1. Optimization of biodiesel productions from Indian
mustard oil by biological tri-calcium phosphate
catalyst derived from turkey bone ash
by
1

2. INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel, a biodegradable fuel, can be developed from
renewable resources, emits low emission of carbon
monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons.
Influence of carbon dioxide generated on the climate
change, is low.
an attractive substitute to petroleum based fuel.
2

3. MOTIVATION OF THE WORK
Development of eco-friendly costeffective heterogeneous solid
catalysts.
Utilisation of municipal bio-waste
and waste valorisation
Minimize
the
production
and
separation cost of biodiesel by
developing effective solid catalyst
Waste management ( to alleviate
the solid waste disposal )
3

4. Literature Review
SL NO:-
TITLE OF THE
PAPER:-
JOURNAL:-
1.
Application
of
calcined waste fish
scale as low cost
heterogeneous
catalyst for biodiesel
synthesis.
2.
Transesterification of Bioresource
soybean oil using Technology
combusted
oyster 2009
shell waste as a
catalyst.
Bioresource
Technology
30th
october,2010
AUTHORS:-
R. Chakraborty,
S. Bepari, A.
Banerjee
N. Nakatani, H.
Takamori, K.
Takeda, H.
Sakugawa
4

5. Advantages of heterogeneous catalyst over
homogeneous
 Product separation is easier and cheaper
 No corrosion and contamination problem
 Avoids formation of inorganic salts
 Tolerates a wide range of Temperature and Pressure
 Easy and safe disposal
5

6. Aims and Objective

Preparation and characterization of Biological Tri-calcium phosphate
catalyst(BTCP)

Efficacy evaluation of the novel catalyst in methanolysis reaction of
Mustard oil (MO)

Process optimization, maximization of yield of biodiesel

Assessment of the product biodiesel(B20 biodiesel)
6

7. Materials and Methods
hh
Catalyst Preparation
and Characterization
Methanolysis
reaction
Design of experiment
by FCCD model
7

8. Materials
•
Mustard oil (MO)
•
Turkey bone (TB)
•
Methanol (>99%)
8

9. Methanolysis Reaction
9

10. Design Of Experiment
 Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was formulated using face centered
central composite design (FCCD) with three factors to evalute the
performance of the developed catalyst(BTCP).
 These three process factors are:1. Catalyst Concentration (XC )
2. Methanol to oil molar ratio (XMR )
3. Calcination Temperature (XCT )
9

11. Experimental Ranges and levels of the
Independent Variables Factors Used in
RSM
Factors
Name
Units
-1
level
0
level
+1
level
XC
Catalyst
Concentration
(Wt.%)
1
3
5
XMR
Methanol to
oil molar ratio
-
6
8
10
XCT
Calcination
Temperature
( C)
800
900
1000
1
0

12. Optimal process conditions

The maximum yield (Φ)fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) 91.22% is
determined through RSM where the optimal process conditions are
maintained i.e. methanol to mustard oil (MO) molar ratio of 9.90:1,
calcination temperature of 909.4 C and catalyst concentration of 4.97
wt% of MO.

In order to assess the optimal process conditions experimentally,
methanolysis reaction was conducted at the predicted optimum
conditions in triplicate and checked with the predictive ability of the
developed model i.e. Eq. (1). A difference of only 0.5 % was calculated
between the predicted and experimental results.

2
2
87 .39 0.76 xMR 1.29 xC 3.10 xCT 1.78 xMR 6.32 xCT ....Eq. (1)
11

13. Individual parametric effects on FAME
Yield

The individual effects of the process factors on the response, FAME
yield (φ) are shown by the following three plots:
(a) methanol to oil molar ratio (XMR )
(b) Catalyst Concentration (wt.%) (XC )
(c) Calcination temperature ( C) (XCT )
1
2

14. FAME Yield, wt%
(a) Effect of Methanol to oil ratio on
FAME Yield
Methanol to oil molar ratio
Fig-(a)
1
3

15. FAME Yield, wt%
(b) Effect of catalyst concentration on
FAME Yield
Catalyst Concentration
Fig-(b)
1
4

16. FAME Yield, wt%
(c)Effect of Calcination Temperature on
FAME Yield
Calcination Temperature
Fig-(c)
1
5

17. Catalyst Preparation

Collected from the local market.

Boiled in deionized water for 4h.

Wet ground in a ball mill

Calcined in air in a muffle furnace for 4 h.
1
6

18. Catalyst Characterization

XRD (X-ray diffraction)

FESEM(Field-emission scanning electron microscopy)

BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)

BJH(Barrett-Joyner-Halenda)

FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)
1
7

19. Intensity (cps)
XRD analysis of catalyst

Fig.1 (a, b, c). XRD configurations of BTCP catalyst obtained at
different calcination temperatures viz. 800 C, 900 C and 1000 C.
[Characteristic peaks of Hdroxyapetite ( ), Ca3(PO4)2 ( ), CaCO3
( ), CaO ( ) ] ;
18

20. BET analysis of catalyst
1
9

21. FESEM analysis of catalyst
2
0

22. Transmittance(%)
FTIR analysis of catalyst
Wave number (cm-1)
2
1

23. Catalyst Reusability
 The developed BTCP catalyst could exhibit retention of catalytic activity
over five reaction cycles.
 Afterwards, the catalyst was regenerated through methanol washing to
remove the adsorbed stains followed by air drying at 105 C for 1h. and did
the same performance for two more reaction cycles.
 However, subsequently, the catalyst was found to have relatively inferior
performance (4% reduction in FAME yield for next 3 h methanolysis).
2
2

24. Quality evaluation of product biodiesel
The FAME content of biodiesel (ΨFAME) synthesized from
MO was measured using GC apparatus (Perichrom
Instrumentation, PR-2100) fitted with a flame ionization
detector (FID) using a capillary column (SGE E10, 25 m x
0.53 mm i.d. x1.0 µm).
wb
Overall FAME yield,
(
) FAME
wMO
The ASTM and EN standard methods were applied to
determine the key fuel properties of B20 biodiesel (80%
petro- diesel with 20% prepared biodiesel
23

25. Properties of B20 Biodiesel
Properties
Specification
Result
ASTM or
European
Testing Method
Density (15 C)
860-900
880
EN ISO 3675
Viscosity
(40 C,mm²/sec)
1.9-6.0
3.43
ASTM D445
Flash Point ( C)
93 min
128
ASTM D93
Cetane number
( C)
47 min
51
ASTM D613
Cloud Point ( C) Report
1
ASTM D2500
Pour Point ( C)
Report
-10
ASTM D7647
Sulfur (ppm)
15.0 max
10
ASTM D3120
0.10
ASTM D664
Acid
0.5 max
number(mgKOH
/g)
2
4

26. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion

The efficacy of the novel BTCP catalyst has been
demonstrated through methanolysis of Indian mustard oil to
yield biodiesel B20 conforming to ASTMEN specifications.

The optimal FAME yield, at moderately low values of the
process factors.

A novel avenue for generation of green fuel towards
sustainable development through proper waste management.
2
5

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