International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.

1. M K Arjariya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp. 1952-1955
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Modified Distribution Network Using HVDS Techniques
Mayank Kumar Arjariya1*, Dr. Amita Mahor2
1
2
Mayank Kumar Arjariya, Student, M.Tech. (P.E.) Final Year, NIIST Bhopal, M.P., India
Professor & Head, Deptt. Of Electrical & Electronics Engg., NIIST, Bhopal M.P., India.
Abstract
This paper presents the comparison of existing low voltage distribution system with proposed high voltage
distribution system. The study is based on a real low voltage feeder in J&K state. The investigation is carried out
to determine the losses in the existing low voltage (LT) distribution system and then converting this low voltage
distribution system to proposed high voltage distribution system (HVDS) including bifurcation of load and
replacing the one large transformer with various transformers of small rating. Since loss reduction in distribution
system is of keen importance and main reason behind these losses is the use of low voltage for
distribution in existing system. As for the low voltage in existing distribution system, current is high which leads
to high power losses and also allow the hooking and hence power theft. This paper aims at reducing losses by
using LT less or less LT ‘HVDS’ system and then determining the reduction in losses in terms of units and
annual savings in terms of rupees due to proposed method. To check the feasibility of the proposed work, the
annual saving and payback period of the proposed method is also determined.
Keywords - Annual saving, Capital outlay, Distribution losses, High Voltage Distribution System, Payback
period.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Economic development of a country
depends on the energy availability and its
consumption. Electrical energy has played a great
role in building up of present day civilization.
Electrical energy has made our life easier,
comfortable and saves our time. Now there is shorter
working day and technology based on electricity
resulted in a higher agricultural and industrial
production, and better transportation facilities. Even
the standard of living of a person is decided by its
energy consumption. In fact, the greater the per
capita consumption of energy in a country, the
higher is the standard of living of its people. Today
modern society is so much dependent upon the use
of electrical energy that it has become an important
part of our life. Earlier it was not so, electricity was
used for the basic purpose of light and heat and thus
there was little demand for electrical energy and it
was easy for the power companies to meet their
demand. But in today’s modern world, energy
demand is increasing day by day and to meet this
ever increasing demand power companies are
making every effort to increase the energy
availability. But the efforts made by the power
companies to bridge the gap between energy demand
and energy availability are all in vain. Some says the
reason behind the lack of availability of energy is,
fast depleting energy resources, but this is not true
for the developing nation like India where there is
treasure of nature. Many states in India still have
large amount of unexplored and underutilized
resources and this hidden potential is enough to meet
www.ijera.com
Page
the growing energy demand. The root cause of the
underutilized resources in India is the lack of
commercial viability in power sector and thus less
interest of the utilities to invest in the power sector
as there is almost no or very low profits. Power
companies are in loss because of losses in
transmission and distribution system, unauthorized
connection, theft and unwillingness to pay bills as
some customers have attitude that our government is
doing nothing for us, at least they can provide us free
electricity and some customers are tired of poor
quality of supply and thus do not pay their electricity
bill. In fact, India’s power sector today is
characterized by financial insolvency and an
inadequate power supply. Plant availability and
efficiency are generally low and the system losses
are untenably high specifically at the last mille
secondary low tension network. The present power
sector is like a leaking bucket and the efforts made
by the government and power companies to generate
more electrical power in this leaked sector are
nothing but ways of pouring more water into the
leaked bucket so that the consistency and quantity of
leaks are assured. The logical thing to do would be to
fix the bucket i.e. make the system leak proof rather
than to persistently emphasize shortages of power
and forever make exaggerated estimates of future
demands for power and only then investing in
generating more power will be of worth. As once the
utilities will get back more than what they are
investing in the power project, then the problem of
underutilized resources will be no more and then
there will be light for every house. But efforts should
1952 |

2. M K Arjariya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp. 1952-1955
be made on both sides i.e. at utility end as well as at
the consumer end. Hence both commercial viability
of power sector and consumer satisfaction hand in
hand will make a healthy system and then only the
gap between energy demand and energy availability
will be bridged. In this paper, main focus is given on
the reduction of distribution losses and improves the
power quality in the present existing system to bring
the commercial viability in the power sector.
II.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The primary and secondary power
distribution network, which generally concerns the
consumer in India, is the distribution network of
11kV lines or feeders downstream of the 33kV
substation. Each 11kV feeder which emanates from
the 33kV substation branches further into several
subsidiary 11kV feeders to carry power close to the
load points (localities, industrial areas, villages, etc).
At these load points, a transformer further reduces
the voltage from 11kV to 415V to provide the lastmile connection through 415V line also called as
Low Tension (LT) line to individual customers,
either at 240V as single-phase supply or at 415V as
three-phase supply. A feeder could be either an
overhead line or an underground cable. In urban
areas, owing to the density of customers, the length
of an 11kV feeder is generally up to 3 kms. On the
other hand, in rural areas, the feeder length is much
larger even up to 20 kms. A 415V line should
normally be restricted to about 0.5-1.0 km. In
existing distribution systems, the voltage at buses
reduces when moved away from the substation, also
the losses are high. The reason for high losses is the
use of low voltage for distribution as the current is
high in the low voltage system and thus more losses.
Thus by using high voltage for distribution we can
reduce the losses as current in high voltage
distribution system (HVDS) is low. In the existing
system pilferage is very easy because of lengthy bare
LT conductor, and thus many unauthorized
connections are tapped from the bare LT conductor.
III.
LOSSES IN THE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
The losses prevailing in the existing power
distribution system can be classified as:
a) Technical losses
b) Non-Technical losses.
Technical losses on distribution system are
primarily due to heat dissipation resulting from
current passing through conductors and magnetic
losses in transformers. Technical losses occur during
transmission and distribution involves substation,
transformer, and line related losses. These include
resistive losses of the primary feeders, the
distribution transformer losses (resistive loses in
windings and the core losses), resistive losses in
secondary network, resistive losses in service line
www.ijera.com
Page
www.ijera.com
and losses in KWh meter. These losses are inherent
to the distribution of electricity and cannot be
eliminated but can be reduced. Non-Technical losses
include tampering with the meter to create false
consumption information used in billings, making
unauthorized connections to the power grid. Nonpayment, as the name implies, refers to cases where
customers refuse or are unable to pay for their
electricity consumption. It is estimated that
electricity theft costs in India is in crores in a year.
Non-Technical losses (NTL) include electricity theft.
Electricity theft is defined as a conscience attempt by
a person to reduce or eliminate the amount of money
he will owe the utility for electric energy. It can be
done by tampering with the meter to create false
meter reading i.e. create false consumption
information used in billings, meters not read, non
performing and under performing meters, making
unauthorized connections and direct tapping. Nonpayment, as the name implies, refers to cases where
customers refuse or are unable to pay for their
electricity consumption. It is estimated that
electricity theft costs in our country is in crores in a
year.
IV.
REASONS OF HIGHER LOSSES
To understand the method to reduce the
losses, it is necessary to look for various reasons for
higher losses in the existing system. The main
reasons are:
a. Lengthy distribution lines
b. Inadequate size of conductors
c. Over-rated distribution transformers and hence
their under utilization
d. Low voltage (less than declared voltage)
appearing at transformers and consumers terminals
e. Distribution transformer not located at load center
on the secondary distribution system
f. Low power factor
g. Poor HT/LT ratio
h. Poor quality of equipments
i. Too many stages of transformations
j. Transformer Losses
k. Bad workmanship
l. Direct tapping by the non-customers
m. Pilferage by the existing customers
n. Defective metering, billing and collection
functions
V.
LOSS REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
To reduce the distribution losses, many
techniques are developed and some of the loss
reduction approaches are given below
a) Network reconfiguration and Phase Load Balance
b) Automatic voltage booster
c) Network reconductoring
d) Distribution Transformers Locating and Sizing
e) High-efficient Transformer
f) Reactive Power Compensation
g) High voltage distribution system (HVDS)
1953 |

3. M K Arjariya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp. 1952-1955
h) Aerial Bunched Cables (ABC)
Earlier work on loss reduction has done by
using capacitor setting/switching and network
reconfiguration using branch exchange method and
also on the combination of network reconfiguration
and reactive power control using capacitor
placement technique and a very few on loss
reduction using HVDS system. In this research
paper, HVDS technique is adopted to reduce the
losses in existing low voltage distribution system by
converting it into a high voltage distribution system.
Main aim is to compare the existing LT distribution
system to the HVDS system in term of losses (i.e.
both power losses and transformer losses) and to
determine the annual saving and thus payback
period. Under this system HT line is extended up to
or as near the load as possible and to erect small
capacity distribution transformers i.e. 10 KVA, 15,
25 KVA etc and to extend supply to the consumer
through a short length of LT lines, preferably
insulated overhead cable system. Due to use of
smaller rating transformers, either three phase or
single phase length of LT lines is considerably
reduced and power is distributed mainly through HV
11 kV lines.
VI.
HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM (HVDS)
HVDS project is to reconfigure the existing
Low voltage (LT) network as High Voltage
Distribution System, wherein the 11kV line is taken
as near to the loads as possible and the LT power
supply is fed by providing appropriate capacity
transformer and minimum length of LT line with an
objective to provide better quality power supply,
reduction of losses and better consumer service. In
the existing system, large capacity transformers are
provided at one point and the connections to each
load is extended through long LT lines. This long
length of LT lines is causing low voltage condition
to the majority of the consumers and high technical
losses. In the HVDS project, long length LT mains
are converted into 11 kV mains and thereby
installing the appropriate capacity distribution
transformer as near as to the end and the supply is
provided to the consumer at suitable voltage level.
By converting these lines to HVDS, the current
flowing through the lines shall reduce by 28 times
and will bring down the technical losses in the LT
line drastically. This can be explained by one single
illustration that for a 100 KVA load the amperage at
11kV is 5 amperes where as it is 140 amperes at LT
voltage of 415 Volts. The prevailing low voltage in
the LT line is also affecting the efficiency of the
electric gadgets and breakdown is also very high.
Also there is a tendency of unauthorized connections
to hook to the LT lines which results in over loading
of the transformers and failure of the transformers.
The scheme consists of converting the existing 3
phase 4 wires lines to 11 kV systems using the
www.ijera.com
Page
www.ijera.com
existing supports and providing intermediate poles
wherever necessary and individual transformers are
provided to both agricultural loads and loads other
than agriculture. The length of the LT lines is
restricted to less than 300 meters.
[A] Bifurcation Of Load And Calculation Of Power
Losses
Annual power losses in the LT line and HT
line in terms of KW and units is calculated by using
the (1) and (2) respectively. Load bifurcation and
selection of small and appropriate size of DTs in the
proposed high voltage distribution system is shown
in Table 6.1. This data has been taken from a low
voltage 11kV feeder in Jammu and Kashmir state
where the power sector is one of the most
underdeveloped sector and implementation of
proposed scheme will provide fruitful results in
distribution area.
[B} Comparison Of Existing LT System And
Proposed HVDS System And Annual Saving And
Payback Period.
Line loss in KW = [{(Cum load in KVA/ (1.732 ×
voltage in KV × DF)} ^2 × Length in Km
×Resistancecconstant/1000(1)
Line loss in Units = [{(cum load in KVA/ (1.732 ×
voltage in KV × DF)} ^2 × Length in Km ×
Resistancecconstant × LLF × 8760] /1000(2)
Where Voltage = 11 KV for HT line
= 0.4 kV for LT line
Diversity factor (DF) = 1.5 for HT line
= 1.1 for LT line
Load Factor (LF) = Annual Energy consumption /
(Peak × 24 × 0.9 × 365 ×1000)
= 0.18 for HT line
= 0.36 for LT line
Line Loss Factor (LLF) = (0.2 × LF) + [0.8 ×
(LF^2)]
= 0.36 for HT line
= 0.18 for LT line
VII.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, it is concluded that with the
adoption of high voltage for distribution i.e. HVDS
both the technical as well as non-technical losses are
reduced. Firstly as in HVDS, the registered
customers will feel ownership and take responsibility
and not allow others to meddle with the LT Network
and even prevent unauthorized loads by the
consumers themselves since the distribution
transformer may fail if loaded beyond its capacity
which reduces the failure rate because of no over
loading and no meddling of LT Lines and failure if
occur will affect only two or three customers instead
of 25 to 30 customers in original system. Secondly,
the use of high voltage for distribution in HVDS
results in reduction in losses and improves the
HT:LT ratio and hence improves quality of supply as
1954 |

4. M K Arjariya et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp. 1952-1955
www.ijera.com
it is a LT less or less LT system and thus there is
practically less or no voltage drop in LT side and
consequent savings in power purchase cost. It will
also improve the voltage profile and there will be
less burnout of motors because of good voltage and
less fluctuation. Last but not least it provides better
accountability at all level and effective solution to
consumer’s enquiry and also results in accurate and
reliable energy accounts on sustainable basis.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Essa-J-Abdul
Zehra,
Mahmoud
Moghavvemi, Maher M. I. Hashim and
Kashem, Muttaqi, Network Reconfiguration
Using PSAT for Loss Reduction in
Distribution Systems, 1st International
Conference on Energy, Power and Control
(EPC-IQ),
College
of
Engineering,
University of Basrah, Iraq, 2010, 62-66.
L.Ramesh, S.Ravindiran, S.P.Chowdhury,
S.Chowdhury,
Y.H.Song
and
P.K.Goswami, Distribution System Loss
Minimization and Planning using Cymdist,
42nd International Universities Power
Engineering
Conference
(UPEC),
University
of
Brighten,
Brighten,
UK,2007,316-321.
Arefi Ali , Haghifam Mahmood-reza,
Yavartalab Akbar, Olamaei Javad and
Keshtkar Hessam, Loss reduction planning
in electric distribution networks of IRAN
until 2025, 16th conference on Electric
Power Distribution Network (EPDC),
Bandar Abbas , Iran, 2011, 1-6.
Dong Zhang, Zhengcai Fu, and Liuchun
Zhang, Joint Optimization for Power Loss
Reduction in Distribution Systems, IEEE
transaction on Power Systems, 23(1), 2008,
161-169.
R. Srinivasa Rao, An Hybrid Approach for
Loss Reduction in Distribution Systems
using
Harmony
Search
Algorithm,
International Journal of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, 2010, 462- 467.
Sameer S. Mustafa., Mohammed H. Yasen,
Hussein H. Abdullah and Hadi K. Hazaa,
Evaluation of Electric Energy Losses in
Kirkuk Distribution Electric System Area,
Iraq
J.
Electrical
and
Electronic
Engineering,7(2), 2011, 144-150.
Thomas Nippert, Kathrin Steinke, Martin
Schrors, Loss Reduction in High Voltage
Urban
Distribution
Systems,
19th
International conference on Electricity
Distribution, session 3, Vienna, Austria,
Paper No. 719, 2007, 1-4.
Best practices in distribution loss reduction:
reference book, Power Development
Department (PDD), J&K, Jammu, 2007.
www.ijera.com
Page
1955 |