝑖,𝑗 ) = 𝐸 𝑧(𝑖,𝑗 ) + 𝐻 1 − 𝐻 1 − To verify our FDTD method for the 𝜀∆𝑥 𝑦 𝑖+ ,𝑗 𝑦 𝑖— , 2 2 𝑐∆𝑡 𝑛+ 1 𝑛+ 1 possible application of the proposed 2D photonic 2 2 (𝐻 1 − 𝐻 1 ) .................(5) crystal structure as a beam splitter which is 𝜀∆𝑦 𝑥 𝑖,𝑗 + 𝑥 𝑖,𝑗 − 2 2 mentioned in the previous section? The excitation is For stability, the time step 1 initiated at the centre of the structure and the output ∆𝑡 ≤ −2 −2 , where ∆𝑡 is the time is obtained at two adjacent faces. The schematic 𝑐 ∆𝑥 +∆𝑦 increment, c is the velocity of light,∆𝑥 be the lattice diagram of this principle is shown in fig.1. increment in x direction, ∆𝑦 be the lattice increment For the simulation of field at two adjacent along y direction. faces, we use linear and nonlinear SF57 as a Considering equation (3),(4) and (5) , we background material (refractive index of 1.802) and have calculated the field distribution of PCFs in TE lattice constant 4.4µm at wavelength of 1550nm. polarization mode. The simulation result shown in fig.2 represents that For a nonlinear optical waveguide having the signal in any one of the adjacent faces is divided Kerr—type non-linearity related permittivity 𝜀 𝑟 into different direction for both linear and nonlinear depends on electric field Ey and can be expressed as material introduced in to the air holes. 2 Another configuration (lattice constant of 𝜀 𝑟 = 𝜀 𝑟.𝐿 + 𝛼 𝐸 𝑦 ------------------------------ 3.8µm) as a background material BK7 (refractive ---(6) index of 1.5), however the FDTD simulation shows Where 𝜀 𝑟.𝐿 is the linear relative the signal splits into different direction for linear permittivity and α is the non linear co-efficient. A case and behaves as beam splitter (2:1) for nonlinear hybrid implicit FDTD method[10], is used to case is shown in fig.3. It is interesting to note that if simulate the field for 2D PCS with nonlinear rods. the hexagonal photonic crystal structure is modified The overall stability of this hybrid FDTD scheme is by changing lattice constant to 2.3µm and determined by the stability in the linear medium background material as silica (refractive index of regions. Consequently, nonlinearity in the structure 1.42) here the result shows the signal is divided does not effect stability and hence the grid size and almost into two equal parts behaving as beam splitter time step. (1:1) for linear and 3:1 for nonlinear. (simulation result are not shown). III. HEXAGONAL DESIGN Taking another configuration (lattice constant of 0.78µm) as background material Ge (refractive index of 1.47), the FDTD simulation shows a completely different trend, here the signal is almost divided into two equal parts behaving as beam splitter (1:1) for linear and behaves as 1x2 beam splitter for nonlinear case.(simulation result are not shown here) However when the lattice constant is less than 0.78µm, then its simulation result is same as Ge background material for both linear and nonlinear case. So the above finding leads us to believe that one can optimize a 2D PCS for realizing different optical components. Though we have shown Figure 1. Hexagonal structure of PCFs the action of beam splitter in this paper but other actions can be also realized by suitably optimizing The structure of photonic crystal fibers the structure. plays a vital role, because different structure gives different type of application. Here we have chosen hexagonal PCF. This hexagonal structure can be realized by drilling air holes on the background material which is shown in fig.1 to calculate the field distribution of photonic crystal fibers, we have chosen proper input parameters of the structure such as refractive index of air holes and background material, lattice constant of the structure and lattice parameters of the hexagonal structure, we have chosen for different types of linear and nonlinear . material such as SF57,BK7,Silica and Ge. The input Fig.2(a) multi beam splitter of hexagonal parameters are different from different hexagonal structure of linear SF57 (X-Z plane) structure. 2035 | P a g e
  • 3. N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037 Fig.3 (b) Multi direction beam splitter of linear BK7 hexagonal structure (Y-Z plane) Fig.2 (b) multi direction beam splitter of hexagonal structure of linear SF57(Y-Z plane) Fig.3 (c) Multi direction beam splitter of non linear Fig.2(c) multi beam splitter of hexagonal structure of BK7 hexagonal structure (X-Z plane) non linear SF57 (X-Z plane) Fig.3 (d) Multi direction beam splitter of non linear BK7 hexagonal structure (Y-Z plane) Fig.2 (d) multi direction beam splitter of hexagonal structure of linear SF57(Y-Z plane) V. CONCLUSIONS: . It is shown that by suitably optimizing the Hexagonal photonic crystal structure with respect to lattice constant and refractive index of background material, both splitting ratio as well as signal splits into different direction changes. Hexagonal photonic crystal structure can be used as a beam splitter. References [1] SandhirKumarSingh,D.K.Singh,PMahto. Numerical analysis of dispersion and Fig.3 (a) Multi direction beam splitter of linear BK7 endlessly single mode property of a hexagonal structure (X-Z plane) modified PCF structure. Int.J. Advanced 2036 | P a g e
  • 4. N.Muduli, G.Palai, S.K.Tripathy / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2034-2037 Networking and Application,volume: 03, Optical Effects. Journal of lightwave issue:02, pages:1116-1120. (2011) technology,vol.24,no.1,January 2006. [2] Xinzhusang,Chongxxiuyu,M.Kislam,Naigu ang.Lu, Generation of photon pairs in highly nonlinear PCFs for quantum information processing’. Journal of optoelectronics and advanced materials. Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 1895 – 1900.(2006) [3] Kwang Jo Lee,* Kee Suk Hong, Hyun Chul Park, and Byoung Yoon Kim. Polarization coupling in a highly birefringentphotonic crystal fiber by torsional acoustic wave. Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.2310) Fiber optics; (060.5295) Photonic crystal fibers; (230.1040) 2008. [4] Zhengyong Li, Chongqing Wu, Qingtao Zhang, and Huiyuan Zhang. Birefringence Vector Computation and Measurement for Fiber with Polarization Dependent Loss. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Abstracts, Beijing, China, March 23 .(2009).{27, 589 key Lab of Education Ministry on Luminescence and Optical Information Technology. [5] Juan Juan Hu, Ping shum, Guobin Ren, Xia Yu, Guang. Optoelectronics and advanced materials .three dimensional FDTD method for the analysis of optical pulse propagation in PCFs. Rapid communications Vol.2, No.9, p. 519-524.(2008) [6] B.H. Chapaman; J.C.Travers;E,J.R.Kelleher; S.V.Popov; J.R.Taylor. Soliton-dispersive wave collisions in high average power supercontinuum generation’ Proc. SPIE 7747, 16th International School on Quantum Electronics: Laser Physics and Applications, 774715. doi:10.1117/12.883613 [7] Wolfgang Ecke,1 Kevin Chen,2 and Jinsong Leng3. Fiber Optic Sensors. Pramana journal of physics. Indian academy of sciences. Vol.75, No.5, pp.23- 28.(2010) [8] Jlahui peng. Tunable femtosecond pulse generation and application in raman micro- spectroscopy’ Ph.D Thesis. P.769- 785.(2009) [9] R.Buczynski. Photonic crystal fibers. Proceedings of the XXXIII International School of Semiconducting Compounds, Jaszowiec .p.02-093.(2004) [10] Charles M. Reinke Aliakbar Jafarpour, Babak Momeni, Mohammad Soltani, Sina Khorasani, Ali Adibi. Yong Xu,and Reginald K. Lee. Nonlinear Finite- Difference Time-Domain Method for the Simulation of Anisotropic, χ(2),and χ(3) 2037 | P a g e