ICTs, development and government: from e-Readiness to e-Awareness

ICTs, development and government: from e-Readiness to e-Awareness Ismael Peña-López Open University of Catalonia Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 1

Agenda • Why should access (to ICTs) be fostered? • What do we mean by access? • How has been access measured and why measurements do or do not work? • Why are there different digital development models and what can be done to foster access? • e-Readiness and e-Government Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 2

Why fostering access Evidence shows: • Positive impact on sociability and personal relationships (communication) • Positive impact on the (macro)economy, e.g. growth • Positive impact on the (micro)economy, e.g. productivity • Impact on employment, culture (positive and negative) New opportunities, new divides Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 4

Why fostering access Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang, Alexander Pitt and Seth Ayers. World Bank (2003) ICT & Development Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 5

Why fostering access ICTs necessary for Investment Livelihood support Entrepreneurship ICTs facilitate Cost-effective public services Cost-effective private services Nishimoto, S. & Lal, R. (2005). “Development divides and digital bridges: why ICT is key for achieving the MDGs”. In Commonwealth Secretariat (Ed.) Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 8

Why fostering access Health Governance e-Health e-Governance Genomics e-Government e-Administration Education e-Democracy e-Learning e-Participation Blended Learning m-Learning Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 9

What is the Digital Divide? BUT: In 1994, developed countries were almost 5 points ahead than developing in mobile penetration. Ten years later, they are 58 points ahead. ITU (2006). World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for social and economic development. Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 11

What is the Digital Divide? ITU (2006). World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for social and economic development. Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 12

Fostering the Information Society ICTs ? Development measure test impact test efficiency/efficacy measure Policies ? ICTs Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 14

What is access Two (main) models (and a half): Telecommunications model: Capability to send one’s message – THE EMITTER Broadcasting model: Range of products on offer – THE RECEIVER Conduits model: The ability/capacity of effective usage Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 15

How to measure access • Theoretical models • One time assessments • Indices • Data Sets Composed by indicators that can be categorized into: • Infrastructures • Legal framework • ICT Sector • Usage • Digital Skills All of them from the point of view of • supply • demand Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 19

Distribution of indicators • Lack of available indicators, analyses difficult to be made • Tiny concern about the affordability of infrastructures • Role of the ICT Sector is, in our opinion, underrepresented • Little effort is put to measure the digital capacity • Few existing indicators measure both the regulation of the information Society Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 20

A Comprehensive Model Infrastructures ICT Sector Digital Skills Legal Content and Framework Services Supply Assets Enterprises Digital ICT (Sector) Availability Availability Literacy Level Regulation Economy Demand Information Flows Digital Society Intensity of Affordability Workforce Literacy Strategies Use Training and Policies Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 25

Some… evidences? • Highly significant correlation amongst almost all digital variables, no evident causality amongst them • The main reasons for the development of a Digital Economy are analogue variables (e.g. Education, Health) • Changes in digital variables cannot be explained within the digital economy (i.e. by only changing other digital variables) • Is (digital economy based) leapfrogging a mirage? (i.e. ICTs as multipliers or catalysts, but not development locomotives) Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 27

Digital literacy Correlation between LiveJournal users and FaceBook users and significant BUT Relationships of causability between LiveJournal or Facebook users and Human Capital, non significant Relationships of causability between LiveJournal or Facebook users and Human Capital, non significant reflection: can digital literacy be proxied by level of education? NO? Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 34

e-Readiness & e-Governance • TelCos Law • Hardware • Infrastructures Policies Technological • Software • Foreign trade Policies Infrastructures • Connectivity • Intellectual property and patents • ICT Sector fostering • Infrastructure installation • Infrastructure maintenance ICT Sector • Infrastructure creation • Infrastructures Policies • Technological literacy • R+D+I Policies • Informational literacy • Educative Policy Digital Literacy • Media literacy Legal • e-Awareness Frame- • Intellectual property and patents work • Locally relevant content • Data protection • Content creation, transmission & • Identity in the Net commercialization • Information Society Law Content, • e-Comunication among Community • Content Policies individuals and communities & Services • e-Communication Policies • Presence in the Net & virtual • Distance learning Policies communities • Internet Governance • Foreign trade Policies • e-Services Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 • Participative Democracy • e-Public Sector 36 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC • ICT4D

e-Readiness & e-Governance e-Readiness ICT Sector & Content and Services Leadership Technological infrastructures • Infrastructures in institutions • Realistic and • PC in institutions and agents • Infrastructures for agents working progressive goals • Affordable generic and specific with the institutions setting in the field software • Connection among institutions of digital divide • Affordable quality connectivity and with agents and e-sectors development Digital Literacy • Infrastructures maintenance • Creation of specific databases, • Identification of applications for public/private promoters • Infrastructure creation/maintenance sectors (agents, capacitation institutions) • Functional literacy • Human resources capacitation • Awareness en corresponding e- • Sponsors Content, Community & Services sector participation and involvement • Information about institutions and • Information and user/customer • Prescriptors agents feedbacking system • Specific/sectorial information, • Transparency & monitoring content, procedures • Internal • Processes shared management organization and • Use of the Net among agents and • Data sharing and agents coordination. institutions relationship/networking Legal and political • e-Services Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 accompanying • Participation in decision stages measures • e-Public Sector © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 37

Barcelona, October 20th, 2008. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya To cite this work: Peña-López, Ismael. (2008) ICTs, development and government: from e-Readiness to e-Awareness <http://ictlogy.net/presentations/20081020_ismael_pena-lopez_-_ict_development_government.pdf> [downloaded dd/mm/aaaa] To contact the author: http://ismael.ictlogy.net All the information in this document under a Creative Commons license: Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivs More information please visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Executive Master in e-Governance (e-Gov) 2008/09 © 2008/09 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC 38

ICTs, development and government: from e-Readiness to e-Awareness

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