Chapter 23 note-taking guide
Name__________________________
A Global Connection
Convection cell-
Groups of convection cells form the system of
_____________________________________ that helps determine _______________.
Upwelling
In the southern Pacific Ocean, the usual pattern of ______________________ creates a
___________________ that blows from _______________________ and pushes
____________________ surface water from South America toward Australia.
Along the South American coast, ___________________water rises from
_____________________ in the ocean and replaces the _____________________ water.
This rising current is called an _______________________ and it brings with it
________________________ material and ________________________ that support an
abundance of __________________________.
The _______________________ in turn supports an abundance of
_____________________.

El Nino
The ____________________ economy along with ________________________ depends
on normal atmospheric conditions.
But sometimes, usually in December, the normal ______________________ winds do not
form over the ________________________.
Instead, winds push _____________________ water eastwards toward the coast ofSouth
America.
When these conditions occur, the _____________________ surface water cuts off the
____________________ of _________________________.
The event is called _____________________.
Consequences of El Nino
The ____________________ populations ___________________ and Peruvian anchovy
exports ____________________ because of the halted _____________________.
Fewer _____________________ mean fewer ______________________ and reduced
_____________________ population.
Peruvians need guano for ___________________.
Northeastern _______________________ can suffer summer ______________________
leading to reduced ____________________ production there.
The southeastern United States gets higher _______________________ in El Nino years,
boosting ______________________ while also decreasing _____________________.
Declining Ozone

__________________ is a naturally occurring ________________ in the upper
____________________ that is vital to life on Earth.
_______________ protects life from deadly __________________________ rays.
Humans, if exposed to _________________ light can suffer ________________________
and ________________________.
Several kinds of human-made ________________________ are diminishing the
__________________shield.
A major __________________________ that destroys the _________________________
is chlorofluorocarbons or ______________________.
_____________________ are used in coolants in ____________________,
____________________________ and in __________________________.
Consequences of Ozone Depletion
Due to the ___________________ depletion, __________________ rays are negatively
affecting life on Earth.
________________ and _________________ are also damaged by _________________
rays.
The rise in ___________________ indicates the ______________________ is still
thinning.
A __________________ agreement has been reached that has cut ___________________
by ___________________.
Hopefully, the ____________________ will recover within ______________________
years.
Increasing Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide or _________________, is a naturally occurring ___________________
that is the raw material of __________________ and a byproduct of
____________________.
It is released when _____________________ are ____________________.
This includes: ___________________, ___________________ and
____________________.
Around the middle of the ________________ century, humans began to use
_______________________ more frequently.
______________________________ levels and global _________________________
have risen as a result of the increased use of _________________________.
Effects of Rising CO2 Levels
There is a ____________________ or __________________________ relationship exists between
_______________________________________ and ______________________________ levels.
As carbon dioxide levels ___________________________ due to increased use of fossil fuels, global
temperatures will ___________________ causing drastic changes to our environment.
Future Population Growth
The _______________________ population is currently just above
_________________________ and growing at a rate of about
_____________________________ per year.

The United Nations estimates that by the year_____________________the world’s
population could be more than _________________________.
How would the doubling of the human population affect the environment?
The Biodiversity Crisis
Biodiversity-
Evenness-
Genetic diversity-
Species richness is
Genetic diversity is an important measure of _____________________.
Measuring Earth’s Biodiversity
Biologists estimate that there are at least _______________________ species on Earth and
possibly as much as ________________________.
_______________________ are actually a small portion of the Earth’s
___________________________.

Most species are ____________________, _____________________ and
________________________.
Reducing Biodiversity
Biologists estimate that up to _______________ of existing species may become extinct by
the year _________________.
There have been ____________ major ___________________ in the past and the
_________________ is currently happening.
The ___________________ is different in that it is being caused by _________________
instead of natural causes.
The greatest threat to ___________________ is
_______________________________________.
Since the discovery of agriculture ______________________ years ago, more than
___________________ of the world’s ____________________________________ have
been _____________________.
Rainforests contain the most _____________________________ so their destruction is
especially damaging to the world.
Ways to Save Biodiversity
Many countries that have _________________________________ are some of the
economically ____________________ nations on Earth.
In a process called ____________________________________, richer countries or private
conservation organizations pay off some of the _____________________ of a developing

country in _______________________ for the country to protect their
________________________.
This could be setting up a ________________________, launching educational programs,
or promoting _______________________.
Importance of Biodiversity
Utilitarian value-
Some species are valuable as sources of _______________________.
Nonutilitarian value-
Many people have both reasons to preserve______________________.
Essential Questions
Why is the upwelling on the coast of Peru important to that country?
Describe the consequences of El Nino?
How have CFC’s affected the atmosphere? How might this change affect humans?

Describe some possible effect of a continued increase in the human population.
Explain how species richness and evenness differ.
What is genetic diversity?