ACADEMIC WRITING Good English / grammar Appropriate style Development of an argument Literature to support argument CITING & REFERENCING

Good English / grammar

Appropriate style

Development of an argument

Literature to support argument

CITING & REFERENCING

GOOD ENGLISH / STYLE Numerous books on this in library Shelfmark 810 AVOID (personal) “ I read an article by David Thomson and didn’t agree with it . . .” ADOPT (academic) “ It has been suggested that . . . Thomson (1998). However, this opinion has been challenged by Holt (2001)”.

Numerous books on this in library

Shelfmark 810

AVOID (personal)

“ I read an article by David Thomson and didn’t agree

with it . . .”

ADOPT (academic)

“ It has been suggested that . . . Thomson (1998).

However, this opinion has been challenged by Holt

(2001)”.

DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT DO Give a balance of opinion On the one hand . . . However, on the other hand . . . Range of sources - not just those which back up your own opinion DON’T “I think that . . . . .” or statement of fact (with no back up) Opinion must be backed up with evidence

DO

Give a balance of opinion

On the one hand . . . However, on the other hand . . .

Range of sources - not just those which back up your own opinion

DON’T

“I think that . . . . .” or statement of fact (with no back up)

Opinion must be backed up with evidence

USEFUL STYLE/PHRASES “ Although I agree with Williams (1966) that . . . I also consider the argument put forward by Davidson (1994) to have considerable merit” “ There has been some very useful work done on this subject . . . (Eysenck, 1992)”. “ It has been argued that . . . . (Johnson, 2002). However, more recent research has shown. . (Smith, 2003)” BALANCE OF OPINION STATEMENTS BACKED UP WITH EVIDENCE

“ Although I agree with Williams (1966) that . . . I also consider the argument put forward by Davidson (1994) to have considerable merit”

“ There has been some very useful work done on this

subject . . . (Eysenck, 1992)”.

“ It has been argued that . . . . (Johnson, 2002). However, more recent research has shown. . (Smith, 2003)”

BALANCE OF OPINION

STATEMENTS BACKED UP WITH EVIDENCE

SUPPORTING YOUR ARGUMENT Well used sources Balance of opinions / wider reading Add authority to your work SOURCES MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED

Well used sources

Balance of opinions / wider reading

Add authority to your work

SOURCES MUST BE ACKNOWLEDGED

CITING & REFERENCING - WHAT CITING MENTIONING WORK OF OTHERS IN YOUR OWN WORK Depressed mood has been shown to interfere with attentional strategies of efficient task solution (Hertel, 1997, 1998; Hertel & Rude, 1991)

CITING

MENTIONING WORK OF OTHERS IN YOUR OWN WORK

Depressed mood has been shown to interfere with attentional strategies of efficient task solution (Hertel, 1997, 1998; Hertel & Rude, 1991)

CITING & REFERENCING - WHAT REFERENCING DETAILING SOURCES CITED / MENTIONED IN TEXT = BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS in REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY Hertel, P. T. (1997). On the contributions of deficient cognitive control to memory impairments in depression. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 569–583.

REFERENCING

DETAILING SOURCES CITED / MENTIONED IN TEXT

= BIBLIOGRAPHIC DETAILS

in REFERENCE LIST / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hertel, P. T. (1997). On the contributions of deficient cognitive control to memory impairments in depression. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 569–583.

CITING & REFERENCING - WHY Shows what sources used / how you have used them Provides evidence in support of argument Adds authority to your work

Shows what sources used / how you have used them

Provides evidence in support of argument

Adds authority to your work

CITING & REFERENCING Helps to display a balance of opinions / wider reading Lends appropriate style ESSENTIAL TO GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING Guards against plagiarism ALLOWS YOU TO ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

Helps to display a balance of opinions / wider reading

Lends appropriate style

ESSENTIAL TO GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING

Guards against plagiarism

ALLOWS YOU TO ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

CITING – HOW? In-text citations Acknowledge your sources in your text to support points / statements made / quotes eg “ It is worthwhile noting that the link between depression and risk sensitive behavioral strategies is not a theoretical novelty. Indeed, Nesse (2000), Leahy (1997) and Klinger (1975) have all proposed that depressed states represent a risk-management strategy that has evolved to alter an individual’s behaviour in contexts of high risk environments” 1. Statement/opinion 2. What sources read to back this up? 3.Evidence – sources used

In-text citations

Acknowledge your sources in your text to support points / statements made / quotes eg

REFERENCING – HOW? Link your in-text citations to full bibliographic details of sources in your BIBLIOGRAPHY B IBLIOGRAPHY Klinger, T. (1975). Depressed states and risk-management strategies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12, 23-35. Leahy, M. (1997). Alterations in individuals’ behaviour in contexts of high-risk environments. Journal of Personality, 22, 339-406. Nesse, J. (2000) Link between depression and risk-sensitive behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 228-301.

Link your in-text citations to full bibliographic details of sources in your BIBLIOGRAPHY

B IBLIOGRAPHY

Klinger, T. (1975). Depressed states and risk-management strategies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 12, 23-35.

Leahy, M. (1997). Alterations in individuals’ behaviour in contexts of high-risk environments. Journal of Personality, 22, 339-406.

Nesse, J. (2000) Link between depression and risk-sensitive behavior. Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 228-301.

REFERENCES Give full bibliographic details Who, what, where, when (description of item) Books Author/s or editor/s, title, edition, year/place of publication, publisher Journals Author/s, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, page numbers, year of publication.

Give full bibliographic details

Who, what, where, when (description of item)

Books

Author/s or editor/s, title, edition, year/place of publication, publisher

Journals

Author/s, article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, page numbers, year of publication.

WHY CITE & REFERENCE? To – compile a bibliography for your assignment acknowledge all sources used Guards against plagiarism enable another researcher to find the texts you based your work on support points made in your argument add authority to your work Essential for good academic writing

To –

compile a bibliography for your assignment

acknowledge all sources used

Guards against plagiarism

enable another researcher to find the texts you based your work on

support points made in your argument

add authority to your work

Essential for good academic writing

STYLES Numerous styles in which you can format references Chicago Vancouver American Psychological Association (APA) Style must be consistent

Numerous styles in which you can format references

Chicago

Vancouver

American Psychological Association (APA)

Style must be consistent

APA STYLE In-text citations Author surname(s) followed by date of publication in brackets . . . Berm (1973) has shown that sex-biased advertising contributes to sex discrimination. . . .

In-text citations

Author surname(s) followed by date of publication in brackets

BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (APA style) Berm,S.L. (1973) Does sex-biased advertising aid and abet sex discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 3 (1), 6-18. pages JOURNAL ARTICLE part volume year of publication author title of article name of journal Festinger,L.A. (1975). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance Stanford,C.A.: Stanford University Press . BOOK (authored) place of publication publisher

Berm,S.L. (1973) Does sex-biased advertising aid and abet sex

discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 3 (1), 6-18.

Banks, I. (n.d.). The NHS healthcare guide . Retrieved August 29, 2001, from http://www.healthcareguide.nhsdirect.nhs.uk BIBLIOGRAPHY ENTRIES (APA style) ELECTRONIC SOURCE / WEBSITE

Banks, I. (n.d.). The NHS healthcare guide . Retrieved

August 29, 2001, from http://www.healthcareguide.nhsdirect.nhs.uk

TIPS FOR REFERENCING MUST BE COMPLETE AND CORRECT Keep full notes of all sources used! If you take a photocopy, make sure that you keep a note of the periodical title, volume number, page numbers etc. It can be very difficult to check back later

MUST BE COMPLETE AND CORRECT

Keep full notes of all sources used!

If you take a photocopy, make sure that you keep a note of the periodical title, volume number, page numbers etc.

It can be very difficult to check back later

SUMMARY CITING & REFERENCING WHAT WHY HOW

CITING & REFERENCING

WHAT

WHY

HOW

MORE INFORMATION How to Find Out Guide for Life Sciences>Info Skills http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/lsinfoskills.htm

How to Find Out Guide for Life Sciences>Info Skills

http://www.hw.ac.uk/library/LifeSciences/lsinfoskills.htm

CONTACT DETAILS Marion Kennedy Subject Librarian (Chemistry & Life Sciences) t: 3583 e:M.L.Kennedy@hw.ac.uk Enquiry desk: Tuesdays 1-5pm

Marion Kennedy

Subject Librarian (Chemistry & Life Sciences)

t: 3583

e:M.L.Kennedy@hw.ac.uk

Enquiry desk: Tuesdays 1-5pm