Books Journals Articles What Find

WELCOME

TYPES OF READING MATERIAL

FINDING REFERENCES

DATABASE SEARCHING

ACADEMIC WRITING

CITING & REFERENCING

http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/lsinfoskills.htm

CONTENT

DIFFERENT TYPES OF READING MATERIAL

Books / journals

FINDING REFERENCES

Books/journals

Articles - database searching

ACADEMIC WRITING

ASSIGNMENTS

PROCESS READING WHAT TO READ? HOW TO FIND IT?

WHAT TO READ

BOOKS

JOURNALS

ARTICLES

WHAT TO READ & HOW TO FIND IT HOW TO FIND IT CATALOGUE CATALOGUE/ A-Z LIST BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES

BOOKS

Usually one-off publications

can be multiple volume sets

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc EDITIONS

Years apart

BOOKS

Lengthy publication process

on average 2 years to pass from authors to library shelf

Fairly static information

Chapters - divided with headings

structured v chapters of literature

BOOKS

Authored

Single author

Multiple authors

Edited

Single editor

Multiple editors

Write the content Co-ordinate authors contributions eg chapters Liaise between author/s & publishers

Finding books

JOURNALS

Published on ongoing basis e.g. monthly, quarterly, annually etc.

Series - volumes / issues

Also known as serials or periodicals

Each issue contains a number of ARTICLES

JOURNALS

Publishing time relatively rapid

Good source of current information /new developments

Keeping up-to-date

JOURNALS

Be aware of the differences between

academic or scholarly journals

popular magazines

periodicals

Usually –

news

feature items

CONTENT JOURNAL MAGAZINE

Usually –

report original research findings

review original

research

ARTICLE LENGTH JOURNAL MAGAZINE

longer articles

focus on very specialised topics

shorter articles

broader, more popular topics

journalists or staff writers

AUTHORS JOURNAL MAGAZINE

scholars/academics, considered experts in their field

aimed at a broad range of people

vocabulary understood by the general public

AUDIENCE JOURNAL MAGAZINE

targeted to specific group of scholars in a discipline

vocabulary is discipline specific

None of these common

May be short bibliography

CREDITS JOURNAL MAGAZINE

Use

Citations

Footnotes

Bibliography

Content reviewed by staff editor

EDITORS JOURNAL MAGAZINE

Content is reviewed and critiqued by a board of other scholars in the discipline

Peer review

pictures

photographs

glossy

advertising

colour

FEATURES JOURNAL MAGAZINE

illustrations

graphs

tables

abstracts

calculations

black & white

text is dominant

FINDING PRINT JOURNALS

ELECTRONIC JOURNALS Content of print journals Digitised Available over a computer network / Internet

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS http://www.hw.ac.uk/library

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS Click to access full text

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS Links to contents pages

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS Link to full-text Contents page

FINDING ELECTRONIC JOURNALS Full-text article

SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES

Longer publication time

not so current

more GENERAL topics

relatively STATIC info

CHAPTERS

BOOKS JOURNALS

Shorter publication time

= more current

SPECIALISED topics

RECENT research

ARTICLES

ARTICLES

Found within journals

Usually relatively short

Generally, report recent research studies

ANATOMY OF AN ARTICLE

Introduction What/ Why

Methodology How

Results What found

Discussion Lit review/results

Conclusion/s Why results useful

What CAN conclude

What CAN’T conclude

Further research needed

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT This research subjected the visual rightness theory of picture perception to experimental scrutiny. It investigated the ability of adults untrained in the visual arts to discriminate between reproductions of original abstract and representational paintings by renowned artists from two experimentally manipulated less well-organized versions of each art stimulus . Perturbed stimuli contained either minor or major disruptions in the originals' principal structural networks. It was found that participants were significantly more successful in discriminating between originals and their highly altered, but not slightly altered, perturbation than expected by chance. Accuracy of detection was found to be a function of style of painting and a viewer's way of thinking about a work as determined from their verbal reactions to it. Specifically, hit rates for originals were highest for abstract works when participants focused on their compositional style and form and highest for representational works when their content and realism were the focus of attention. Findings support the view that visually right (i.e., "good") compositions have efficient structural organizations that are visually salient to viewers who lack formal training in the visual arts .

HOW TO FIND ARTICLES

Browsing Table of Contents (TOC)

- lists articles in each issue

Searching Databases / Literature search

BROWSING

Acta Psychologica 114(3) 2003

Special issue on "Visual Gestalt Formation” Pages 211-213

Peter A. van der Helm, Rob van Lier and Johan Wagemans

Acts of perceptual inquiry: problems for any stimulus-based

simplicity theory, Julian Hochberg Pages 215-228

Perceived complexity and the grouping effect in band patterns, Pages 229-244

Lars Strother and Michael Kubovy

Print journal TOC

BROWSING Electronic journal TOC Link to full-text

SEARCHING

Databases

PsycINFO

Science Citation Index - Web of Knowledge

Literature Search

SEARCHING

PRINCIPLES OF DATABASE SEARCHING

http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/lsinfoskills.htm#Advanced

PRACTICAL SESSION (OWN TIME)

SEARCHING

What is a bibliographic database?

How do you go about searching a database?

Building a search strategy

Iterative approach

ELECTRONIC FILING CABINET

DATABASE RECORDS

RECORD Journal article Book Book chapter

SCOPE & COVERAGE

Every database has a different subject SCOPE & COVERAGE

Some specialise in one subject area eg PSYCINFO

Some are MULTIDISCIPLINARY eg

Web of Science

FIND RELEVANT SOURCES

Library Website > Databases page

http://www1.hw.ac.uk/library/electresa2z.php

How to Find Out Guide for Applied Psychology

http:// www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/ lspsychol.htm

PsycINFO via

Ovid Online Subject Coverage: Sports science , psychology, social sciences Type: Bibliographic database Format: Networked On-Campus Access: ip Address (click on Connect) Off-Campus Access: ATHENS USERNAME AND PASSWORD REQUIRED [ Connect ] [ Information ]

HOW DO YOU SEARCH A DATABASE?

Clear research/essay question

Identify key CONCEPTS

Identify KEYWORDS

Broad and narrow terms

Synonyms and alternative terms

Alternative spellings/plurals

AND, OR, NOT (combining)

Applying limits

SEARCH STRATEGY

RESEARCH QUESTION

Define the question you are asking - eg

“ Discuss the role of clinical psychology in recovery

from depression after stroke.”

Identify main CONCEPTS

Identify KEYWORDS

KEYWORDS

DEPRESSION / CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY / STROKE

Related to the main CONCEPTS

Provide SEARCH TERMS to use in the literature search

IMPORTANCE OF KEYWORDS

Wrong keywords

= wrong information

Too narrow

= not enough information

Too broad

= too much information

BROAD/NARROW KEYWORDS

Distinguish broad and narrow terms – eg

BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS / DEPRESSION / CLINICAL DEPRESSION

Narrow terms fit inside broad terms

Behavioural symptom Depression Clinical Depression Post-natal depression

ALTERNATIVE TERMS / WORD ROOTS / PLURALS

Alternative / related terms

Stroke Cerebrovascular Accident / CVA / Apoplexy

American spellings

Behaviour Behavior

Plurals

Stroke/s Behaviour/s

Word roots

Behav$ iour, iours, ioural,

STRATEGY MAP

Good idea to note main CONCEPTS

with ALL KEYWORDS for each concept

STRATEGY MAP STROKE Cerebrovascular Accident CVA Apoplexy Strokes CVAs Narrower Term Brain Infarction Broader Term Brain Diseases CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Clinical Psychologist/s Narrower Term Clinical Neuropsychology Broader Term Psychology DEPRESSION Depressive – State/s Symptom/s Narrower Term Clinical Depression Broader Term Behavioural Symptoms

BUILDING BLOCK TECHNIQUE

Search for each concept

Combine concepts

AND, OR, NOT

AND, OR, NOT AND INTERSECTION OR OR OR UNION NOT NOT EXCLUDING SET 1= STROKE SET 2= DEPRESSION

STRATEGY MAP Stroke/s OR Cerebrovascular Accidents OR CVA/s OR Apoplexy Clinical Psychology OR Clinical Psychologist/s Depression OR Depressive State/s OR Depressive Symptom/s AND AND STROKE CLINCAL PSYCHOLOGY DEPRESSION

APPLYING LIMITS

Date ranges

Publication type

Language

ITERATIVE APPROACH

Seldom right first time

Expect to

Re-work

Modify

Try again

Modify each set of results until you find what you’re looking for

Very seldom you get exactly what you want first time!

SEARCH RESULTS

A SET of records of published items

RECORDS -

ALWAYS give BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

MOST OFTEN also give an ABSTRACT

SOMETIMES also link to FULL-TEXT electronic documents

RECORD

SEARCH RESULTS

IT IS POSSIBLE TO –

PRINT, EMAIL, SAVE RECORDS

SAVE SEARCH STRATEGIES FOR RE- USE

LOCATING FULL-TEXT

Link to full-text on-screen from within database record (where available)

Use library CATALOGUE to see if we have the item in print copy

Use library A-Z list of electronic journals to see if we offer electronic access

Search other library catalogues (via HWUL webpages)

Request item/s on Inter-Library Loan

SUMMARY SO FAR

Types of reading material

Finding references

Database searching

What is a bibliographic database?

How do you go about searching a database?

Building a search strategy

Iterative approach

ACADEMIC WRITING

Good English / grammar

Appropriate style

Development of an argument

Literature to support argument

GOOD ENGLISH / STYLE

Numerous books on this in library

Shelfmark 810

AVOID (personal)

“ I read an article by David Thomson and didn’t agree

with it . . .”

ADOPT (academic)

“ It has been suggested that . . . Thomson (1998).

However, this opinion has been challenged by Holt

(2001)”.

DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT

DO

Give a balance of opinion

On the one hand . . . However, on the other hand . . .

Range of sources - not just those which back up your own opinion

DON’T

“I think that . . . . .” or statement of fact (with no back up)

Opinion must be backed up with evidence

USEFUL STYLE/PHRASES

“ Although I agree with Williams (1966) that . . . I also consider the argument put forward by Davidson (1994) to have considerable merit”

“ There has been some very useful work done on this

subject . . . (Eysenck, 1992)”.

“ It has been argued that . . . . (Johnson, 2002). However, more recent research has shown. . (Smith, 2003)”

BALANCE OF OPINION

STATEMENTS BACKED UP WITH EVIDENCE

SUPPORTING YOUR ARGUMENT

Well used sources

Balance of opinions / wider reading

Add authority to your work

SOURCES MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED

CITING & REFERENCING - WHAT

CITING

MENTIONING WORK OF OTHERS IN YOUR OWN WORK

Depressed mood has been shown to interfere with attentional strategies of efficient task solution (Hertel, 1997, 1998; Hertel & Rude, 1991)

CITING & REFERENCING - WHAT

REFERENCING

DETAILING SOURCES CITED / MENTIONED IN TEXT

= BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

in REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hertel, P. T. (1997). On the contributions of deficient cognitive control to memory impairments in depression. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 569–583.

CITING & REFERENCING - WHY

Shows what sources used / how you have used them

Provides evidence in support of argument

Adds authority to your work

Helps to display a balance of opinions / wider reading

Lends appropriate style

ESSENTIAL TO GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING

Guards against plagiarism

ALLOWS YOU TO ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

CITING – HOW?

In-text citations

Acknowledge your sources in your text to support points / statements made / quotes eg

“ It is worthwhile noting that the link between depression and risk sensitive behavioral strategies is not a theoretical novelty. Indeed, Nesse (2000), Leahy (1997) and Klinger (1975) have all proposed that depressed states represent a risk-management strategy that has evolved to alter an individual’s behaviour in contexts of high risk environments” 1. Statement/opinion 2. What sources read to back this up? 3.Evidence – sources used

REFERENCING – HOW?

Link your in-text citations to full bibliographic details of sources in your BIBLIOGRAPHY

B IBLIOGRAPHY

Klinger, T. (1975). Depressed states and risk-management strategies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12, 23-35.

Leahy, M. (1997). Alterations in individuals’ behaviour in contexts of high-risk environments. Journal of Personality, 22, 339-406.

Nesse, J. (2000) Link between depression and risk-sensitive behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 228-301.

REFERENCES

Give full bibliographic details

Who, what, where, when (description of item)

Books

Author/s or editor/s, title, edition, year/place of publication, publisher

Journals

Author/s, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, page numbers, year of publication.

WHY CITE & REFERENCE?

To –

compile a bibliography for your assignment

acknowledge all sources used

Guards against plagiarism

enable another researcher to find the texts you based your work on

support points made in your argument

add authority to your work

Essential for good academic writing

STYLES

Numerous styles in which you can format references

Chicago

Vancouver

American Psychological Association (APA)

Style must be consistent

APA STYLE

In-text citations

Author surname(s) followed by date of publication in brackets

. . . Berm (1973) has shown that sex-biased advertising contributes to sex discrimination. . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (APA style)

Berm,S.L. (1973) Does sex-biased advertising aid and abet sex

discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 3 (1), 6-18.

pages JOURNAL ARTICLE part volume year of publication author title of article name of journal Festinger,L.A. (1975). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Stanford,C.A.: Stanford University Press . BOOK (authored) place of publication publisher