The Cite is Right

The Cite is Right! © draconisVH Flickr.com WHAT? WHY? WHEN? HOW?

WHAT ?

What is a citation?

Citation - abbreviated pointer to source used

In the body of your text

In-text citation

Allows reader to:

know when you are stating an idea, fact or

some text that is not your own

know whose idea, fact or text it is

find full details of the source in your reference

list

In a recent study (Thomson, 2005) it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period (Smith & Jones, 2005). In a recent study 1 it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest this sector income had fallen from over the same period 2 .

What is a reference? In a recent study (Thomson, 2005) it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period (Smith & Jones, 2005). In a recent study 1 it was argued that income from tourism had risen. However, others suggest income from this sector had fallen over the same period 2 .

Reference – full details of sources used

At the end of your work (reference list)

End-text citation

Allows reader to :

see breadth & depth of reading

locate sources

verify if necessary

Reference list Smith, A. & Jones, J.(2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36. Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50. 1. Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50. 2. Smith, A. & Jones, J.( 2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36. Example

What is a citation style? Format of citations and references Numbers, author/date, brackets [ ] ( ), superscript, capitalisation, italics, underlining, etc. Hundreds of different styles Author/date e.g. Harvard (variations) Numeric e.g. Vancouver Journal styles e.g. BMJ, RSC Ask tutor which style to use Must be consistent in use of style

What is a citation style?

Numeric

(1) [1]

Handelman G J, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart

Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.

Author/date

(Handelman and Levin, 2008)

Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a review

of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13 , 393-404.

British Medical Journal

1

Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.

Reference list / bibliography Terms often used interchangeably - a list of what you’ve read at the end of a piece of work Reference list Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text Bibliography Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text and/or Full details of other (background) reading - not cited usually for larger pieces of work Check with your School on terminology and what is required

WHY ?

Avoiding plagiarism

Words/ideas, etc = intellectual property

Using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own from e.g.

published material e.g. book

unpublished e.g.

tutor’s notes / classmate’s work

material from a web page

including images

buying ready-mades from the internet

By failing to acknowledge / attribute

cutting & pasting

paraphrasing

quoting

Detection: vocabulary, style, fluency, Turnitin

HWU Student Guide to Plagiarism

http://www.hw.ac.uk/registry/resources/PlagiarismGuide.pdf

During the last decade, there has been a shift from "instructivist" approaches towards "constructivist" approaches in the field of instructional design. Over the last ten years, there has been a marked change from "instructivist" points of view to "constructivist" points of view among instructional designers. How to recognise plagiarism. [Online]. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~istd/example2paraphrasing.html (accessed 13 Oct 2008) ryancr Flickr.com

Andy Butterton/PA Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times , 21 June TimesOnline [Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)

Found guilty of plagiarism

Copying the work of other authors in a book and articles

“ Chunks of prose, apparently written by Dr

Persaud, were the work of other authors.”

(Jenkins, 2008)

“ He failed to attribute the so-called ‘stolen words’”

(Jenkins, 2008)

General Medical Council hearing-

plagiarism dishonest

brought profession into disrepute

suspended from practising medicine for 3 months

“ It was not my intention to pass off other people’s work as mine.” (Jenkins, 2008)

Academic writing

Read widely

- from appropriate sources

- show your reading

Discuss other authors’ ideas

- attribute them

“ I accept that my use of the work of some authors lacked adequate acknowledgement.”

Raj Persaud (Jenkins, 2008)

Formulate your own response / conclusion

Use work of others to support your own opinions

Add weight to your discussion

Potential for better essays, dissertations, theses!

Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times , 21 June TimesOnline [Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/ tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)

WHEN ?

When not to cite Common knowledge e.g. Gordon Brown is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. However, each subject will have its own common knowledge e.g. Mitochondria are found in cells If in doubt – ask your tutor Your own ideas / thoughts / conclusions e.g. It could be argued that television is a key contributor to children’s learning. Jones (2006), for example, suggests that children absorb information more efficiently when presented in audio-visual form.

When not to cite

Your own opinion e.g.

I believe that television can play a positive role in children’s education.

Baker (2006) presents convincing evidence that children’s recall is greater for visually presented facts and these findings have been supported by Morton (2007).

Don’t cite if you don’t need to!

Try not to pepper your work with unnecessary citations in an effort to get

extra marks.

Never cite something you haven’t read .

When to cite

Ideas or words of others

Any idea, opinion or finding that isn’t your own

from print or web based sources

if cutting and pasting

even if rewording or paraphrasing

Quotes

Exact words taken from another source

print or web

published or unpublished (e.g. lecture notes)

When to cite

Statistics

if not your own

e.g. In 2006, 20% of people in the UK lived below the poverty line.

Tables, graphs, images, radio programmes

Quiz

Paul Robeson Library (n.d.) How to avoid plagiarism: An online tutorial [Online]. Available

at: http://library.camden.rutgers.edu/EducationalModule/Plagiarism/ (Accessed: 14 October 2008)

HOW ?

Reference Construction

You’ll be using different sorts of material in your essays

books, book chapters, journal articles, web-pages, newspaper articles…

To cite and reference these sources correctly, you need to take note of specific details – often called bibliographic details

Some types of information require you to take note of more details than others

Citation Style

How you format your in-text citations and reference list/bibliography will depend on your chosen citation style

Author date / numeric = two main types of style

Hundreds of different styles e.g.

Harvard (author/date). Variations!

Vancouver (numeric)

Citation style determines the -

order in which details are listed

format e.g. in UPPER CASE, italics or bold

punctuation e.g. where to use commas, semi-colons , full stops, etc.

Check with your School which style you should use

Referencing Terms

The next few slides list the elements of information (bibliographic details) required to cite and reference different types of material correctly

See the handout ‘Referencing Terms’ for a description

Book

Author name/s – surname and first name (or first name initials)

Year of publication

Title of the book

Edition

Place of publication

Name of publisher

For e-books, all of the above , plus

eBook supplier

[online]

URL / web address

date accessed

Book (single author) - example

In-text

Sloman (2006) indicates that…. or . . . . It has been shown that… (1)

Reference list / bibliography

Sloman, J. (2006) Economics , Harlow, FT Prentice Hall. (author/date)

Sloman, J., Economics . 6 th ed. 2006, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. (numeric)

Refer to handout for examples using other styles

Online book, same as print book plus supplier, [online] URL and (date accessed)

SLOMAN, John

2006

Economics

6th edition

Harlow

FT Prentice Hall

Author names: surname, first name or initial/s

Year of publication

Title of the book

Edition

Name of publisher

Book (multiple authors) - example

In-text

It has been argued that . . (Perman et al., 2003) or . . Recent research has proven that . . (1)

Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvrary, J. & Common, M. (2003) Natural resource and

Environmental Economics , Harlow, Pearson Education. (author/date)

1. Perman, R., et al., Natural Resource and Environmental Economics . 3 rd ed. 2003,

Harlow: Pearson Education. (numeric)

Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvray, J., & Common, M.

2003

Natural Resource and Environmental Economics

3rd edition

Harlow

Pearson Education

Author names: surname, first name or

initial/s

Year of publication

Title of the book

Edition

Name of publisher

Chapter in edited book

Year of publication

Title of the chapter

Editor’s name or names

Title of the book

Edition

Pages

Name of publisher

Chapter in edited book - example

Year of publication

Title of the book

Edition

Pages

Name of publisher

Watson, G., Londsdale, C., Cox, N., & Sanderson, J.

2007

Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives

Waters, D (Editor)

Global Logistics

5th ed

pp. 91-106

London

Kogan Page

Chapter in edited book - example

Watson, G., Londsdale, C., Cox, N., & Sanderson, J.

2007

Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives

Waters, D (Editor)

Global Logistics

5th ed

pp. 91-106

London

Kogan Page

Year of publication

Title of the book

Edition

Pages

Name of publisher

In-text

In a recent study (Watson et al., 2007) it has been argued that...

or

Watson has proven that . . . (1)

Watson, G., Lonsdale, C., Cox, N. & Sanderson, J. (2007) Strategic supply

chain management: the power of incentives. In Waters, D. (Ed.) Global Logistics . 5 th ed.

London,Kogan Page. (author/date)

Watson, G., et al., Strategic supply chain management: the power of incentives , in

Global Logistics , D. Waters, Editor. 2007, Kogan Page: London. P. 91-106. (numeric)

Journal Article

Year of publication

Title of the article

Title of the journal/source/publication

Volume number/Part number

Issue number

Page numbers

Journal Article - example

In-text

DeVoss and Rosati (2002) gave a useful summary… or

DeVoss and Rosati (1) gave a useful summary…

DeVoss, D. & Rosati, A.C. (2002) “It wasn’t me, was it?” Plagiarism and the Web.

Computers and Composition , 19, 191-203. (author/date)

1. DeVoss, D. and A.C.Rosati, “It wasn’t me, was it?” Plagiarism and the Web .

Computers and Composition, 2002. 19 (2): p. 191-203. (numeric)

Online journal, same as print journal plus name of collection [online], URL of collection and (date accessed).

DeVoss, D., & Rosati, A. C.

2002

"It wasn't me, was it?" Plagiarism and the

Web.

Computers and Composition

19

2

191-203

Author name/s: surname, first name or initials

Year of publication

Title of the article

Title of the journal/source/publication

Volume number/Part number

Issue number

Page numbers

Web-page

Author/s (surname and initials or organisation)

year site published or last updated

title of internet site

URL / web address

date accessed

Web-page - example

In-text

The Open Gardens scheme (British Red Cross, 2008)… or

The Open Gardens scheme (1) . . .

British Red Cross (2008) Open Gardens. Available at:

http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992 (Accessed: 17 June 2008). (author/date)

British Red Cross. Open Gardens [Internet]. [Cited 17 June 2008]. Available from:

http:// www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id =39992 (numeric)

British Red Cross

2008

Open Gardens

http://www.redcross.org.uk/index.asp?id=39992

17 June 2008

Author/s

(surname and initials or organisation)

Year site published or last updated

Title of internet site

URL

Date accessed

More examples. . . .

Other sources of information source . . .

historical books wikis

translated books research reports

reference books company reports

atlases acts of parliament

blogs government publications

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2008) Cite them right: The essential guide to

Referencing and plagiarism . Newcastle upon Tyne: Peartree Press

Citing and referencing

Two or more texts supporting the same point

Quotations

Using page numbers in in-text citations

Secondary citations

Refer to ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout for more information

Secondary Referencing/Citations

Referring to a piece of work you read about in another

source (when you have not read the original work)

In text citation

Chen (2007) cites the work of Kelly (1999) who concluded…

Other common conventions (as cited in..), (cited in…), (see…), (cited by…), (quoted in…)

Only cite the source you actually read

Refer to ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout for more

information

Reference lists / bibliographies

If using the author/date style (e.g. Harvard)

references should be listed alphabetically by the first authors' surnames, regardless of the order they appear in the text.

if you cite the same reference more than once, it is only listed once in the reference list / bibliography

If using the numeric style (e.g. Vancouver)

references should be listed numerically in the order they appear in your text

if you cite the same reference more than once, you use the same number (unless you are referring to different page numbers)

Usually single line spacing – check with your supervisor

Its all Latin to me…

You may have seen the following -

Op. cit. opere citato in the work cited

Ibid. Ibidem in the same place

Et al. et alii and others

These are used in some numeric styles

Reference list

Thomson, M. (2005) ‘Tourism revenues: an economic perspective, International Journal of Tourism 43 (2), pp. 45-50

Handelman, G. J. & Levin, N. W. (2008) Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. Heart Failure Reviews, 13 , 393-404.

Smith, A. & Jones, J.(2005) ‘Fluctuations in tourism – the economic impact’, Journal of Tourism 12 (1), pp. 23-36.

Du, J., et al. (2008) ‘Economic institutions and FDI location choice: Evidence from US multinationals in China’, Journal of Comparative Economics , 36(3), pp.412-429.

Ibid., p. 413

Thomson, M. op.cit., p.46.

TIPS & TOOLS

Paraphrasing and Quoting

Paraphrasing (putting things in your own words) can be tricky

It is not just a matter of substituting a few words

e.g ten years for decade, point of view for perspective, etc

The original material has to change sufficiently in terms of language and structure

bad paraphrasing plus a reference is still plagiarism

try re-writing the original text without looking at it

If you can’t put in to your own words, use quotation marks and cite and reference the source

if you don’t quote verbatim, then use [square brackets] to indicate words you have added and … for words you have removed.

don’t over-use quotes, summarising the argument into your own words shows a better understanding

Examples in ‘Citing and Referencing’ handout

Note Taking

Be systematic and thorough

Think about all the (bibliographic) details you need to reference correctly and note them down

Remember to note down all the details you’ll need e.g.

not just author surnames - initials too

not just book title – but chapter title too if relevant

not just the really good quote – but the page number

you found it on

not just the web address for the website – but the date

you accessed it, etc, etc.

Note Taking

It can be very difficult, time consuming and frustrating to try to find these details later.

If you don’t have all the details, you really can’t refer to the source in your text because you won’t be able to reference it properly.

Try using a colour coding system in your notes e.g. highlight the following types of text in different colours. .

- your own words

- paraphrased text

- exact sentences or phrases from your source

which you want to paraphrase later

- quotes (or use quotation marks)

If your notes look like this – get organised! Why, oh why, did I not take better notes?

Remember Raj…

“ I realise I should have been much more careful

when I started writing the book. At the time, given

the stress I was under, given the deadlines and my

other work, I thought I was adequately attributing

work.”

Raj Persaud (Jenkins, 2008)

Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times , 21

JuneTimesOnline [Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece

(Accessed: 14 October 2008)

Store the bibliographic details of all your sources in one place e.g. a password protected online library

Add notes and your own keywords (tags)

Type source details in manually or download from a database search

Organise your sources e.g. in folders for different assignments, by subject, etc.

Reference management software

Format reference lists automatically

Change citation / referencing styles easily

Cite while you write i.e. insert in-text citations as you type

Helps ensure consistency

no worries on where you put the commas , colons, full stops and italics!

change the order of your in-text citations and the reference list is re-ordered accordingly (v.useful for numbered bibliography)

Web-based, online access Access from home or halls ‘ Lite’ version Most suitable for undergraduate students Library provides help and advice Desk-top – PC Caledonia computers Can’t access from home or halls Most suitable for research (PhD) level students and staff UICS provide training for PG and staff

Library lunchtime workshop

Further guidance - citing & referencing