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ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012



         Performance Measures of Hierarchical Cellular
              Networks on Queuing Handoff Calls
                                              Kashish Parwani1 and G.N. Purohit2
                                      1
                                        Banasthali University, AIM & ACT, Banasthali, India
                                                   Email: kparwani1@yahoo.com
                                      2
                                        Banasthali University, AIM & ACT, Banasthali, India
                                              Email: gn_purohitjaipur@yahoo.co.in

Abstract— Hierarchical Cellular Networks provide an
enhanced use of the indoor networks. These two lower layers
called picocell and femtocell consist both high and low speed
users. To prevent the dropping and blocking probabilities of
ongoing calls in a network, cells are spitted into the small
sizes. Although, many effective approaches are used but these
delaying calls reach in a queue until a channel becomes
available. In this paper, we propose M/M/C Markov model for
two low layers of HCN having a FIFO queue in the femtocell
layer and picocell layer, thereby comparing with a queue and
without a queue. The effect of having a queue in the femtocell
and picocell on both high and low speed users is observed.

Keyword—Hierarchical Cellular Network (HCN), Blocking
Probability, Markov Model, FIFO queue, Two low layer
(picocell and femtocell).

                        I. INTRODUCTION                                               Figure 1. Hierarchical Cellular Structure.
                                                                          et al. [2] has developed a Markov Model for a two tier cellular
    With the increasing demand of wireless communication
                                                                          network and also compared with previous proposed models.
service, the hierarchical cellular technology provides a back
                                                                          Chandrasekhar, et al.[3] gave femtocell networks a survey
bone for indoor networks. HCN have four type of layers i.e.
                                                                          which described the features of femtocell. Kudoh.E, et al. [4]
macrocell, microcell, picocell and femtocell but our
                                                                          studied picocell network for local positioning and information
concentration is only on two low layer of HCN i.e. picocell
                                                                          system.
and femtocell. In the past, source of indoor coverage was
                                                                              Parwani.K, et al. [19] proposed performance measures of
only provided by an outdoor antenna. And at present the
                                                                          mobile communication networks with hierarchical cellular
only way to increase indoor coverage is to add more cells
                                                                          networks. X.Wu, et. al. [6] compared the performance of two
and this led to the creation of more small outdoor cells
                                                                          tier cellular networks based on queuing handoff calls. In [10],
(microcells) providing more capacity for the network.
                                                                          proposed a combined channel assignment (CCA) mechanism
Unfortunately, this approach is expensive for operators
                                                                          for hierarchical cellular systems with overlaying macro cells
because it requires to install more sites, which dramatically
                                                                          and overlaid microcells. Jie Zhang, et. Al., studied femtocell
increase the maintenance costs.
                                                                          technology and deployment [17]. In July 2007, the femto forum
    Finally, the more recent solution is the installation of small
                                                                          [20] was founded to promote femtocells standardization and
indoor base stations like picocells or femtocells. A multitier
                                                                          deployment worldwide. Parwani. K, et. al. [18] compared the
cellular network can improve the system performance by
                                                                          performance of the two low layers of hierarchical cellular
having larger cells overlaying the smaller cells and high speed
                                                                          networks with four types of schemes: new call bounding
users are assigned to the layer with larger cell sized. We
                                                                          scheme, cut off priority scheme with and without sub-rating.
propose a model of two tier cellular network with a FIFO
                                                                              In [14] found out the challenges in the technical and
queue in the femtocell to study on the both high and low
                                                                          commercial aspects of femtocells for facilitation of the mass
speed users and compare with the result having a queue in
                                                                          deployment of femtocells in the global scenario. Jung-
the femtocell and having no queue in picocell.
                                                                          Min.Moon et. al. [15], studied the performance of a combined
                                                                          guard channel and channel reservation with queuing resource
                       II. RELETED WORK
                                                                          management scheme for efficient handing of handoff calls in
    Many models have been developed in wireless cellular                  a macro / femtocell hierarchical cellular network. A bandwidth
networks which provide the best performance and efficiency.               efficient handoff strategy is proposed [12] and analyzed for
In [1] proposed the handover call blocking probability in                 hierarchical cellular system.
cellular networks with high speed moving terminals. Salih.T,
© 2012 ACEEE                                                         29
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012


                   III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION                                          TABLE I. MODEL PARAMETERS   AND DESCRIPTIONS


    In this paper, two low layers of HCN with a FIFO queue in
the femtocell is proposed. A small geographical area is
covered by this proposed model. Low and high speed users
are assigned to the femtocells and the picocells, respectively.
The radius of the femtocell is smaller than the picocell, and
an integer number of femtocells are covered by one picocell.
A handoff call is blocked when it cannot find a free channel
in the desired cell. This happens due to the queue is full or
the queue time assigned to the user is too short, a new call is
blocked when it cannot find a free channel in the cell at that
time calls will be overflowed. Once a low speed user call is
overflowed to the picocell it cannot return back to the
                                                                                         V. ANALYSIS OF THE FEMTOCELL
femtocell and when a low speed user becomes a high speed
user the call is overflowed to the picocell. Calls overflow             A. FEMTOCELL    LAYER WITHOUT QUEUE
from the femtocell to the picocell when the low speed user
                                                                            A femtocell layer with two types of users and without a
becomes a high speed user and when the low speed user’s
                                                                        queue is analyzed with a state s (i), where i denotes the number
new and handoff call cannot find a free channel in the
                                                                        of low speed users using the c channels. The state transition
femtocell.
                                                                        diagram is as follows:
                  IV. MODEL DESCRIPTION
    We assume that the cells are circular in shape. Table
1.shows the parameters have used for modeling cellular
network. The arrival rates of new calls and handoff calls for              Figure 2. State transition diagram for a femtocell containing 3
both low and high speed users are assumed to be Poisson                                                cha nnels.
process. The cell dwelling time is the time a mobile user spends        The steady state probability of the system is given by :
in a cell. It depends on the speed of the mobile user and the
size of the cell.
    We consider a single cell which present in the network
and the picocell covers N number of femtocells and the cells
are circular in shape. Each cell has C channels, and FIFO
queue size Q in the picocell. The arrival rates of new calls for
low and high speed users are Poisson processes with a rate
of l and h calls per second respectively. The arrival rate of
handoff calls for low and high speed users are Poisson
processes with a rate of         and           calls per second
respectively. The average holding time for both types of users
is negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of 1/µ.                 To find the arrival rate of handoff calls, we use the method
The cell dwelling time can be calculated as:                            in [7] as follows:



     Where r in the radius of the cell and v is the speed of the
mobile users. The cell dwelling time for low and high speed
                                                                            The blocking probabilities for the new and handoff calls
users are negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of
                                                                        are the same since no prioritization is used. Both probabilities
1/µdl­ and 1/µdh respectively. In [6], it is shown that the mean
                                                                        are used as in [20] to calculate the overflow traffic to the
queue time depends on two parameters.
                                                                        picocell. The new call blocking probabilities for low speed
i) The mean cell dwelling time
                                                                        users in the femtocell, Pn is given by
ii) The maximum cross distance M, over the overlapping zone
between two cells. Hence queue time = (M/100)*cell dwelling
time. We assume that the queue time for low and high speed
users is negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of
1/µql­ and 1/µdh, respectively.




© 2012 ACEEE                                                       30
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012


B. FEMTOCELL LAYER WITH QUEUE:
Fig (3) shows the state s(i), where i denotes the number of
low speed users in the femtocell and represented by a Markov
Chain with FIFO queue. We assume that the number of
channels, C=3 and the queue size Q=3;




    Figure 3. State transition diagram for a femtocell with 3 channel
                        and a queues size 3.
In the above transition diagram, m and q are given by m=µ+µdl
and q = µ+µql, respectively.
By solving the Markov chain; we find that the state prob.P (i)
                                                                                  Figure 4. Markov model of the picocell with 3 channels.
:
                                                                             The parameters involved in the Markov chain are defined as
                                                                             follows:




                                                                             To find the equilibrium eq. of the state probabilities using [9],


         c

Since   
        i0
              P ( i )  1 , then P (0) can be expressed as;




                                                                             The equilibrium eq. for the state occupancy probabilities
                                                                             P(I,j,q) can be calculated as follows:

The blocking probability for new calls, Pn, is given by
                                                                                                                                      (11)

                                                                             The blocking probability for new calls, Pbn. in the picocell is
                                                                             given by
The blocking probability for new calls, Ph, is given by


                                                                                Since, the picocell does not have a queue, the blocking
                                                                             probability for handoff calls, Pbh, in the picocell can be
The overflow traffic for low speed new calls, λol and handoff                calculated using the same equation for Pbh.
call, λolh are calculated using following equations.
                                                                                               VII. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
                                                                                 In this section, we describe the numerical results for the
                                                                             two low layers of HCN. We propose the M/M/C Markov
                 VI. ANALYSIS OF THE PICOCELL
                                                                             model and compare the results with and without a queue in
    In this section, the analysis corresponds to the picocell                the femtocell and without a queue in the picocell. We assume
layer without queue. Fig (4) shows the state s(i,j) where i                  that one picocell covers N=7 femtocells and each cell
and j are the number of low and high speed users in the                      contains3 Channels. Speed of the low mobile users is 1m/s
system and Markov chain model with 3 channels is shown in                    and high mobile users are 10 m/s. The cell size of the picocell
figure 3.


© 2012 ACEEE                                                            31
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012


is larger than the femtocell and radius of the femtocell = 2                   TABLE III. BLOCKING PROBABILITY OF HANDOFF   CALLS

meters and the picocell 10 meters. The maximum cross distance
of the overlapping zone between two cells is 13% of the
diameter of a cell. Queuetimeqt=3x0.13=0.39 sec  0.4 sec.
The cell dwelling time = 3x7 =7.8  8 sec. Fig.5. shows that
the model with a queue in the femtocell layer has higher
blocking probability then the others because it has a queue
and other two are having lower blocking probability because
they have no queue. Fig.6 shows that the blocking probability
for handoff call is increases due to having a queue in
femtocell and decreases as there is no queue in femtocell and
picocell.
                                                                                                CONCLUSION
                                                                         In this paper, we proposed a Markov Model for a two low
                                                                     layers (picocell and femtocell) of hierarchical cellular network
                                                                     with a FIFO queue. We considered the cell size, the cell
                                                                     dwelling time and the mobility of users to calculate the queue
                                                                     times of both types of users. We have proved that by having
                                                                     a queue of the handoff call blocking probability is reduced.
                                                                     The performance of the proposed model shows that having a
                                                                     queue in one of layer of the cellular network depends on the
                                                                     distribution of the users in the geographical area of the
                                                                     network.

                                                                                                REFERENCES

           Figure 5. Blocking probability of new calls               [1] K Ioannou, S. Louvros, “Optimizing the handover call blocking
                                                                     probability in cellular networks with high speed moving terminals.
                                                                     IEEE Communications letters, VOL6, No.10, Oct 2002.
                                                                     [2] Tara Salih, Kamal M Fidanboyiu, “Performance Analysis and
                                                                     Modeling of tier cellular networks with queuing handoff calls,
                                                                     IEEE international symposium on computers and communication
                                                                     (ISCC’03) 2003.
                                                                     [3] V. Chandrashekhar and J.C. Andrews, “Femtocell networks, A
                                                                     survey”. IEEE communication magazine, Vol.46, no.49, pp59-67,
                                                                     sep2008.
                                                                     [4] E Kudoh, A.Shibuja, S. Kobotu, ‘Pico cell network for local
                                                                     positioning and information system, ‘in 26th annual conference of
                                                                     tha IEEE industrial Electronic society. Vol.2, Oct2000, pp.1165-
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          Figure 6. Blocking probability of handoff calls            mathematics and computer sciences Feb 2006.
                                                                     [6] Wu, X. “Supporting quality of services (Qos) in overlaid wireless
            TABLE II. B LOCKING PROBABILITY OF   NEW CALLS
                                                                     networks, PhD. thesis; University of California Davis, USA 2001.
                                                                     [7] L.Hu and S.S. Rappaport, “Personal communication systems
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                                                                     areas in communications, 13(2), 406-415, Feb 1995.
                                                                     [8] M. Chiu and M.A Bassioni, “Predictive schemes for handoff
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                                                                     IEEE on selected area in communications, Vol. 18, No. 3, March
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© 2012 ACEEE                                                    32
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012


[10] R.K. Jain and N.K. Agrawal, “Hierarchical cellular structures            Conference, VTC 2007-Spring, pp. 1265-1269, 2007.
in high capacity cellular communication systems.” IJACSA                     [15] Jung-Min Moon and Dong-Ho Cho, “Efficient handoff
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[11] S.S.Prasad and R. Baruah. “Femtocell mass                               755-757, Oct 2009.
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identification in communication IEEE Press Piscataway, NJ,                   A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, publication (2010).
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[12] Boli, Chenke Wu and Fujuda. A, “Performance analysis of                 evaluation of mobile communication in a hierarchical cellular system
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[14] Wu, X.,Zheng, J., Regantova, E.Jiang, Y.”Analysis of the effect         [21] www.femtoforum.org.
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admission in hierarchical cellular networks”. Vehicular Technology




© 2012 ACEEE                                                            33
DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01.528

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Performance Measures of Hierarchical Cellular Networks on Queuing Handoff Calls

  • 1. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012 Performance Measures of Hierarchical Cellular Networks on Queuing Handoff Calls Kashish Parwani1 and G.N. Purohit2 1 Banasthali University, AIM & ACT, Banasthali, India Email: kparwani1@yahoo.com 2 Banasthali University, AIM & ACT, Banasthali, India Email: gn_purohitjaipur@yahoo.co.in Abstract— Hierarchical Cellular Networks provide an enhanced use of the indoor networks. These two lower layers called picocell and femtocell consist both high and low speed users. To prevent the dropping and blocking probabilities of ongoing calls in a network, cells are spitted into the small sizes. Although, many effective approaches are used but these delaying calls reach in a queue until a channel becomes available. In this paper, we propose M/M/C Markov model for two low layers of HCN having a FIFO queue in the femtocell layer and picocell layer, thereby comparing with a queue and without a queue. The effect of having a queue in the femtocell and picocell on both high and low speed users is observed. Keyword—Hierarchical Cellular Network (HCN), Blocking Probability, Markov Model, FIFO queue, Two low layer (picocell and femtocell). I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Hierarchical Cellular Structure. et al. [2] has developed a Markov Model for a two tier cellular With the increasing demand of wireless communication network and also compared with previous proposed models. service, the hierarchical cellular technology provides a back Chandrasekhar, et al.[3] gave femtocell networks a survey bone for indoor networks. HCN have four type of layers i.e. which described the features of femtocell. Kudoh.E, et al. [4] macrocell, microcell, picocell and femtocell but our studied picocell network for local positioning and information concentration is only on two low layer of HCN i.e. picocell system. and femtocell. In the past, source of indoor coverage was Parwani.K, et al. [19] proposed performance measures of only provided by an outdoor antenna. And at present the mobile communication networks with hierarchical cellular only way to increase indoor coverage is to add more cells networks. X.Wu, et. al. [6] compared the performance of two and this led to the creation of more small outdoor cells tier cellular networks based on queuing handoff calls. In [10], (microcells) providing more capacity for the network. proposed a combined channel assignment (CCA) mechanism Unfortunately, this approach is expensive for operators for hierarchical cellular systems with overlaying macro cells because it requires to install more sites, which dramatically and overlaid microcells. Jie Zhang, et. Al., studied femtocell increase the maintenance costs. technology and deployment [17]. In July 2007, the femto forum Finally, the more recent solution is the installation of small [20] was founded to promote femtocells standardization and indoor base stations like picocells or femtocells. A multitier deployment worldwide. Parwani. K, et. al. [18] compared the cellular network can improve the system performance by performance of the two low layers of hierarchical cellular having larger cells overlaying the smaller cells and high speed networks with four types of schemes: new call bounding users are assigned to the layer with larger cell sized. We scheme, cut off priority scheme with and without sub-rating. propose a model of two tier cellular network with a FIFO In [14] found out the challenges in the technical and queue in the femtocell to study on the both high and low commercial aspects of femtocells for facilitation of the mass speed users and compare with the result having a queue in deployment of femtocells in the global scenario. Jung- the femtocell and having no queue in picocell. Min.Moon et. al. [15], studied the performance of a combined guard channel and channel reservation with queuing resource II. RELETED WORK management scheme for efficient handing of handoff calls in Many models have been developed in wireless cellular a macro / femtocell hierarchical cellular network. A bandwidth networks which provide the best performance and efficiency. efficient handoff strategy is proposed [12] and analyzed for In [1] proposed the handover call blocking probability in hierarchical cellular system. cellular networks with high speed moving terminals. Salih.T, © 2012 ACEEE 29 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
  • 2. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012 III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION TABLE I. MODEL PARAMETERS AND DESCRIPTIONS In this paper, two low layers of HCN with a FIFO queue in the femtocell is proposed. A small geographical area is covered by this proposed model. Low and high speed users are assigned to the femtocells and the picocells, respectively. The radius of the femtocell is smaller than the picocell, and an integer number of femtocells are covered by one picocell. A handoff call is blocked when it cannot find a free channel in the desired cell. This happens due to the queue is full or the queue time assigned to the user is too short, a new call is blocked when it cannot find a free channel in the cell at that time calls will be overflowed. Once a low speed user call is overflowed to the picocell it cannot return back to the V. ANALYSIS OF THE FEMTOCELL femtocell and when a low speed user becomes a high speed user the call is overflowed to the picocell. Calls overflow A. FEMTOCELL LAYER WITHOUT QUEUE from the femtocell to the picocell when the low speed user A femtocell layer with two types of users and without a becomes a high speed user and when the low speed user’s queue is analyzed with a state s (i), where i denotes the number new and handoff call cannot find a free channel in the of low speed users using the c channels. The state transition femtocell. diagram is as follows: IV. MODEL DESCRIPTION We assume that the cells are circular in shape. Table 1.shows the parameters have used for modeling cellular network. The arrival rates of new calls and handoff calls for Figure 2. State transition diagram for a femtocell containing 3 both low and high speed users are assumed to be Poisson cha nnels. process. The cell dwelling time is the time a mobile user spends The steady state probability of the system is given by : in a cell. It depends on the speed of the mobile user and the size of the cell. We consider a single cell which present in the network and the picocell covers N number of femtocells and the cells are circular in shape. Each cell has C channels, and FIFO queue size Q in the picocell. The arrival rates of new calls for low and high speed users are Poisson processes with a rate of l and h calls per second respectively. The arrival rate of handoff calls for low and high speed users are Poisson processes with a rate of and calls per second respectively. The average holding time for both types of users is negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of 1/µ. To find the arrival rate of handoff calls, we use the method The cell dwelling time can be calculated as: in [7] as follows: Where r in the radius of the cell and v is the speed of the mobile users. The cell dwelling time for low and high speed The blocking probabilities for the new and handoff calls users are negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of are the same since no prioritization is used. Both probabilities 1/µdl­ and 1/µdh respectively. In [6], it is shown that the mean are used as in [20] to calculate the overflow traffic to the queue time depends on two parameters. picocell. The new call blocking probabilities for low speed i) The mean cell dwelling time users in the femtocell, Pn is given by ii) The maximum cross distance M, over the overlapping zone between two cells. Hence queue time = (M/100)*cell dwelling time. We assume that the queue time for low and high speed users is negatively exponentially distributed with a mean of 1/µql­ and 1/µdh, respectively. © 2012 ACEEE 30 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
  • 3. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012 B. FEMTOCELL LAYER WITH QUEUE: Fig (3) shows the state s(i), where i denotes the number of low speed users in the femtocell and represented by a Markov Chain with FIFO queue. We assume that the number of channels, C=3 and the queue size Q=3; Figure 3. State transition diagram for a femtocell with 3 channel and a queues size 3. In the above transition diagram, m and q are given by m=µ+µdl and q = µ+µql, respectively. By solving the Markov chain; we find that the state prob.P (i) Figure 4. Markov model of the picocell with 3 channels. : The parameters involved in the Markov chain are defined as follows: To find the equilibrium eq. of the state probabilities using [9], c Since  i0 P ( i )  1 , then P (0) can be expressed as; The equilibrium eq. for the state occupancy probabilities P(I,j,q) can be calculated as follows: The blocking probability for new calls, Pn, is given by (11) The blocking probability for new calls, Pbn. in the picocell is given by The blocking probability for new calls, Ph, is given by Since, the picocell does not have a queue, the blocking probability for handoff calls, Pbh, in the picocell can be The overflow traffic for low speed new calls, λol and handoff calculated using the same equation for Pbh. call, λolh are calculated using following equations. VII. RESULTS & DISCUSSION In this section, we describe the numerical results for the two low layers of HCN. We propose the M/M/C Markov VI. ANALYSIS OF THE PICOCELL model and compare the results with and without a queue in In this section, the analysis corresponds to the picocell the femtocell and without a queue in the picocell. We assume layer without queue. Fig (4) shows the state s(i,j) where i that one picocell covers N=7 femtocells and each cell and j are the number of low and high speed users in the contains3 Channels. Speed of the low mobile users is 1m/s system and Markov chain model with 3 channels is shown in and high mobile users are 10 m/s. The cell size of the picocell figure 3. © 2012 ACEEE 31 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
  • 4. ACEEE Int. J. on Network Security , Vol. 03, No. 01, Jan 2012 is larger than the femtocell and radius of the femtocell = 2 TABLE III. BLOCKING PROBABILITY OF HANDOFF CALLS meters and the picocell 10 meters. The maximum cross distance of the overlapping zone between two cells is 13% of the diameter of a cell. Queuetimeqt=3x0.13=0.39 sec  0.4 sec. The cell dwelling time = 3x7 =7.8  8 sec. Fig.5. shows that the model with a queue in the femtocell layer has higher blocking probability then the others because it has a queue and other two are having lower blocking probability because they have no queue. Fig.6 shows that the blocking probability for handoff call is increases due to having a queue in femtocell and decreases as there is no queue in femtocell and picocell. CONCLUSION In this paper, we proposed a Markov Model for a two low layers (picocell and femtocell) of hierarchical cellular network with a FIFO queue. We considered the cell size, the cell dwelling time and the mobility of users to calculate the queue times of both types of users. We have proved that by having a queue of the handoff call blocking probability is reduced. The performance of the proposed model shows that having a queue in one of layer of the cellular network depends on the distribution of the users in the geographical area of the network. REFERENCES Figure 5. Blocking probability of new calls [1] K Ioannou, S. Louvros, “Optimizing the handover call blocking probability in cellular networks with high speed moving terminals. IEEE Communications letters, VOL6, No.10, Oct 2002. [2] Tara Salih, Kamal M Fidanboyiu, “Performance Analysis and Modeling of tier cellular networks with queuing handoff calls, IEEE international symposium on computers and communication (ISCC’03) 2003. [3] V. Chandrashekhar and J.C. Andrews, “Femtocell networks, A survey”. IEEE communication magazine, Vol.46, no.49, pp59-67, sep2008. [4] E Kudoh, A.Shibuja, S. Kobotu, ‘Pico cell network for local positioning and information system, ‘in 26th annual conference of tha IEEE industrial Electronic society. Vol.2, Oct2000, pp.1165- 1170. [5] Tara Salih and Kemal Fidanbouh, “A comparison of the comparison of the performance of two tier cellular networks based on querying handoff calls, International journal of applied Figure 6. Blocking probability of handoff calls mathematics and computer sciences Feb 2006. [6] Wu, X. “Supporting quality of services (Qos) in overlaid wireless TABLE II. B LOCKING PROBABILITY OF NEW CALLS networks, PhD. thesis; University of California Davis, USA 2001. [7] L.Hu and S.S. Rappaport, “Personal communication systems using multiple hierarchical cellular overlays”, IEEE Journal selected areas in communications, 13(2), 406-415, Feb 1995. [8] M. Chiu and M.A Bassioni, “Predictive schemes for handoff prioritization in cellular networks based on mobile positioning”. IEEE on selected area in communications, Vol. 18, No. 3, March 2000. [9] X.Liu, A.O. Fapojuwo, “Resource management for handoff traffic in hierarchical cellular networks”. 24th IEEE international, Performance, computing, and communications conference, 2005. IPCCC. © 2012 ACEEE 32 DOI: 01.IJNS.03.01. 528
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