WEEDS

WHAT IS A WEED? Any plant growing where it is not wanted

Any plant growing where it is not wanted

What is a weed? “ A plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

“ A plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Detrimental Effect of Weeds Look unattractive In pots in nurseries In garden displays In lawns May make harvesting difficult Stinging nettles Vine like weeds in harvesting machines Allelopathy Toxic exudates from weeds that affect crop plants

Look unattractive

In pots in nurseries

In garden displays

In lawns

May make harvesting difficult

Stinging nettles

Vine like weeds in harvesting machines

Allelopathy

Toxic exudates from weeds that affect crop plants

Detrimental Effects of Weeds Competition Weeds compete for surface nutrients Compete for bees Compete for water Compete for light Poisonous or painful To people and animals due to chemical or physical defences e.g. thorns Harbour Pests and Diseases Humidity increased Over-wintering sites/alternative food source

Competition

Weeds compete for surface nutrients

Compete for bees

Compete for water

Compete for light

Poisonous or painful

To people and animals due to chemical or physical defences e.g. thorns

Harbour Pests and Diseases

Humidity increased

Over-wintering sites/alternative food source

Detrimental Effects of Weeds Disrupt and destroy native eco-systems by competing for light, water, nutrients, physical space etc Approximately 8 species of exotic (i.e. non-native) plants naturalise in NZ per year Of those, approximately 10% will become invasive

Disrupt and destroy native eco-systems by competing for light, water, nutrients, physical space etc

Approximately 8 species of exotic (i.e. non-native) plants naturalise in NZ per year

Of those, approximately 10% will become invasive

Worst weeds around Dunedin? In order of weed score rating #1 worst ecological potential = bomarea then old man’s beard hawthorn blackberry gorse sycamore banana passionfruit Followed by… buddleja ivy Darwin’s barberry broom cotoneaster convolvulus Chilean flame creeper

In order of weed score rating

#1 worst ecological potential

= bomarea

then

old man’s beard

hawthorn

blackberry

gorse

sycamore

banana passionfruit

Followed by…

buddleja

ivy

Darwin’s barberry

broom

cotoneaster

convolvulus

Chilean flame creeper

Benefits of Weeds Add interest/colour to landscapes Increase diversity Edible/herbal remedies Act as subsoilers Access nutrients lower down in the soil profile Stabilise hillsides Act as indicators Act as a green manure Contain beneficial chemicals Provide food for predator adults Are a food source for a range of wildlife Provide shelter

Add interest/colour to landscapes

Increase diversity

Edible/herbal remedies

Act as subsoilers

Access nutrients lower down in the soil profile

Stabilise hillsides

Act as indicators

Act as a green manure

Contain beneficial chemicals

Provide food for predator adults

Are a food source for a range of wildlife

Provide shelter

Characteristics of a weed Colonisers of disturbed habitats Reproduce very quickly Huge genetic diversity Seed dormancy Habit/Form Habitat Defence system Resistance to herbicides A wide range of dispersal mechanisms

Colonisers of disturbed habitats

Reproduce very quickly

Huge genetic diversity

Seed dormancy

Habit/Form

Habitat

Defence system

Resistance to herbicides

A wide range of dispersal mechanisms

Reproduction Methods Rhizome Tubers Root or Shoot Segments Bulbs Seeds Stolons

Rhizome

Tubers

Root or Shoot Segments

Bulbs

Seeds

Stolons

Weed Lifecycles Annual Biennial Perennial Ephemeral

Annual

Biennial

Perennial

Ephemeral

Annuals A plant that completes it’s lifecycles in one calendar year or growing season. Seed  Germination  Growth  Flowering/reproduction  Seed set  Death Annual weeds ensure survival by seed production. E.g. fathen, groundsel, cleavers

A plant that completes it’s lifecycles in one calendar year or growing season.

Seed  Germination  Growth  Flowering/reproduction  Seed set  Death

Annual weeds ensure survival by seed production.

E.g. fathen, groundsel, cleavers

Biennials Year 1 Grow from seed and develop strong root systems and cluster of leaves Year 2 Mature, produce seeds and die Biennial weeds ensure survival by seed production E.g. brassicas, shepherd’s purse

Year 1 Grow from seed and develop strong root systems and cluster of leaves

Year 2 Mature, produce seeds and die

Biennial weeds ensure survival by seed production

E.g. brassicas, shepherd’s purse

Perennial A plant that persists and produces reproductive structures year after year. Reproduces by Seed and Vegetatively. taproots rhizomes creeping stems bulbs/corms E.g. dock, creeping buttercup, couch, oxalis

A plant that persists and produces reproductive structures year after year.

Reproduces by Seed and Vegetatively.

taproots

rhizomes

creeping stems

bulbs/corms

E.g. dock, creeping buttercup, couch, oxalis

Ephemeral A plant that completes many lifecycles within one calendar year or growing season. Ephemeral weeds are very short lived. Seed  Germination  Growth  Flowering/reproduction  Seed set  Death Within weeks Ephemeral weeds ensure survival by seed production.

A plant that completes many lifecycles within one calendar year or growing season. Ephemeral weeds are very short lived.

Seed  Germination  Growth  Flowering/reproduction  Seed set  Death

Within weeks

Ephemeral weeds ensure survival by seed production.

Implication for weed control Suitable control measures Lifecycle stage Annual/ Mowing, cultivation or contact herbicide. Ephemeral Before flowering. Biennial Cultivation or contact herbicide. Preferably in the first year of growth or in the second year before flowering. Perennial Individuals removed, systemic herbicides. Preferably before maturity – in any year before flowering.

Suitable control measures

Lifecycle stage

Annual/ Mowing, cultivation or contact herbicide.

Ephemeral Before flowering.

Biennial Cultivation or contact herbicide.

Preferably in the first year of growth or in the second year before flowering.

Perennial Individuals removed, systemic herbicides.

Preferably before maturity – in any year before flowering.

Remember the saying: “ One year’s seeding means seven year’s weeding!” [1873 Harland & Wilkinson Lancashire Legends 190]

Remember the saying:

“ One year’s seeding

means seven year’s weeding!”

[1873 Harland & Wilkinson Lancashire Legends 190]

Weeds – adaptations and survival Plant type (life cycle) Plant vigour/Growth rate Weed habit Seed production Seed dispersal Seeding height Physical and chemical defences Root and specialised underground storage systems Herbicide resistance

Plant type (life cycle)

Plant vigour/Growth rate

Weed habit

Seed production

Seed dispersal

Seeding height

Physical and chemical defences

Root and specialised underground storage systems

Herbicide resistance

Weeds – distribution and growth Different environmental conditions favour different patterns of weed distribution and growth. Coastal areas Amenity turf Bush/woodland areas Wetlands Wasteland Garden bed/borders

Different environmental conditions favour different patterns of weed distribution and growth.

Coastal areas

Amenity turf

Bush/woodland areas

Wetlands

Wasteland

Garden bed/borders

Categorising Weeds Dicotyledons - Plants which produce two seed leaves. Includes broad leaved weeds Monocotyledons - Plants which produce a single seedling leaf and includes grasses and cereals Many herbicides are selective in their mode of action. I.e. they only kill a certain type of plant

Dicotyledons

- Plants which produce two seed leaves. Includes broad leaved weeds

Monocotyledons

- Plants which produce a single seedling leaf and includes grasses and cereals

Many herbicides are selective in their mode of action. I.e. they only kill a certain type of plant

Dicotyledon Source: University of California www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

Monocotyledon

Monocotyledon versus Dicotyledon Broad leaves Net-like pattern of veins in leaf Flower parts in multiples of 3 One cotyledon Long, narrow leaves Parallel pattern of veins in leaf Flower parts in multiples of 2, 4 or 5 Two cotyledons

Broad leaves

Net-like pattern of veins in leaf

Flower parts in multiples of 3

One cotyledon

Long, narrow leaves

Parallel pattern of veins in leaf

Flower parts in multiples of 2, 4 or 5

Two cotyledons

Weed Management Cultural control Biological control Chemical control Legal methods to enforce the 3 methods above Combined together = Integrated weed management

Cultural control

Biological control

Chemical control

Legal methods to enforce the 3 methods above

Combined together =

Integrated weed management

Cultural Weed Control Prevention Keep surrounding areas weed free Mow before flowering General hygiene - machinery, tools, mulches Don’t buy in with mulch, compost or plants

Prevention

Keep surrounding areas weed free

Mow before flowering

General hygiene - machinery, tools, mulches

Don’t buy in with mulch, compost or plants

Cultivation Hand weeding, hoeing, cultivation. Cheap, time consuming. annual/perennial seedlings Heat treatment water or heat/fire annual/perennial seedlings Mulches (organic and inorganic) Suppresses weed growth by eliminating light No light = No weed Physical control of weeds

Cultivation

Hand weeding, hoeing, cultivation.

Cheap, time consuming.

annual/perennial seedlings

Heat treatment

water or heat/fire

annual/perennial seedlings

Mulches (organic and inorganic)

Suppresses weed growth by eliminating light

No light = No weed

Stale Bed Technique Preparing the bed in advance so that the weeds germinate and can be removed before you sow your crop Digging Turn the soil over and bury the weeds upside down - Instant Gratification - Digging when the soil is wet may destroy the soil structure and cause compaction - Some weeds may be slow to decompose and go slimy - don’t replant too soon - Digging will bring weed seeds to the surface - Try digging in the dark!

Stale Bed Technique

Preparing the bed in advance so that the weeds germinate and can be removed before you sow your crop

Digging

Turn the soil over and bury the weeds upside down - Instant Gratification

- Digging when the soil is wet may destroy the soil structure and cause compaction

- Some weeds may be slow to decompose and go slimy - don’t replant too soon

- Digging will bring weed seeds to the surface

- Try digging in the dark!

Mulching Mulches Prevent weeds germinating - excludes light/unsuitable surface Conserve soil moisture - reduces evaporation Prevents rapid fluctuations in soil temperature Reduces winter heat loss from soil (can prevent them from warming thus increasing frost damage) Prevents soils splashes - reduces soil borne fungal diseases Reduces erosion caused by rain run-off (can prevent water getting into the soil)

Mulches

Prevent weeds germinating - excludes light/unsuitable surface

Conserve soil moisture - reduces evaporation

Prevents rapid fluctuations in soil temperature

Reduces winter heat loss from soil (can prevent them from warming thus increasing frost damage)

Prevents soils splashes - reduces soil borne fungal diseases

Reduces erosion caused by rain run-off (can prevent water getting into the soil)

Organic Mulches Sawdust Bark chips Peat Hay Straw Leaf mould Spent mushroom compost Fowl manure Stable manure Grass clippings Wood shavings Newspaper

Sawdust

Bark chips

Peat

Hay

Straw

Leaf mould

Spent mushroom compost

Fowl manure

Stable manure

Grass clippings

Wood shavings

Newspaper

Inorganic Mulches Black polythene Woven plastic fabrics/’Weedmat’ Gravel Scoria Pebbles Rocks

Black polythene

Woven plastic fabrics/’Weedmat’

Gravel

Scoria

Pebbles

Rocks

Biological Control of Weeds The use of insects or diseases to control weeds Biological control does not aim to eliminate the weed but to reduce it to a level where it can be effectively controlled by other methods

The use of insects or diseases to control weeds

Biological control does not aim to eliminate the weed but to reduce it to a level where it can be effectively controlled by other methods

Biological Control of Weeds Weeds Weeds are mostly introduced (accidentally or deliberately) They often flourish in NZ because: - of the more favourable climate - insects and disease which naturally control them are not here Biological control Biological control can be initially slow to show any results. However once it is established it costs nothing. The insect damages the host plant only, therefore there are minimal environmental side effects.

Weeds

Weeds are mostly introduced (accidentally or deliberately)

They often flourish in NZ because:

- of the more favourable climate

- insects and disease which naturally control them are not here

Biological control

Biological control can be initially slow to show any results. However once it is established it costs nothing.

The insect damages the host plant only, therefore there are minimal environmental side effects.

To control gorse: gorse weevil ( Apion ulicis ) and gorse spider mite ( Tetranychus lintearius ) To control Californian thistle : leaf beetle ( Lema cyanella ) To control old man’s beard : old man’s beard leaf miner ( Phytomyza vitalbae ) Examples of Biological Agents

To control gorse: gorse weevil ( Apion ulicis ) and gorse spider mite ( Tetranychus lintearius )

To control Californian thistle : leaf beetle ( Lema cyanella )

To control old man’s beard : old man’s beard leaf miner ( Phytomyza vitalbae )

Selection of Biological Agents Scientific testing Host specific MAF permission Quarantine Breeding up Release Assessment

Scientific testing

Host specific

MAF permission

Quarantine

Breeding up

Release

Assessment

Chemical control of weeds How Herbicides Work Block a Fundamental Growth Process - destroy chlorophyll - stop cell division - stop respiration Cause stunting, unnatural growth, and dry out the plant (desiccant)

How Herbicides Work

Block a Fundamental Growth Process

- destroy chlorophyll

- stop cell division

- stop respiration

Cause stunting, unnatural growth, and dry out the plant (desiccant)

Modes of action Contact Herbicides - foliar applied sprays - enter leaves by diffusion entering the xylem - kills the plant at point of spray contact - use on annuals and young perennials e.g. Universal Weed Killer, Preeglone Systemic or Translocated Herbicides - absorbed either through the roots or leaves - the chemical is then translocated or moved about within the plant as it grows e.g. Roundup

Contact Herbicides

- foliar applied sprays

- enter leaves by diffusion entering the xylem

- kills the plant at point of spray contact

- use on annuals and young perennials

e.g. Universal Weed Killer, Preeglone

Systemic or Translocated Herbicides

- absorbed either through the roots or leaves

- the chemical is then translocated or moved about within the plant as it grows

e.g. Roundup

Herbicide Selectivity Selective Herbicide - Kills the weeds without harming the desired plants e.g. Lawn weedkillers kill broadleaves and leave grasses e.g. Grasskiller Non-selective herbicides(broad spectrum) - Kills all vegetation for total control - Do not use on lawns e.g. Amitrole, Round-up

Selective Herbicide

- Kills the weeds without harming the desired plants

e.g. Lawn weedkillers

kill broadleaves and leave grasses

e.g. Grasskiller

Non-selective herbicides(broad spectrum)

- Kills all vegetation for total control

- Do not use on lawns

e.g. Amitrole, Round-up

What makes a herbicide selective? Herbicide selectivity: Can be a feature of the herbicide - how it is made, active ingredients, different chemical reaction to different types of plants The way we apply it i.e. Timing

Herbicide selectivity:

Can be a feature of the herbicide

- how it is made, active ingredients, different chemical reaction to different types of plants

The way we apply it i.e. Timing

Timing of herbicide use Pre-planting - Spray before planting or sowing. - Target is germinating and existing weeds e.g. Round-up Pre-emergence - Spray to control weeds before weeds/crop emerges - Weed free seed bed and reduced competition e.g. Foresite Post-emergence - Spray herbicide after weed/crop emerges - True selective e.g. Yates Grasskiller

Pre-planting

- Spray before planting or sowing.

- Target is germinating and existing weeds e.g. Round-up

Pre-emergence

- Spray to control weeds before weeds/crop emerges

- Weed free seed bed and reduced competition

e.g. Foresite

Post-emergence

- Spray herbicide after weed/crop emerges

- True selective e.g. Yates Grasskiller

Soil acting herbicides Soil acting herbicides are absorbed by weed shoots as they emerge through the soil resulting in weed death Soil acting herbicides that stay in the soil and continue to control weeds for a extended period of time are called ‘Residual Herbicides’ Prefix D 12 months Foresite 3 months + DAS 12 months

Soil acting herbicides are absorbed by weed shoots as they emerge through the soil resulting in weed death

Soil acting herbicides that stay in the soil and continue to control weeds for a extended period of time are called ‘Residual Herbicides’

Prefix D 12 months

Foresite 3 months +

DAS 12 months

Integrated Weed Management Using a combination of control methods to get the best results - Cultural - Biological - Chemical Using minimal amount of herbicides Using herbicides safely Promoting plant health Understanding weed lifecycles to enable effective control

Using a combination of control methods to get the best results

- Cultural

- Biological

- Chemical

Using minimal amount of herbicides

Using herbicides safely

Promoting plant health

Understanding weed lifecycles to enable effective control

Weed management - Example Poor lawn management gives weeds a competitive advantage. Encourage a healthy lawn - regular mowing (little & often) - regular fertilising - Water in dry conditions - Scarifying - Pest & disease control Discourage weeds - choose good quality lawn seed - control weeds in surrounding areas - don’t let weeds flower - don’t buy weeds in Control existing weeds using a combined approach

Poor lawn management gives weeds a competitive advantage.

Encourage a healthy lawn

- regular mowing (little & often)

- regular fertilising

- Water in dry conditions

- Scarifying

- Pest & disease control

Discourage weeds

- choose good quality lawn seed

- control weeds in surrounding areas

- don’t let weeds flower

- don’t buy weeds in

Control existing weeds using a combined approach

Weed Books Weed books on close reserve at the Bill Robertson Library Taylor, R. L. (1981). Weeds of roadsides and waste ground in New Zealand . Nelson: Taylor Uprichard, E. A. (1985). A guide to the identification of NZ common weeds in colour . Palmerston North: NZ Weed and Pest Control Society. Taylor, R. L. (1983). Weeds of crops and gardens in New Zealand . Nelson: Taylor Parham, B. E. V; Healy, A. J. (1976). Common weeds in New Zealand . Wellington: D.S.I.R.

Weed books on close reserve at the Bill Robertson Library

Taylor, R. L. (1981). Weeds of roadsides and waste ground in New Zealand . Nelson: Taylor

Uprichard, E. A. (1985). A guide to the identification of NZ common weeds in colour . Palmerston North: NZ Weed and Pest Control Society.

Taylor, R. L. (1983). Weeds of crops and gardens in New Zealand . Nelson: Taylor

Parham, B. E. V; Healy, A. J. (1976). Common weeds in New Zealand . Wellington: D.S.I.R.

References University of California www.ipm.ucdavis.edu

University of California www.ipm.ucdavis.edu