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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
206
PROBABILISTIC DESIGN AND RANDOM OPTIMIZATION OF HOLLOW
CIRCULAR COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BY USING FINITE ELEMENT
METHOD
Mr. Shinde Sachin M.
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India
ABSTRACT
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo
method i.e. direct sampling. A three dimensional transient analysis of large displacement type has
been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow circular composite structure has been carried out
and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. More over optimization of selected design variables
has been carried out by using random optimization method. Bending stress was objective function.
Beam length, elastic modulus of epoxy graphite, ply angles of hollow circular section, radius and
force are randomly varied within effective range and their effect on bending stress has been
analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is benchmarked from results in
literature. Ultimately, best set of optimized design variable is proposed to reduce bending stress
under different loading condition.
Keywords: Hollow Circular Composite Beam, Monte Carlo Simulation, Random Optimization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Composite materials have found increasing use in aerospace and civil engineering
construction. One of the common areas of application is panels and hollow circulars construction
where composite materials with complex lay-ups are used. The hollow composite properties can be
improved when composite materials are used: specific strength, specific stiffness, weight, and fatigue
life. The thin-walled beams of open cross-sections are used extensively in space systems as space
erectable booms installed on spacecraft; in aeronautical industry both as direct load-carrying members
and as stiffener members. In addition, they are used as well in marine and civil engineering, whereas
the I-beams, in the fabrication of flex beams of bearing less helicopter rotor [1].Thin-walled structures
are integral part of an aircraft [2]. That is the reason why many researchers consider it in their studies
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJMET
© I A E M E
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
207
and published it in scholarly articles. Chan and his students focused on thin-walled beams with
different cross-sections. Among their studies, Chan and Dermirhan [3] considered first a circular cross
section thin-walled composite beam. They developed a new and simple closed-form method to
calculate it’s bending stiffness. Then, Lin and Chan [4] continued the work with an elliptical cross
section thin-walled composite beam. Later, Syed and Chan [5] included hat-sectioned composite
beams. And most recently, Rao and Chan [6] expanded the work to consider laminated tapered tubes.
Ascione et al. [7] presented a method that formulates one-dimensional kinematical model that is able
to study the static behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer thin-walled beams. It’s well known that the
statics of composite beam is strongly influenced by shear deformability because of the low values of
the elastic shear module. Such a feature cannot be analyzed by Vlasov’s theory, which assumes that
the shear strains are negligible along the middle line of the cross-section. Ferrero et al. [8] proposed
that the stress field in thin-walled composite beams due to a twisting moment is not correctly modeled
by classical analytical theories, so numerical modeling is essential. Therefore, they developed a
method with a simple way of determining stress and stiffness in this type of structures where the
constrained warping effect can be taken into account. They worked with both open and closed cross
sections. Also, to check the validity of the method for structures made of composite materials, a beam
with thin, composite walls were studied. Wu et al. [9] presented a procedure for analyzing the
mechanical behavior of laminated thin-walled composite box beam under torsional load without
external restraint. Some analysis has been formulated to analyzed composite box beam with varying
levels of assumptions [10-13]. Therefore, analysis of hollow circular composite under varying loading
condition is key to improve the design and provide good agreement in results.
II. SIMULATION
The Monte Carlo Simulation method is the most common and traditional method for a
probabilistic analysis [14]. This method simulates how virtual components behave the way they are
built. Present work uses FEM package ANSYS for analyses of composite beam of hollow circular
shape. Element selected for meshing the geometry of the specimen is shell 181. Material properties of
epoxy graphite are entered. Fig 1 shows meshed model contains 3549 number of nodes and 3360
number of elements. The mesh size is reasonably small to obtain fairly accurate results. Figure 2
shows model with applied loads and boundary conditions
Figure 1: Meshed model of composite with Figure 2: Meshed geometry with
SHELL 181 elements boundary conditions
Geometry is meshed with element size 1mm. Mapped type of meshing is used. Meshed
model of specimen is shown in above figure 2.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
208
TABLE 1: Random Input Variable Specifications
No. Name Type Lower limit Upper Limit
1 F UNIF 2500 N 4500 N
2 L UNIF 1000 mm 2000 mm
3 R UNIF 25 mm 75 mm
4 THETA1 UNIF +10 degree +90 degree
5 THETA2 UNIF -10 degree -90 degree
6 EXX UNIF 1×1005
N/mm2
2×1005
N/mm2
L, R, THETA1, THETA2, Exx, F indicate beam length, radius, ply angles of hollow circular
section elastic modulus of epoxy graphite and force respectively. These design parameters were
varied by using uniform distribution. Maximum bending stress in composite hollow circular beam is
selected as response parameter. Properties of epoxy graphite are entered. All degrees of freedom are
made zero at one end of specimen while other end is subjected to displacement. Range of
displacement is selected in such a way that excessive distortion of the elements can be avoided.
Loading conditions are varied. So, full Transient analysis of large displacement type is executed in 4
steps. Each step is incremented by 1step. One simulation loop of transient analysis has been defined.
It is executed 1000 times by varying design parameters randomly within defined range. Scatter plot of
maximum bending stress has been obtained at different combinations of selected parameters.
Similarly, Optimization of selected design parameters has been carried out in order to reduce shape of
composite hollow circular beam. Random optimization has been carried out. 1000 feasible sets are
obtained and the best set is selected to reduce bending stress.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR BASELINE MODEL
Figure 3: Contour plot of Bending stress distribution
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
209
Figure 3 shows bending stress distribution and displacement in composite hollow circular
beam. Scattered plot is obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of bending stress is
192.007N/mm2
and deflection is 29.35mm. It is observed in the region at the end of beam. Base line
model selected for displacement which is selected and validated from results in literature [15].
TABLE 2: Comparison of Literature and ANSYS results
Hollow circular
beam
Displacement (mm)
Literature Current study % Error
30.00 29.35 2.17
Input variables were randomly varied with respect to output parameter bending stress. Scatter
plots for the bending stress as a function of the most important random input variables are discussed
as below. In figure 4, bending stress indicates probable value of bending stress with respect to hollow
circular ply angle THETA1 in degree. Scattered plot shows uncertainty in bending stress. Polynomial
distribution of C1 powers is indicated by red colored line. As degree of polynomial distribution is
small, there is less uncertainty in bending stress. It is observed that bending stress increased when ply
angle THEA1 is within the range 8 deg. to 24 deg.
Figure 4: Scattered plot of Bending Stress Vs THETA1
Figure 5: Scattered plot of bending stress Vs THETA2
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
210
Bending stress was reduced when THEA1 was within the range 72 deg. to 88 deg. It is
observed that hollow circular ply angle is less significant cause of uncertainty in bending stress as
compared to other design parameters.
In figure 5, bending stress indicates probable value of bending stress with respect to hollow
circular ply angle THETA2 in degree. Scattered plot shows uncertainty in bending stress. Polynomial
distribution of C1 powers is indicated by red colored line. It is observed that bending stress increased
when ply angle THEA2 is within the range -24 deg. to -8 deg. Bending stress was reduced when
THEA2 was within the range -88 deg. to -72 deg. It is observed that hollow circular ply angle
THETA2 is significant cause of uncertainty in bending stress because linear correlation coefficient
between bending stress and beam length is 0.0776 more as compared to other design parameters.
It is obtained after 1000 samples (tests). Output parameter with combination of input
parameters is plotted. Higher order Polynomial of 1 degree is used to plot scattering. It is observed
that there is more scatter of bending stress from polynomial line within the thickness range 2200 mm
to 2400 mm. Bending stress = 10 N/mm2
which has rank 1 out of 1000 samples. The confidence
bounds are evaluated with a confidence level of 95.00%. Figure 6 shows bending stress N/mm2
vs.
beam length of hollow circulars section in mm. C0 to C1 indicates degree of polynomial. As degree of
polynomial distribution is 1, there is less uncertainty in bending stress.
Figure 6: Scattered plot of bending stress Vs Beam length of hollow circular section
As compared to ply angles THETA1, uncertainty is less because degree of polynomial is less
by one. Linear correlation coefficient between bending stress and beam length is 0.0431. Value of
bending stress is obtained at different values of beam length. Particularly, above relationship between
beam length and bending stress is obtained at varying loading conditions. At the same time, bending
stress is obtained at different combinations of geometrical and material parameters. At the beam
length 3000 mm, bending stress is 9.5N/mm2
. Figure 7 shows bending stress distribution of hollow
circular composite beam. Elastic modulus value is randomly varied within range 1×1005 N/mm2
to
2×1005 N/mm2
. Scattered plot is obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of
bending stress is 10.20 N/mm2
. Rank order co-relation coefficient is 0.1379 and linear co-relation
coefficient is 0.1250. It is observed that there is more uncertainty because maximum order of
polynomial distribution of bending stress is of 1. As compared to beam length and ply angles
THETA1, THETA2, random variation in elastic modulus causes more uncertainty in bending stress.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
211
Figure 8 shows bending stress distribution of hollow circular composite beam with respect to
beam radius. Beam length value is randomly varied within range 25 mm to 75 mm. scattered plot is
obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of bending Stress is 9.75 N/mm2
.
Figure 7: Scattered plot of Bending stress Vs Elastic modulus
Figure 8: Scattered plot of Bending Stress Vs Beam Radius
Rank order co-relation coefficient is 0.347 and linear co-relation coefficient is 0.0282. It is
observed that there is more uncertainty as compared to beam length and ply angles THETA1. Because
maximum order of polynomial distribution of bending stress is of C1. Nature of trend line shows that
bending stress value is decreased before 36 mm beam radius and it was approximately constant when
beam length was 40mm to 52mm. Also rank order coefficient value is more as compared to beam
length and ply angle THETA1.
After Monte Carlo simulation, results of optimization are discussed as below. Objective
function was bending stress and design variables were same as that of Monte Carlo simulation.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
212
Table 3: Design variables for random optimization of hollow circular composite structure
Design Parameters Lower Limit Upper Limit
F 2500 N 4500 N
L 1000 mm 2000 mm
R 25 mm 75 mm
THETA1 10 degree 90 degree
THETA2 -10 degree -90 degree
EXX 100e3 N/mm2
200e3 N/mm2
Objective function= BS (Bending stress) N/mm2
1000 feasible sets of optimizations have been obtained and best set is proposed. Following
composite figures show feasible of values of design variables with respect to objective function.
Figure 9: Feasible values of THETA1 Vs Bending stress
Figure 10: Feasible values of THETA2 Vs Bending stress
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
213
Figure 11: Feasible values of Beam Length Vs Bending Stress
Figure 12: Feasible values of Beam Radius Vs Bending stress
Figure 13: Feasible values of Elastic modulus Vs bending stress
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
214
Table 4: Best set of random optimization
Table 4 shows best set among 1000 sets of feasible value of design variable of optimized
design variables and reduced value of bending stress.
IV. CONCLUSION
The influence of the design parameters on bending stress under variable loading condition is
studied. The conclusions obtained are summarized as follows.
- It is found that there is significant uncertainty in bending stress when beam radius, elastic
modulus and hollow circular Ply angle THETA1 are randomly varied
- Co-relation coefficients and rank order coefficients of selected parameters are obtained to
know the relationship between bending stress and design variables.
- In Monte Carlo simulation, it was observed that probable value of bending stress was to 19.79
N/mm2
. Bending stress value is reduced to 7.61 N/mm2
after random optimization
- Best set of design variables has been proposed when hollow circular beam is under varying
loading condition.
REFERENCES
[1]. Lee, J., and Lee, S., “Flexural-torsional behavior of thin-walled composite beams”,
ELSEVIER, Thin-walled Structures, vol. 42, 2004, pp. 1293-1305.
[2]. Mitra, M., Gopalakrishnan, S., and Seetharama, M., “A new super convergent thin walled
composite beam element for analysis of box beam structures”, ELSEVIER, International
Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 41, 2004, pp. 1491-1518.
[3]. Chan, W. S., and Demirhan K. C., “A Simple Closed-Form Solution of Bending Stiffness for
Laminated Composite Tubes”, Journal of Reinforced Plastic & Composites, vol. 19, 2000,
pp. 278-291.
[4]. Lin, C. Y., and Chan, W. S., “A Simple Analytical Method for Analyzing Laminated
Composites Elliptical Tubes”, Proceedings of the 17th Technical Conference of American
Society of Composites.
[5]. Syed, K. A., and Chan, W. S., “Analysis of Hat-Sectioned Reinforced Composite Beams”,
Proceedings of American Society for Composites Conference.
[6]. Rao, C., and Chan, W. S., “Analysis of Laminated Composites Tapered Tubes", Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington.
[7]. Ascione, L., Feo, L., and Mancusi, G., “On the statical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer
thin-walled beams”, ELSEVIER, Composites, Part B, vol. 31, 2000, pp. 643-654.
SET 963 (FEASIBLE)
Design Variables
F 2500.5 N
L 1932.0 mm
R 73.196 mm
THETA1 81.693 Degree
THETA2 73.367 Degree
EXX 0.13261E+06 N/mm2
Objective Function BENDING STRESS 7.1631 N/mm2
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME
215
[8]. Ferrero, J. F. , Barrau, J. J. , Segura, J. M. , Castanie, B. , and Sudre, M., “Torsion of thin-
walled composite beams with midplane symmetry", ELSEVIER, Composite Structures, vol.
54, 2001, pp. 111-120.251
[9]. Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., Lai, Y., Zhang, X., and Liu, S., “Analysis of thin-walled composite box
beam under Torsional load without external restraint”, ELSEVIER, Thin-walled Structures,
vol. 40, 2002, pp. 385-397.
[10]. Chuanxian, C., “Researches on bending and torsional stiffness of thin-walled carbon epoxy
box beam”, Mechanics and Practice, Beijing University Press, 1985.
[11]. Chandra, R., Stemple, A. D., and Chopra I., “Thin-walled composite beams under bending,
torsional and extensional loads”, Journal Aircraft, 1990, vol. 27, 619-626.
[12]. Fei, Y., “A theory for bending and torsion of the composite single cell thin-walled beam",
Mechanics and Practice, 1994, vol. 16, pp. 37-40.
[13]. Min, J. S., Hyo, C. M., and In, L., “Static and dynamic analysis of composite box beams
using large deflection theory. Computer & Structures, 1995, vol. 57, pp. 635-642.
[14]. Shinde, S.M., Dr.Ronge, B. P,Dr. Pawar, P.M.,”Probabilistic Design and Random
Optimization of Aerofoil Composite by Using Finite Element Method”, www.ijera.com Vol.
3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05
[15]. Jiang, Sun, Milan Ruziicka,” A Calculation Method of Hollow Circular Composite Beam
under General Loadings”, Bulletin of Applied Mechanics, 2006, vol.3, pp.05–114 2006.
[16]. A.Saravanapandi Solairajan and Dr.G.Kalivarathan, “Analysis of Polymer Polymethyl-
Metha-Acralyte and Single-Wall CNT Composites for Next Generation Issues”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 1,
2013, pp. 28 - 34, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
[17]. M. Nayeem Ahmed, Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar, Dr. H.K. Shivanand and Syed Basith Muzammil,
“A Study on Flexural Strength of Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials (E Glass Fibre-
Carbon Fibre-Graphite) on Different Matrix Material By Varying its Thickness”,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 4,
2013, pp. 274 - 286, ISSN Print: 0976 - 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[18]. Ajay Dev Boyina, M. Vijaya Sekhar Babu, K. Santa Rao and Dr. P.S. Rao, “Investigation of
Mechanical Behaviour of Ilmenite Based Al Metal Matrix Particulate Composites”,
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 5,
2013, pp. 111 - 115, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[19]. Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Rohit, “Analysis of Complex Composite Beam by using
Timoshenko Beam Theory & Finite Element Method”, International Journal of Design and
Manufacturing Technology (IJDMT), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 43 - 50, ISSN Print:
0976 – 6995, ISSN Online: 0976 – 7002.

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  • 1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 206 PROBABILISTIC DESIGN AND RANDOM OPTIMIZATION OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR COMPOSITE STRUCTURE BY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Mr. Shinde Sachin M. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVERI’s College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India ABSTRACT This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method i.e. direct sampling. A three dimensional transient analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. More over optimization of selected design variables has been carried out by using random optimization method. Bending stress was objective function. Beam length, elastic modulus of epoxy graphite, ply angles of hollow circular section, radius and force are randomly varied within effective range and their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of optimized design variable is proposed to reduce bending stress under different loading condition. Keywords: Hollow Circular Composite Beam, Monte Carlo Simulation, Random Optimization. I. INTRODUCTION Composite materials have found increasing use in aerospace and civil engineering construction. One of the common areas of application is panels and hollow circulars construction where composite materials with complex lay-ups are used. The hollow composite properties can be improved when composite materials are used: specific strength, specific stiffness, weight, and fatigue life. The thin-walled beams of open cross-sections are used extensively in space systems as space erectable booms installed on spacecraft; in aeronautical industry both as direct load-carrying members and as stiffener members. In addition, they are used as well in marine and civil engineering, whereas the I-beams, in the fabrication of flex beams of bearing less helicopter rotor [1].Thin-walled structures are integral part of an aircraft [2]. That is the reason why many researchers consider it in their studies INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJMET © I A E M E
  • 2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 207 and published it in scholarly articles. Chan and his students focused on thin-walled beams with different cross-sections. Among their studies, Chan and Dermirhan [3] considered first a circular cross section thin-walled composite beam. They developed a new and simple closed-form method to calculate it’s bending stiffness. Then, Lin and Chan [4] continued the work with an elliptical cross section thin-walled composite beam. Later, Syed and Chan [5] included hat-sectioned composite beams. And most recently, Rao and Chan [6] expanded the work to consider laminated tapered tubes. Ascione et al. [7] presented a method that formulates one-dimensional kinematical model that is able to study the static behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer thin-walled beams. It’s well known that the statics of composite beam is strongly influenced by shear deformability because of the low values of the elastic shear module. Such a feature cannot be analyzed by Vlasov’s theory, which assumes that the shear strains are negligible along the middle line of the cross-section. Ferrero et al. [8] proposed that the stress field in thin-walled composite beams due to a twisting moment is not correctly modeled by classical analytical theories, so numerical modeling is essential. Therefore, they developed a method with a simple way of determining stress and stiffness in this type of structures where the constrained warping effect can be taken into account. They worked with both open and closed cross sections. Also, to check the validity of the method for structures made of composite materials, a beam with thin, composite walls were studied. Wu et al. [9] presented a procedure for analyzing the mechanical behavior of laminated thin-walled composite box beam under torsional load without external restraint. Some analysis has been formulated to analyzed composite box beam with varying levels of assumptions [10-13]. Therefore, analysis of hollow circular composite under varying loading condition is key to improve the design and provide good agreement in results. II. SIMULATION The Monte Carlo Simulation method is the most common and traditional method for a probabilistic analysis [14]. This method simulates how virtual components behave the way they are built. Present work uses FEM package ANSYS for analyses of composite beam of hollow circular shape. Element selected for meshing the geometry of the specimen is shell 181. Material properties of epoxy graphite are entered. Fig 1 shows meshed model contains 3549 number of nodes and 3360 number of elements. The mesh size is reasonably small to obtain fairly accurate results. Figure 2 shows model with applied loads and boundary conditions Figure 1: Meshed model of composite with Figure 2: Meshed geometry with SHELL 181 elements boundary conditions Geometry is meshed with element size 1mm. Mapped type of meshing is used. Meshed model of specimen is shown in above figure 2.
  • 3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 208 TABLE 1: Random Input Variable Specifications No. Name Type Lower limit Upper Limit 1 F UNIF 2500 N 4500 N 2 L UNIF 1000 mm 2000 mm 3 R UNIF 25 mm 75 mm 4 THETA1 UNIF +10 degree +90 degree 5 THETA2 UNIF -10 degree -90 degree 6 EXX UNIF 1×1005 N/mm2 2×1005 N/mm2 L, R, THETA1, THETA2, Exx, F indicate beam length, radius, ply angles of hollow circular section elastic modulus of epoxy graphite and force respectively. These design parameters were varied by using uniform distribution. Maximum bending stress in composite hollow circular beam is selected as response parameter. Properties of epoxy graphite are entered. All degrees of freedom are made zero at one end of specimen while other end is subjected to displacement. Range of displacement is selected in such a way that excessive distortion of the elements can be avoided. Loading conditions are varied. So, full Transient analysis of large displacement type is executed in 4 steps. Each step is incremented by 1step. One simulation loop of transient analysis has been defined. It is executed 1000 times by varying design parameters randomly within defined range. Scatter plot of maximum bending stress has been obtained at different combinations of selected parameters. Similarly, Optimization of selected design parameters has been carried out in order to reduce shape of composite hollow circular beam. Random optimization has been carried out. 1000 feasible sets are obtained and the best set is selected to reduce bending stress. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR BASELINE MODEL Figure 3: Contour plot of Bending stress distribution
  • 4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 209 Figure 3 shows bending stress distribution and displacement in composite hollow circular beam. Scattered plot is obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of bending stress is 192.007N/mm2 and deflection is 29.35mm. It is observed in the region at the end of beam. Base line model selected for displacement which is selected and validated from results in literature [15]. TABLE 2: Comparison of Literature and ANSYS results Hollow circular beam Displacement (mm) Literature Current study % Error 30.00 29.35 2.17 Input variables were randomly varied with respect to output parameter bending stress. Scatter plots for the bending stress as a function of the most important random input variables are discussed as below. In figure 4, bending stress indicates probable value of bending stress with respect to hollow circular ply angle THETA1 in degree. Scattered plot shows uncertainty in bending stress. Polynomial distribution of C1 powers is indicated by red colored line. As degree of polynomial distribution is small, there is less uncertainty in bending stress. It is observed that bending stress increased when ply angle THEA1 is within the range 8 deg. to 24 deg. Figure 4: Scattered plot of Bending Stress Vs THETA1 Figure 5: Scattered plot of bending stress Vs THETA2
  • 5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 210 Bending stress was reduced when THEA1 was within the range 72 deg. to 88 deg. It is observed that hollow circular ply angle is less significant cause of uncertainty in bending stress as compared to other design parameters. In figure 5, bending stress indicates probable value of bending stress with respect to hollow circular ply angle THETA2 in degree. Scattered plot shows uncertainty in bending stress. Polynomial distribution of C1 powers is indicated by red colored line. It is observed that bending stress increased when ply angle THEA2 is within the range -24 deg. to -8 deg. Bending stress was reduced when THEA2 was within the range -88 deg. to -72 deg. It is observed that hollow circular ply angle THETA2 is significant cause of uncertainty in bending stress because linear correlation coefficient between bending stress and beam length is 0.0776 more as compared to other design parameters. It is obtained after 1000 samples (tests). Output parameter with combination of input parameters is plotted. Higher order Polynomial of 1 degree is used to plot scattering. It is observed that there is more scatter of bending stress from polynomial line within the thickness range 2200 mm to 2400 mm. Bending stress = 10 N/mm2 which has rank 1 out of 1000 samples. The confidence bounds are evaluated with a confidence level of 95.00%. Figure 6 shows bending stress N/mm2 vs. beam length of hollow circulars section in mm. C0 to C1 indicates degree of polynomial. As degree of polynomial distribution is 1, there is less uncertainty in bending stress. Figure 6: Scattered plot of bending stress Vs Beam length of hollow circular section As compared to ply angles THETA1, uncertainty is less because degree of polynomial is less by one. Linear correlation coefficient between bending stress and beam length is 0.0431. Value of bending stress is obtained at different values of beam length. Particularly, above relationship between beam length and bending stress is obtained at varying loading conditions. At the same time, bending stress is obtained at different combinations of geometrical and material parameters. At the beam length 3000 mm, bending stress is 9.5N/mm2 . Figure 7 shows bending stress distribution of hollow circular composite beam. Elastic modulus value is randomly varied within range 1×1005 N/mm2 to 2×1005 N/mm2 . Scattered plot is obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of bending stress is 10.20 N/mm2 . Rank order co-relation coefficient is 0.1379 and linear co-relation coefficient is 0.1250. It is observed that there is more uncertainty because maximum order of polynomial distribution of bending stress is of 1. As compared to beam length and ply angles THETA1, THETA2, random variation in elastic modulus causes more uncertainty in bending stress.
  • 6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 211 Figure 8 shows bending stress distribution of hollow circular composite beam with respect to beam radius. Beam length value is randomly varied within range 25 mm to 75 mm. scattered plot is obtained at 4th step of transient analysis. Maximum value of bending Stress is 9.75 N/mm2 . Figure 7: Scattered plot of Bending stress Vs Elastic modulus Figure 8: Scattered plot of Bending Stress Vs Beam Radius Rank order co-relation coefficient is 0.347 and linear co-relation coefficient is 0.0282. It is observed that there is more uncertainty as compared to beam length and ply angles THETA1. Because maximum order of polynomial distribution of bending stress is of C1. Nature of trend line shows that bending stress value is decreased before 36 mm beam radius and it was approximately constant when beam length was 40mm to 52mm. Also rank order coefficient value is more as compared to beam length and ply angle THETA1. After Monte Carlo simulation, results of optimization are discussed as below. Objective function was bending stress and design variables were same as that of Monte Carlo simulation.
  • 7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 212 Table 3: Design variables for random optimization of hollow circular composite structure Design Parameters Lower Limit Upper Limit F 2500 N 4500 N L 1000 mm 2000 mm R 25 mm 75 mm THETA1 10 degree 90 degree THETA2 -10 degree -90 degree EXX 100e3 N/mm2 200e3 N/mm2 Objective function= BS (Bending stress) N/mm2 1000 feasible sets of optimizations have been obtained and best set is proposed. Following composite figures show feasible of values of design variables with respect to objective function. Figure 9: Feasible values of THETA1 Vs Bending stress Figure 10: Feasible values of THETA2 Vs Bending stress
  • 8. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 213 Figure 11: Feasible values of Beam Length Vs Bending Stress Figure 12: Feasible values of Beam Radius Vs Bending stress Figure 13: Feasible values of Elastic modulus Vs bending stress
  • 9. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 214 Table 4: Best set of random optimization Table 4 shows best set among 1000 sets of feasible value of design variable of optimized design variables and reduced value of bending stress. IV. CONCLUSION The influence of the design parameters on bending stress under variable loading condition is studied. The conclusions obtained are summarized as follows. - It is found that there is significant uncertainty in bending stress when beam radius, elastic modulus and hollow circular Ply angle THETA1 are randomly varied - Co-relation coefficients and rank order coefficients of selected parameters are obtained to know the relationship between bending stress and design variables. - In Monte Carlo simulation, it was observed that probable value of bending stress was to 19.79 N/mm2 . Bending stress value is reduced to 7.61 N/mm2 after random optimization - Best set of design variables has been proposed when hollow circular beam is under varying loading condition. REFERENCES [1]. Lee, J., and Lee, S., “Flexural-torsional behavior of thin-walled composite beams”, ELSEVIER, Thin-walled Structures, vol. 42, 2004, pp. 1293-1305. [2]. Mitra, M., Gopalakrishnan, S., and Seetharama, M., “A new super convergent thin walled composite beam element for analysis of box beam structures”, ELSEVIER, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 41, 2004, pp. 1491-1518. [3]. Chan, W. S., and Demirhan K. C., “A Simple Closed-Form Solution of Bending Stiffness for Laminated Composite Tubes”, Journal of Reinforced Plastic & Composites, vol. 19, 2000, pp. 278-291. [4]. Lin, C. Y., and Chan, W. S., “A Simple Analytical Method for Analyzing Laminated Composites Elliptical Tubes”, Proceedings of the 17th Technical Conference of American Society of Composites. [5]. Syed, K. A., and Chan, W. S., “Analysis of Hat-Sectioned Reinforced Composite Beams”, Proceedings of American Society for Composites Conference. [6]. Rao, C., and Chan, W. S., “Analysis of Laminated Composites Tapered Tubes", Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington. [7]. Ascione, L., Feo, L., and Mancusi, G., “On the statical behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer thin-walled beams”, ELSEVIER, Composites, Part B, vol. 31, 2000, pp. 643-654. SET 963 (FEASIBLE) Design Variables F 2500.5 N L 1932.0 mm R 73.196 mm THETA1 81.693 Degree THETA2 73.367 Degree EXX 0.13261E+06 N/mm2 Objective Function BENDING STRESS 7.1631 N/mm2
  • 10. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 5, Issue 4, April (2014), pp. 206-215 © IAEME 215 [8]. Ferrero, J. F. , Barrau, J. J. , Segura, J. M. , Castanie, B. , and Sudre, M., “Torsion of thin- walled composite beams with midplane symmetry", ELSEVIER, Composite Structures, vol. 54, 2001, pp. 111-120.251 [9]. Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., Lai, Y., Zhang, X., and Liu, S., “Analysis of thin-walled composite box beam under Torsional load without external restraint”, ELSEVIER, Thin-walled Structures, vol. 40, 2002, pp. 385-397. [10]. Chuanxian, C., “Researches on bending and torsional stiffness of thin-walled carbon epoxy box beam”, Mechanics and Practice, Beijing University Press, 1985. [11]. Chandra, R., Stemple, A. D., and Chopra I., “Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional and extensional loads”, Journal Aircraft, 1990, vol. 27, 619-626. [12]. Fei, Y., “A theory for bending and torsion of the composite single cell thin-walled beam", Mechanics and Practice, 1994, vol. 16, pp. 37-40. [13]. Min, J. S., Hyo, C. M., and In, L., “Static and dynamic analysis of composite box beams using large deflection theory. Computer & Structures, 1995, vol. 57, pp. 635-642. [14]. Shinde, S.M., Dr.Ronge, B. P,Dr. Pawar, P.M.,”Probabilistic Design and Random Optimization of Aerofoil Composite by Using Finite Element Method”, www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05 [15]. Jiang, Sun, Milan Ruziicka,” A Calculation Method of Hollow Circular Composite Beam under General Loadings”, Bulletin of Applied Mechanics, 2006, vol.3, pp.05–114 2006. [16]. A.Saravanapandi Solairajan and Dr.G.Kalivarathan, “Analysis of Polymer Polymethyl- Metha-Acralyte and Single-Wall CNT Composites for Next Generation Issues”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 28 - 34, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499. [17]. M. Nayeem Ahmed, Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar, Dr. H.K. Shivanand and Syed Basith Muzammil, “A Study on Flexural Strength of Hybrid Polymer Composite Materials (E Glass Fibre- Carbon Fibre-Graphite) on Different Matrix Material By Varying its Thickness”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 274 - 286, ISSN Print: 0976 - 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [18]. Ajay Dev Boyina, M. Vijaya Sekhar Babu, K. Santa Rao and Dr. P.S. Rao, “Investigation of Mechanical Behaviour of Ilmenite Based Al Metal Matrix Particulate Composites”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 111 - 115, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359. [19]. Prabhat Kumar Sinha and Rohit, “Analysis of Complex Composite Beam by using Timoshenko Beam Theory & Finite Element Method”, International Journal of Design and Manufacturing Technology (IJDMT), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 43 - 50, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6995, ISSN Online: 0976 – 7002.