2. 2
The process in living organisms of taking in
oxygen from the surroundings and giving
out carbon dioxide (external respiration).
During which energy is released and carbon
dioxide produced (internal respiration).
3. 3
The Respiratory System includes the nose,
mouth, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, and
lungs.
Carbon monoxide gas starves the body of oxygen.
13. The structure of the atom
ELECTRON –
negative, mass
nearly nothing
PROTON – positive,
same mass as
neutron (“1”)
NEUTRON –
neutral, same mass
as proton (“1”)
The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up
of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808 that
proved this and called these particles ATOMS:
Dalton
18. Mass and atomic number
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number
of neutrons
SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER = number of protons
(obviously)
30. Mendeleev
Periodic table
The periodic table arranges all the elements in groups
according to their properties.
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
Vertical columns are
called GROUPS
31. How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons.
• The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
32. H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na
M
g
Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe Ni
C
u
Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
Pt
A
u
H
g
The Periodic Table
Fact 3: Most of the elements are metals:
These elements are
metals
This line divides metals
from non-metals These elements are non-
metals
36. The halogens – some reactions1) Halogen + metal:
Na
+
Cl
-
Na Cl+
2) Halogen + non-metal:
H Cl+ Cl H
Halogen + metal ionic salt
Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule
37. How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons.
• The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.
• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
38. Electron structureConsider an atom of Potassium:
Potassium has 19 electrons.
These are arranged in shells…
Nucleus
The inner shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has the remaining __ electron
Electron structure
= 2,8,8,1
39. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Hydrogen
H
1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Helium
He
2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
40. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Lithium
Li
2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Beryllium
Be
2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
41. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Boron
B
2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Carbon
C
2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron
42. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Nitrogen
N
2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Oxygen
O
2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron
43. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Fluorine
F
2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron
Neon
Ne
2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron
44. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Sodium
Na
2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron
Magnesium
Mg
2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
45. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Aluminium
Al
2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron
Silicon
Si
2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron
46. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Phosphorus
P
2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron
Sulphur
S
2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
47. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Chlorine
Cl
2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron
Argon
Ar
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
48. How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Potassium 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron
Calcium
Ca
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron
49. The First Twenty Elements
• Hydrogen 1,0,0,0
• Helium 2,0,0,0
• Lithium 2,1,0,0
• Beryllium 2,2,0,0
• Boron 2,3,0,0
• Carbon 2,4,0,0
• Nitrogen 2,5,0,0
50. First 20 Elements continued
• Oxygen 2,6,0,0
• Fluorine 2,7,0,0
• Neon 2,8,0,0
• Sodium 2,8,1,0
• Magnesium 2,8,2,0
• Aluminium 2,8,3,0
• Silicon 2,8,4,0
51. First 20 Elements continued
• Phosphorus 2,8,5,0
• Sulphur 2,8,6,0
• Chlorine 2,8,7,0
• Argon 2,8,8,0
• Potassium 2,8,8,1
• Calcium 2,8,8,2
52. Reactions
• Sodium and Chlorine react to form
• Sodium Chloride.
• Iron and Chlorine react to form
• Iron Chloride.
• 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl.
• Fe + Cl2 FeCl2.
54. Average vs. Instantaneous speed
• Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the
time to travel.
• Instantaneous speed is the average speed for infinitely
small distances and times.
TimeTravel
Total
SpeedAverage
CoveredDistance
0)(~AmountTimeMinimalIn
CoveredDistance
SpeedousInstantene
