Solar System
Kollace Oxygen
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We will learn ………
 Components of our Solar System.
 Relative positions of our planets.
 Some Interesting facts about space!!!
 More about Sun.
 What are Planets & Satellites??
 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets.
 About Asteroids, Meteors and Comets.
 Internal Structure of Earth
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An introduction …
Solar system has …
 Sun
 The Nine Planets
(Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
, Pluto)
 Large number of Asteroids between the orbit of Mars and
Jupiter
 Large number of Comets revolving around sun in highly
elliptical paths.
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This is how it looks like…
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Note that…
Planets revolve around the sun and also
rotate about there own axis. All
planets, except Pluto, revolve in almost
the same plane.
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Did you know?
Sun accounts for
99.9% of the
mass of the solar
system.
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Did you know?
Mercury is the
smallest
planet
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Did you know?
Jupiter is the
largest
planet
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Did you know?
Alpha Century is
the nearest
star to our solar
system
(about 4.3 Light Years)
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Did you know?
Sirius, the
brightest
star is about 8.7
light years from us.
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Did you know?
Earth
is the only planet
having life on it..
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SUN
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SUN
Sun is the source of energy for earth.
It is made up of Hydrogen (70%), Helium (28%)
and other gases like Nitrogen, Oxygen and
Carbon (2%).
The energy is produced in the Sun due to
Nuclear Fusion Reaction in which four hydrogen
nuclei fuse to form a Helium nuclei (and two
positrons).
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SUN
It is the nearest star from us and hence looks
much bigger than other stars.
The sun has a diameter of about 1,392,000
Km
(about 109 times the
diameter of earth!!!!)
Sun is about 333000 times as heavy as Earth.
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SUN
Average distance of sun from earth is 15
crore Km
Light takes about 500s (about 8 minutes) to travel
from sun to earth.
The temperature at the core of Sun is about 14
x 106 Kelvin.
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The PLANETS
The heavenly bodies that revolve around
the stars (like Sun) in an orbit are known as
planets.
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The PLANETS
For Example ...
There are Nine planets in our solar system.
They have different structures due to their
different temperatures.
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The PLANETS
These have been divided into two types
depending upon their
similarity of structure.
1. Terrestrial Planets
2. Jovian Planets.
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Terrestrial Planets
The four planets near to Sun, namely
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
are known as Terrestrial Planets
because their structure is similar to Earth
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Terrestrial Planets
Common Features of these planets are:
i. A thin rocky crust.
ii. A mantle rich in Iron and Magnesium
iii. A core of Molten Metals.
iv. Thin atmosphere
v. Very few moons
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Terrestrial Planets
The first colour image of the Martian Surface, transmitted by Viking 1 Lander on July 26, 1976. (NASA)
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Jovian Planets
The five planets beyond the orbit of Mars are
known as Terrestrial Planets because their
structure is similar to Jupiter.
These are
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
& Pluto.
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Jovian Planets
Common Features of these planets are:
i. They are Gaseous Bodies
ii. They have ring system around them.
iii. Except Pluto they all have a large number of moons
(i.e. natural satellites). Pluto has only one moon.
iv. They are too distant from Sun as compared to
Terrestrial Planets.
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How to remember their Sequence?
Just remember the phrase..
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Mercury
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Mercury
 Nearest to Sun
 Smallest Planet
 No Atmosphere
 Very Hot during Day & very Cold at night.
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Venus
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Venus
 Closest to Earth
 Size almost same as Earth
 Visible before dawn and after sunset.
 Known as Morning (or Evening) Star
 Called sister planet of Earth due to similarities.
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Earth
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Earth
 Diameter: 12 800 Km
 Mass: 6 x 1024 Kg
 Rotation time: 24 hours.
 One Revolution: 365 ¼ days
 Only Planet that can sustain life.
 Has Nitrogen and Oxygen rich atmosphere.
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Saturn
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Saturn
 Has beautiful rings around it
 Has 30 moons in addition to rings!!
 Appears bright yellow.
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Uranus
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Uranus
 Very Cold
 Has 21 moons in addition to rings
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Neptune
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Neptune
 Very far from Sun
 Very Small
 Has 8 moons.
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Pluto
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Pluto
 Farthest planet
 Very Small
 Has just one moon
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Satellites
The heavenly bodies that
revolve around the PLANETS
(like Earth) in an orbit are known as
satellites.
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Satellites
Moon is the satellite of Earth.
It revolves around earth in an elliptical orbit.
Other planets like Mars, Jupiter and Saturn also
have their satellites
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Asteroids
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Asteroids
The small rock like bodies
revolving around Sun
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
are called Asteroids
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Asteroids
These are very small to be considered as Planets.
The largest among them is Ceres
with a radius of about 800 Km only
&
the smallest one is
as small as a pebble.
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Asteroids
Where did they come from?
It is believed that they were formed due to some collision
between planets which resulted into its breaking into small
fragments. Though their exact origin is not known till date.
Asteroid Named IDA
Asteroid Named GASPRA
(Along with its tiny satellite)
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Meteors (Shooting Stars)
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Meteors (Shooting Stars)
These are
pieces of rocks floating in space,
which sometimes enter the earth’s atmosphere
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Meteors (Shooting Stars)
They experience a force of friction of air and start burning.
They appear as a ball of fire falling towards earth emitting
intense light.
They are also known as Shooting Stars but they are not
actually Stars or in anyway connected to them.
Most of them get completely burnt in the atmosphere.
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Meteorites
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Meteorites
Some meteors are so large and do not
get completely burnt. So they reach
earth and are known as Meteorites.
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Comets
These are heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun
in highly elliptical paths.
They appear in the sky as a ball of fire with a TAIL. The tail
always pointing away from the Sun.
e.g. HALLEY’S COMET
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Comets
Why do they have tail???
They are composed of rocks like material surrounded
by large masses of easily vaporised substance like water,
ammonia, methane etc. When these approach Sun, some of its
material gets vaporised due to heat of the Sun. Light of the Sun
exerts pressure on these vapours and forces them away from
the comet in form of a tail.
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Comets
Halley’s Comet
It has a time period of
76 years.
Last seen in 1986 and
will now be visible in 2062.
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Structure of Earth
The Earth can be broadly divided into Three
different Layers.
Crust
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
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Structure of the earth
Earth is composed of a number of layers. Though we have
not been able to dig more than 10 Km into the earth’s crust
but we have studied it in details from the study of Seismic
Waves.
Seismic waves are produced during Earthquakes. But
in addition to natural seismic waves we can also produce
artificial waves by Underground Nuclear Tests.
Velocity of seismic waves depends on composition of
region from which they pass. From the study of their
velocities we can collect more information and a picture of
earth’s interior. Three layers of earth are:
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The three layers…
Crust:
a. Top 30-40 Km layer of earth.
b. Contains mainly rocks of silicates (Containing SiO2).
c. Its thickness is lesser under sea floor.
Mantle:
a. From 40 km – 3000 Km.
b. Rich in Iron and Magnesium Silicates.
c. Not under direct observation.
Core:
a. Innermost layer beyond 3000 Km.
b. It consists mainly of Pure Iron alloyed with some Nickel.
c. Its material is in FLUID state.
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