K. Abbasi By: Engr. K. Abbasi Assistant Professor Hamdard University Quantum Based Cryptographically Secure Communication Mechanism

K. Abbasi Quantum Cryptography Quantum Computers Key and Key Distribution Classical vs. Quantum Crypto-Techniques Principle of Q-Bit Measurements Q - Theorems QKD Protocols Secure Communication through QKD Example of BB84 Protocol Q - Implementation Future of Q - Cryptography Pitfalls of Q - Cryptography Conclusion References Agenda:

Quantum Cryptography

Quantum Computers

Key and Key Distribution

Classical vs. Quantum Crypto-Techniques

Principle of Q-Bit Measurements

Q - Theorems

QKD Protocols

Secure Communication through QKD

Example of BB84 Protocol

Q - Implementation

Future of Q - Cryptography

Pitfalls of Q - Cryptography

Conclusion

References

K. Abbasi Q- Cryptography is the single most successful application of Quantum Computing Theory in the field of Security Engineering and Secure Communication . Quantum Cryptography

Q- Cryptography is the single most successful application of Quantum Computing Theory in the field of Security Engineering and Secure Communication .

K. Abbasi Quantum Computers: Quantum Computer is any device used for computation that makes direct use of Quantum Mechanics It is concerened with superposition and entanglement of photons to perform operations on data.

Quantum Computer is any device used for computation that makes direct use of Quantum Mechanics

It is concerened with superposition and entanglement of photons to perform operations on data.

Quantum vs. Classical Registers K. Abbasi

K. Abbasi Perfectly secure bank transactions Secret discussions for government officials and military personnel Generation of “True’’ Random Numbers A good replacement to the ‘Diffie Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm’ Solution of Discrete Logarithm Problem Solution of Large Key Dsuistributioin Problem Computation Power of Q-Cryptography

Perfectly secure bank transactions

Secret discussions for government officials and military personnel

Generation of “True’’ Random Numbers

A good replacement to the ‘Diffie Hellman Key Exchange Algorithm’

Solution of Discrete Logarithm Problem

Solution of Large Key Dsuistributioin Problem

K. Abbasi Keys and Key Distribution For given Message – (plaintext): M Encryption: C = e (M, K) Decryption: M = d (C, K) Key distribution is the problem of Securely exchanging the key between sender and receiver Encryption Decryption Ciphertext Original Plaintext Secret Key Secret Key Plaintext Asymmetric (Two Key) Cryptography

For given Message – (plaintext): M

Encryption: C = e (M, K)

Decryption: M = d (C, K)

Key distribution is the problem of Securely exchanging the key between sender and receiver

K. Abbasi Keys and Key Distribution Key Size (Char) Key Size (Bits) No. of ASCII Char No. of Alternative Keys Time required at 10 6 Decryption/µs Vulnerability Comments 4 32 95 4 2 32 = 4.3x10 9 2.15 millisec – 7 56 95 7 2 56 = 7.2x10 16 10 hours – 16 128 95 16 2 128 = 3.4x10 38 5.4 x 10 18 yrs – 21 168 95 21 2 168 = 3.7x10 50 5.9 x 10 30 yrs Not Recomended 32 256 95 32 2 256 = 1.15x10 77 1.82 x 10 57 yrs Weak, Insecure 128 1024 95 128 2 1024 =1.79x10 308 2.84 x 10 288 yr Good, for some cases 256 2048 95 256 2 2048 =3.23x10 614 5.13 x 10 594 yr Secure for Decades

K. Abbasi Classical Cryptosystems such as RSA rely on the complexity of factoring large integers. Quantum Cryptosystems can efficiently break today’s modern cryptosystems, by using the photon’s principles of superimposition and parallel computing. Using quantum effects, we can distribute keys in perfect secrecy! Quantum Key Distribution

Classical Cryptosystems such as RSA rely on the complexity of factoring large integers.

Quantum Cryptosystems can efficiently break today’s modern cryptosystems, by using the photon’s principles of superimposition and parallel computing.

Using quantum effects, we can distribute keys in perfect secrecy!

K. Abbasi Principle of Q-Bit Measurements Rectilinear Diagonal

K. Abbasi Principle of Q-Bit Measurements Rectilinear Diagonal

K. Abbasi Quantum Theorems No-Cloning Theorem No-Broadcast Theorem No-Teleportation Theorem Principle of Q-Measurements

No-Cloning Theorem

No-Broadcast Theorem

No-Teleportation Theorem

Principle of Q-Measurements

K. Abbasi Quantum Key Distribution Protocols Following are the main security protocols for QKD: BB84 Algorithm B92 Algorithm Entanglement-Based QKD Algo. Shor's Algorithm Grover's Algorithm Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm QKD Protocols

Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

Following are the main security protocols for QKD:

BB84 Algorithm

B92 Algorithm

Entanglement-Based QKD Algo.

Shor's Algorithm

Grover's Algorithm

Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm

Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm

K. Abbasi Secure Comm. through QKD BB84 was developed by Charles Bennett & Gilles Brassard in 1984 Alice is the authorised Sender Bob is the authorised Receiver Eve is the unauthorised Eavesdropper Eve Alice Bob

BB84 was developed by Charles Bennett & Gilles Brassard in 1984

Alice is the authorised Sender

Bob is the authorised Receiver

Eve is the unauthorised Eavesdropper

K. Abbasi Alice is going to send Bob a key. She begins with a random sequence of bits. Bits are encoded with a random basis, and then sent to Bob: BB84 Protocol Bit 0 1 0 1 1 Basis + × × + × Photon

Alice is going to send Bob a key.

She begins with a random sequence of bits.

Bits are encoded with a random basis, and then sent to Bob:

K. Abbasi Bob receives the photons and must decode them using a random basis. Some of his measurements are correct. + 0 + 0 × 0 + 1 × 1 BB84 Protocol Photon Basis ? Bit ?

Bob receives the photons and must decode them using a random basis.

Some of his measurements are correct.

K. Abbasi Comparison of Bits Alice Bob Photon Basis ? + + × + × Bit ? 0 0 0 1 1 Bit 0 1 0 1 1 Basis + × × + × Photon

K. Abbasi The test bits allow Alice and Bob to test whether the channel is secure or not ? As long as no errors have occurred, the test bits should match Alice and Bob have now made sure that the channel is secure . The test bits are removed Alice tells Bob the basis she used for the other bits , and they both have a common set of bits:…… The Final Key ! Alice & Bob Compare full sequence of Bases used …… NOT THE BITS The Test Bits and Parity Bits

The test bits allow Alice and Bob to test whether the channel is secure or not ?

As long as no errors have occurred, the test bits should match

Alice and Bob have now made sure that the channel is secure . The test bits are removed

Alice tells Bob the basis she used for the other bits , and they both have a common set of bits:…… The Final Key !

Alice & Bob Compare full sequence of Bases used

…… NOT THE BITS

K. Abbasi Quantum Flow Diagram

K. Abbasi Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) The number of wrong bits to the total number of received bits. QBER = (N wrong ) / (N right + N wrong ) It is normally in the order of a few percent. Data Rate with 50% errors are acceptable.

The number of wrong bits to the total number of received bits.

QBER = (N wrong ) / (N right + N wrong )

It is normally in the order of a few percent.

Data Rate with 50% errors are acceptable.

K. Abbasi Implementation: www.idquantique.com CERBERIS VECTIS CLAVIS

CERBERIS

VECTIS

CLAVIS

K. Abbasi Implementation: www.idquantique.com Quantis - Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG)

Quantis

- Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNG)

K. Abbasi Implementation: Dee-Waves Systems http://www.dwavesys.com First Complete Q-Computer Developed April 2007: 16-Qubit Computer Nov 2007: 28-Qubit Computer Feb 2008: First Commerciality Deployable Q-Computer was Launched

Dee-Waves Systems

http://www.dwavesys.com

First Complete Q-Computer Developed

April 2007: 16-Qubit Computer

Nov 2007: 28-Qubit Computer

Feb 2008: First Commerciality Deployable Q-Computer was Launched

Future of Q-Cryptography K. Abbasi Present Over 42 miles of optical fibre Cambridge, 100 km of optical fibre DARPA , 14.5 miles Free-Space N/W NW-U, 250 Mbit/sec Q-encrypted Demo Future Photon Based Secure Money Transfer Over 1 Gbit/sec transmissions A Q-Cryptographic solution Uncrackable Secure Q-Networks A complete Q-processor

Present

Over 42 miles of optical fibre

Cambridge, 100 km of optical fibre

DARPA , 14.5 miles Free-Space N/W

NW-U, 250 Mbit/sec Q-encrypted Demo

Future

Photon Based Secure Money Transfer

Over 1 Gbit/sec transmissions

A Q-Cryptographic solution

Uncrackable Secure Q-Networks

A complete Q-processor

Pitfalls of Q-Cryptography K. Abbasi Noise Induction Problem…… Natural noise vs. Eavesdropper effect ..?? Range Limitations….. 70-100 km Generation of one photon per time slot is difficult Fragile Q-state … …..coherent & decoherent states, amplification, entanglement Qubit Teleportation and Measurement Error Correction Parity Schemes

Noise Induction Problem…… Natural noise vs. Eavesdropper effect ..??

Range Limitations….. 70-100 km

Generation of one photon per time slot is difficult

Fragile Q-state … …..coherent & decoherent states, amplification, entanglement

Qubit Teleportation and Measurement

Error Correction

Parity Schemes

Conclusion K. Abbasi

References K. Abbasi Quantum Information Science , Cambridge, http://cam.qubit.org Quantum Cryptography, by Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G., Breidbart, S. and Wiesner, S., Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 82, August, Plenum Press: 267–275, 1982 Error-Check Breakthrough in Quantum Computing , by Simonite, Tom, New Scientist, 2006. http://www.newscientisttech.com/ article/dn9301-errorcheck-breakthrough-in-quantum-computing.html 16-qubit Superconductor-based Quantum Computers, by D-Wave Systems, February 13, 2007, http://www.dwavesys.com Quantum Cryptography and Random-Number Generators , id Quantique, http://www.idquantique.com

Quantum Information Science , Cambridge, http://cam.qubit.org

Quantum Cryptography, by Bennett, C. H., Brassard, G., Breidbart, S. and Wiesner, S.,

Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto 82, August, Plenum Press: 267–275, 1982

Error-Check Breakthrough in Quantum Computing , by Simonite, Tom, New Scientist, 2006. http://www.newscientisttech.com/ article/dn9301-errorcheck-breakthrough-in-quantum-computing.html

16-qubit Superconductor-based Quantum Computers, by D-Wave Systems, February 13, 2007, http://www.dwavesys.com

Quantum Cryptography and Random-Number Generators , id Quantique, http://www.idquantique.com

K. Abbasi The End…